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{{short description|American politician}}
{{for|the boxer|José Navarro (boxer)}}
{{for|the boxer|José Navarro (boxer)}}

{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|name= José Antonio Navarro
|name= José Antonio Navarro
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[[Navarro County, Texas]], established in 1846, is named in his honor, as is the small town of [[Navarro, Texas]].<ref name=Lozano30>Lozano (1985), p. 30.</ref>
[[Navarro County, Texas]], established in 1846, is named in his honor, as is the small town of [[Navarro, Texas]].<ref name=Lozano30>Lozano (1985), p. 30.</ref>


==Early life and career==
==Texas patriot==
Navarro was proficient in the laws of Mexico and Spain, although he was mainly self-educated.<ref name=Lozano30/> As a native Texan, he had a vision of the future of Texas like that of [[Stephen F. Austin]]. Austin and he developed a steady friendship,<ref name=Todish107>Todish (1998), p. 107.</ref> and worked together to found the new state of Texas.<ref name=Tovares>Tovares (2004), PBS American Experience, Remember the Alamo.</ref> An early proponent of Texas independence, he took part in the 1812–1813 [[Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition|Magee, Gutiérrez, and Toledo]] private invasions launched from the US.
Navarro was proficient in the laws of Mexico and Spain, although he was mainly self-educated.<ref name=Lozano30/> As a native Texan, he had a vision of the future of Texas like that of [[Stephen F. Austin]]. Austin and he developed a steady friendship,<ref name=Todish107>Todish (1998), p. 107.</ref> and worked together to find the new state of Texas.<ref name=Tovares>Tovares (2004), PBS American Experience, Remember the Alamo.</ref> An early proponent of Texas independence, he took part in the 1812–1813 [[Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition|Magee, Gutiérrez, and Toledo]] resistance movement.


Working with the ''[[empresario]]s'' of the period, he helped Austin obtain his contracts to bring American colonists into the area.<ref name=Todish107/> He became a land commissioner for Dewitt's Colony, and soon after, for the Béxar District. In 1825, he married Margarita de la Garza and they raised seven children. His son [[José Ángel Navarro III]] served three terms in the Texas Legislature.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Camilla|title=NAVARRO, JOSÉ ÁNGEL [THE YOUNGER]|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fna08|website=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=February 24, 2016}}</ref>
Working with the ''[[empresario]]s'' of the period, he helped Austin obtain his contracts to bring settlers into the area.<ref name=Todish107/> He became a land commissioner for Dewitt's Colony, and soon after, for the Béxar District. In 1825, he married Margarita de la Garza and they raised seven children. His son [[José Ángel Navarro III]] served three terms in the Texas Legislature.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Camilla|title=NAVARRO, JOSÉ ÁNGEL [THE YOUNGER]|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fna08|website=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|access-date=February 24, 2016}}</ref>


During the early 1830s, Navarro represented Texas both in the legislature of the state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]] and in the federal Congress in [[Mexico City]].<ref name=Edmonson105>Edmonson (2000), p. 105.</ref> Navarro, collaborating with Austin, worked to pass legislation.<ref name=Todish107/>
During the early 1830s, Navarro represented Texas both in the legislature of the state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]] and in the federal Congress in [[Mexico City]].<ref name=Edmonson105>Edmonson (2000), p. 105.</ref> Always a champion of democratic ideas, Navarro, collaborating with Austin, worked to pass legislation that would best benefit the people of Texas.<ref name=Todish107/>


Navarro later served as a leader in the [[Texas Revolution]].<ref name=Edmonson38>Edmonson (2000), p. 38.</ref> He was at the Convention for Texas Independence,<ref name=Matovina26>Matovina (1995), p. 26.</ref> when he received the news from [[Juan Seguin]] of the Alamo's fall.<ref name="de la Teja26">de la Teja (1991), p. 26.</ref> With the death of [[James Bowie]] (his nephew by marriage), Navarro had to secure the release of the surviving Navarros, two women and a child,<ref name=Groneman83>Groneman (1990), pp. 5, 83.</ref> who were being held by the Mexican army at the Músquiz house.<ref name=Matovina66>Matovina (1995), p. 66.</ref> They were removed to the Navarro family home.<ref name=Lord176>Lord (1961), p. 176.</ref> The surviving noncombatants <ref name=Todish91>Todish (1998), p. 91.</ref> thereby avoided execution as traitors to Mexico by General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]].<ref name=Matovina66/>
Navarro later served as a leader in the [[Texas Revolution]].<ref name=Edmonson38>Edmonson (2000), p. 38.</ref> He was at the Convention for Texas Independence,<ref name=Matovina26>Matovina (1995), p. 26.</ref> when he received the news from [[Juan Seguin]] of the Alamo's fall.<ref name="de la Teja26">de la Teja (1991), p. 26.</ref> With the death of [[James Bowie]] (his nephew by marriage), Navarro had to secure the release of the surviving Navarros, two women and a child,<ref name=Groneman83>Groneman (1990), pp. 5, 83.</ref> who were being held by the Mexicans at the Músquiz house.<ref name=Matovina66>Matovina (1995), p. 66.</ref> They were removed to the Navarro family home.<ref name=Lord176>Lord (1961), p. 176.</ref> The surviving noncombatants <ref name=Todish91>Todish (1998), p. 91.</ref> thereby avoided humiliation or death from General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]].<ref name=Matovina66/>


José Antonio Navarro was one of the first signers of the [[Texas Declaration of Independence]], in early March, 1836, in [[Washington-on-the-Brazos]].<ref name=Brands382>Brands (2005), p. 382.</ref> He later signed the Constitution of the Republic of Texas.
José Antonio Navarro was one of the first signers of the [[Texas Declaration of Independence]], in early March, 1836, in [[Washington-on-the-Brazos]].<ref name=Brands382>Brands (2005), p. 382.</ref> He later signed the Constitution of the Republic of Texas.
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In 1841, Navarro reluctantly participated in the ill-conceived [[Texan Santa Fe Expedition]] sent by President [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]], when he tried to persuade the residents of New Mexico to secede from Mexico and join with Texas.<ref name=Lozano31>Lozano (1985), p. 31.</ref> He was captured, put on trial, sentenced to death, and imprisoned for years.<ref name="de la Teja101">de la Teja (1991), p. 101.</ref> He escaped with the help of sympathetic Mexican Army officials, sailing back to Texas.<ref name=Lozano32>Lozano (1985), p. 32.</ref>
In 1841, Navarro reluctantly participated in the ill-conceived [[Texan Santa Fe Expedition]] sent by President [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]], when he tried to persuade the residents of New Mexico to secede from Mexico and join with Texas.<ref name=Lozano31>Lozano (1985), p. 31.</ref> He was captured, put on trial, sentenced to death, and imprisoned for years.<ref name="de la Teja101">de la Teja (1991), p. 101.</ref> He escaped with the help of sympathetic Mexican Army officials, sailing back to Texas.<ref name=Lozano32>Lozano (1985), p. 32.</ref>


[[Image:Celso-Navarro House, Witte Museum, San Antonio, TX IMG 3158.JPG|200px|thumb|right|In 1835, Navarro built the Celso-Navarro House, relocated to the [[Witte Museum]] in [[San Antonio]], where it houses some administrative offices.]]
[[Image: Celso-Navarro House, Witte Museum, San Antonio, TX IMG 3158.JPG|200px|thumb|right|In 1835, Navarro built the Celso-Navarro House, relocated to the [[Witte Museum]] in [[San Antonio]], where it houses some administrative offices.]]


José Antonio Navarro became a representative in the [[Republic of Texas]] Congress from [[Bexar County, Texas]]. Attempting to keep a balance of power, he worked closely with Senator Juan Seguin to promote legislation favorable to the Tejano citizenry, who were quickly becoming the political minority. Education was one such priority, working to bring academic institutions into the San Antonio area.<ref name="de la Teja34">de la Teja (1991), p. 34.</ref> He supported the annexation of Texas by the United States. In 1845, Navarro was instrumental in drafting the first state [[Texas Constitution of 1845|Constitution of Texas]], ensuring future political rights for all people. He served two terms in the [[Texas Senate]] before temporarily retiring from politics in 1849.<ref name=Lozano32/>
José Antonio Navarro became a representative in the [[Republic of Texas]] Congress from [[Bexar County, Texas]]. Attempting to keep a balance of power, he worked closely with Senator Juan Seguin to promote legislation favorable to the Tejano citizenry, who were quickly becoming the political minority. Education was one such priority, working to bring academic institutions into the San Antonio area.<ref name="de la Teja34">de la Teja (1991), p. 34.</ref> He supported the annexation of Texas by the United States. In 1845, Navarro was instrumental in drafting the first state [[Texas Constitution of 1845|Constitution of Texas]], ensuring future political rights for all people. He served two terms in the [[Texas Senate]] before retiring from politics in 1849.<ref name=Lozano32/>


==Slave ownership==
Like a number of other Tejanos, Navarro owned enslaved African Americans. Between 1856 and 1864, he owned between six and nine enslaved people. As a legislator in the Mexican state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]], Navarro introduced a bill known as the "Law of Contracts" which allowed enslaved people to be brought to Texas as indentured servants under contract, working to pay their debt in labor to their owners. Census records indicate that as early as 1850, Navarro owned an enslaved twelve-year-old boy named Henry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/historic-sites/casa-navarro/history/henry-and-patsy-navarro |title=Henry and Patsy Navarro |publisher=Texas Historical Commission |accessdate=2021-10-02}}</ref>


==Later life==
==Later life==
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[[Casa Navarro State Historic Site]] in San Antonio is the original residence complex of José Antonio Navarro. He first bought the property, about 1.5 acres, in 1832 (during the [[Mexican Texas]] period. The structures of [[limestone]], [[caliche]] block, and [[adobe]] were built over the next 20 years or so. The site is situated in the heart of old San Antonio. The buildings were acquired and restored by the [[San Antonio Conservation Society]], and the complex, including his one-story limestone home, kitchen, and a two-story store and offices, was opened to the public in October 1997.
[[Casa Navarro State Historic Site]] in San Antonio is the original residence complex of José Antonio Navarro. He first bought the property, about 1.5 acres, in 1832 (during the [[Mexican Texas]] period. The structures of [[limestone]], [[caliche]] block, and [[adobe]] were built over the next 20 years or so. The site is situated in the heart of old San Antonio. The buildings were acquired and restored by the [[San Antonio Conservation Society]], and the complex, including his one-story limestone home, kitchen, and a two-story store and offices, was opened to the public in October 1997.

==Tejanos who served under Juan Seguín==
{{Juan Seguín command}}


==References==
==References==
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*{{Cite book|last=Lozano|first=Ruben Rendon|title=Viva Texas: The Story of the Tejanos, the Mexican-born Patriots of the Texas Revolution|publisher=The Alamo Press|location=[[San Antonio, TX]]|year=1985|isbn=0-943260-02-7}}
*{{Cite book|last=Lozano|first=Ruben Rendon|title=Viva Texas: The Story of the Tejanos, the Mexican-born Patriots of the Texas Revolution|publisher=The Alamo Press|location=[[San Antonio, TX]]|year=1985|isbn=0-943260-02-7}}
*{{Cite book|last=Matovina|first=Timothy M.|title=The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=[[Austin, TX]]|year=1995|isbn=0-292-75186-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/alamorememberedt0000mato}}
*{{Cite book|last=Matovina|first=Timothy M.|title=The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=[[Austin, TX]]|year=1995|isbn=0-292-75186-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/alamorememberedt0000mato}}
*{{Cite book|last=Poyo|first=Gerald Eugene|title=Tejano journey, 1770–1850 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=[[Austin, TX]]|year=1996|ISBN= 0-292-76570-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Poyo|first=Gerald Eugene|title=Tejano journey, 1770–1850 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=[[Austin, TX]]|year=1996|isbn= 0-292-76570-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Todish|first=Timothy J.|last2=Todish|first2=Terry|last3=Spring|first3=Ted|title=Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution|publisher=Eakin Press|year=1998|location=Austin, TX|isbn=978-1-57168-152-2}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Todish|first1=Timothy J.|last2=Todish|first2=Terry|last3=Spring|first3=Ted|title=Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution|publisher=Eakin Press|year=1998|location=Austin, TX|isbn=978-1-57168-152-2}}
*{{Cite book|last=Tovares|first=Joseph|others=Documentary video produced by Tovares|title=Remember the Alamo|publisher=PBS American Experience|year=2004| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/alamo/peopleevents/p_navarro.html}}
*{{Cite book|last=Tovares|first=Joseph|others=Documentary video produced by Tovares|title=Remember the Alamo|publisher=PBS American Experience|year=2004| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/alamo/peopleevents/p_navarro.html}}
* {{Cite book|last=Winders|first=Richard Bruce|title=Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution|publisher=State House Press|location=Austin, TX|year=2004|isbn=1-880510-81-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Winders|first=Richard Bruce|title=Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution|publisher=State House Press|location=Austin, TX|year=2004|isbn=1-880510-81-2}}
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==Further reading and viewing==
==Further reading and viewing==
*{{Cite book|last=Lindley|first=Thomas Ricks|title=Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions|publisher=Republic of Texas Press|location=[[Lanham, MD]]|year=2003|isbn=1-55622-983-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Lindley|first=Thomas Ricks|title=Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions|publisher=Republic of Texas Press|location=[[Lanham, MD]]|year=2003|isbn=1-55622-983-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ramos|first=Raul A.|title=Beyond the Alamo, forging Mexican ethnicity in San Antonio, 1821–1861|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location= NC|year=2008|isbn= 0-8078-3207-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ramos|first=Raul A.|title=Beyond the Alamo, forging Mexican ethnicity in San Antonio, 1821–1861|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location= NC|year=2008|isbn= 978-0-8078-3207-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Martinez de Vara|first=Art|title=Tejano Patriot: The Revolutionary Life of Jose Francisco Ruiz, 1783 - 1840|publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]] Press|location=[[Austin, TX]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1625110589}}
*{{Cite book|last=Martinez de Vara|first=Art|title=Tejano Patriot: The Revolutionary Life of Jose Francisco Ruiz, 1783 - 1840|publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]] Press|location=[[Austin, TX]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1625110589}}
* David McDonald, ''Jose Antonio Navarro: In Search of the American Dream in Nineteenth-Century Texas'', Texas State Historical Association, 2011.
* David McDonald, ''Jose Antonio Navarro: In Search of the American Dream in Nineteenth-Century Texas'', Texas State Historical Association, 2011.
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[[Category:1795 births]]
[[Category:1795 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:Tejano slave owners]]
[[Category:People of Spanish Texas]]
[[Category:People of Spanish Texas]]
[[Category:People of the Texas Revolution]]
[[Category:People of the Texas Revolution]]
[[Category:Texas state senators]]
[[Category:Texas state senators]]
[[Category:People from San Antonio]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from San Antonio]]
[[Category:People of Texas in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:People of Texas in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:American people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Spanish descent]]
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[[Category:American city founders]]
[[Category:American city founders]]
[[Category:Navarro County, Texas]]
[[Category:Navarro County, Texas]]
[[Category:19th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century American legislators]]
[[Category:Signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence]]
[[Category:Signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence]]
[[Category:Tejano politicians]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]

Latest revision as of 19:21, 18 April 2024

For the boxer, see José Navarro (boxer).
José Antonio Navarro
Personal details
BornFebruary 27, 1795
San Antonio de Béxar, Spanish Texas, Viceroyalty of New Spain
DiedJanuary 13, 1871 (aged 75)
San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
NationalitySpain Spanish (1795–1821)
Mexico Mexican (1821–1836)
Texas Tejano (1836–1848)
United States American (1848–1871)
SpouseMargarita de la Garza
ProfessionStatesman, revolutionary and merchant
Navarro statue at the Navarro County Courthouse in Corsicana, Texas
Inscription on base of statue depicts Navarro as a "Lover of Liberty" and a "Foe of Despotism."

José Antonio Navarro (February 27, 1795 – January 13, 1871) was a Texas statesman, revolutionary, rancher, and merchant. The son of Ángel Navarro and Josefa María Ruiz y Peña, he was born into a distinguished noble family at San Antonio de Béxar in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (now the American city of San Antonio, Texas). His uncle was José Francisco Ruiz and his brother-in-law was Juan Martín de Veramendi.

Navarro County, Texas, established in 1846, is named in his honor, as is the small town of Navarro, Texas.[1]

Early life and career[edit]

Navarro was proficient in the laws of Mexico and Spain, although he was mainly self-educated.[1] As a native Texan, he had a vision of the future of Texas like that of Stephen F. Austin. Austin and he developed a steady friendship,[2] and worked together to find the new state of Texas.[3] An early proponent of Texas independence, he took part in the 1812–1813 Magee, Gutiérrez, and Toledo resistance movement.

Working with the empresarios of the period, he helped Austin obtain his contracts to bring settlers into the area.[2] He became a land commissioner for Dewitt's Colony, and soon after, for the Béxar District. In 1825, he married Margarita de la Garza and they raised seven children. His son José Ángel Navarro III served three terms in the Texas Legislature.[4]

During the early 1830s, Navarro represented Texas both in the legislature of the state of Coahuila y Tejas and in the federal Congress in Mexico City.[5] Always a champion of democratic ideas, Navarro, collaborating with Austin, worked to pass legislation that would best benefit the people of Texas.[2]

Navarro later served as a leader in the Texas Revolution.[6] He was at the Convention for Texas Independence,[7] when he received the news from Juan Seguin of the Alamo's fall.[8] With the death of James Bowie (his nephew by marriage), Navarro had to secure the release of the surviving Navarros, two women and a child,[9] who were being held by the Mexicans at the Músquiz house.[10] They were removed to the Navarro family home.[11] The surviving noncombatants [12] thereby avoided humiliation or death from General Antonio López de Santa Anna.[10]

José Antonio Navarro was one of the first signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence, in early March, 1836, in Washington-on-the-Brazos.[13] He later signed the Constitution of the Republic of Texas.

In 1841, Navarro reluctantly participated in the ill-conceived Texan Santa Fe Expedition sent by President Mirabeau B. Lamar, when he tried to persuade the residents of New Mexico to secede from Mexico and join with Texas.[14] He was captured, put on trial, sentenced to death, and imprisoned for years.[15] He escaped with the help of sympathetic Mexican Army officials, sailing back to Texas.[16]

In 1835, Navarro built the Celso-Navarro House, relocated to the Witte Museum in San Antonio, where it houses some administrative offices.

José Antonio Navarro became a representative in the Republic of Texas Congress from Bexar County, Texas. Attempting to keep a balance of power, he worked closely with Senator Juan Seguin to promote legislation favorable to the Tejano citizenry, who were quickly becoming the political minority. Education was one such priority, working to bring academic institutions into the San Antonio area.[17] He supported the annexation of Texas by the United States. In 1845, Navarro was instrumental in drafting the first state Constitution of Texas, ensuring future political rights for all people. He served two terms in the Texas Senate before retiring from politics in 1849.[16]


Slave ownership[edit]

Like a number of other Tejanos, Navarro owned enslaved African Americans. Between 1856 and 1864, he owned between six and nine enslaved people. As a legislator in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas, Navarro introduced a bill known as the "Law of Contracts" which allowed enslaved people to be brought to Texas as indentured servants under contract, working to pay their debt in labor to their owners. Census records indicate that as early as 1850, Navarro owned an enslaved twelve-year-old boy named Henry.[18]

Later life[edit]

In his retirement, Navarro wrote several historical and political essays about Texas and San Antonio's role in the Mexican Independence movement for the San Antonio Ledger.

Ranching occupied much of his time in later years, and he spent most of each spring, summer, and fall on the 6,000-acre (24 km2) San Geronimo Ranch, rich grasslands near Seguin, Texas, about 35 miles east of San Antonio.[19]

Navarro's ranch on Geronimo Creek, near Geronimo, Texas, and north of Seguin, Texas. An early concrete house, it has been demolished.
Navarro Ranch Texas Historical Marker south of Geronimo

Navarro later sold his ranch and lived full-time in San Antonio, where he died in 1871.

Legacy[edit]

In 1846, the Texas Legislature named Navarro County south of Dallas to honor his service. In 1848, Navarro County's seat of government was founded, and José Navarro selected the name, Corsicana, for the town.

A state historical marker identifies his Geronimo Creek Ranch in South Texas. Navarro Street in downtown San Antonio is also named for him.

Casa Navarro State Historic Site in San Antonio is the original residence complex of José Antonio Navarro. He first bought the property, about 1.5 acres, in 1832 (during the Mexican Texas period. The structures of limestone, caliche block, and adobe were built over the next 20 years or so. The site is situated in the heart of old San Antonio. The buildings were acquired and restored by the San Antonio Conservation Society, and the complex, including his one-story limestone home, kitchen, and a two-story store and offices, was opened to the public in October 1997.

Tejanos who served under Juan Seguín[edit]

Tejano volunteers under Juan Seguín

Tejano volunteers under the command of Juan Seguín for all or part of their service in the Texas Revolution and the Republic of Texas. Note that Seguin's men at the Alamo were scouts/couriers going in and out, between San Antonio and nearby Gonzales, the rallying point for volunteers.

Sources:

  • "San Jacinto Museum of History - The Kemp Sketches". San Jacinto Museum of History.
  • MacDonald, L. Lloyd (2009). Tejanos in the 1835 Texas Revolution. Pelican Publishing. pp. 260–262. ISBN 978-1589806382.
  • Teja, Jesus F. De la; Matovina, Timothy; Poché, Justin (2013). Recollections of a Tejano Life: Antonio Menchaca in Texas History. University of Texas Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0292748651.
  • Texas State Archives, Republic of Texas Claims
  • Texas A & M professor Wallace L. McKeehan, also on the school's Board of Regents website: Hispanic Texian Patriots in the Struggle for Independence
  • Handbook of Texas


References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Lozano (1985), p. 30.
  2. ^ a b c Todish (1998), p. 107.
  3. ^ Tovares (2004), PBS American Experience, Remember the Alamo.
  4. ^ Campbell, Camilla. "NAVARRO, JOSÉ ÁNGEL [THE YOUNGER]". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  5. ^ Edmonson (2000), p. 105.
  6. ^ Edmonson (2000), p. 38.
  7. ^ Matovina (1995), p. 26.
  8. ^ de la Teja (1991), p. 26.
  9. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 5, 83.
  10. ^ a b Matovina (1995), p. 66.
  11. ^ Lord (1961), p. 176.
  12. ^ Todish (1998), p. 91.
  13. ^ Brands (2005), p. 382.
  14. ^ Lozano (1985), p. 31.
  15. ^ de la Teja (1991), p. 101.
  16. ^ a b Lozano (1985), p. 32.
  17. ^ de la Teja (1991), p. 34.
  18. ^ "Henry and Patsy Navarro". Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
  19. ^ Navarro Ranch

Further reading and viewing[edit]

  • Lindley, Thomas Ricks (2003). Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions. Lanham, MD: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-983-6.
  • Ramos, Raul A. (2008). Beyond the Alamo, forging Mexican ethnicity in San Antonio, 1821–1861. NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3207-3.
  • Martinez de Vara, Art (2020). Tejano Patriot: The Revolutionary Life of Jose Francisco Ruiz, 1783 - 1840. Austin, TX: Texas State Historical Association Press. ISBN 978-1625110589.
  • David McDonald, Jose Antonio Navarro: In Search of the American Dream in Nineteenth-Century Texas, Texas State Historical Association, 2011.
  • Defending Mexican Valor in Texas: Jose Antonio Navarro's Historical Writings, 1853–1857, Jose Antonio Navarro, David R. McDonald, Timothy M. Matovina, State House Press, October 1995, ISBN 978-1-880510-31-5.
  • In Storms of Fortune: The Public Life of José Antonio Navarro, written by Anastacio Bueno, M.A. thesis, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1978.
  • Jose Antonio Navarro, co-creator of Texas, Baylor University Press, 1969, 127 pages, ASIN: B0006CAIBS.
  • Remember the Alamo, American Experience; PBS documentary program (video recording), 2004.[1]\==Further reading and viewing==

External links[edit]

Texas Senate
Preceded by
none
 Texas State Senator
from District 18
1846–1849 		Succeeded by
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