Tejano

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Tejano ( pronunciation : [ teˈxano ], Spanish : Texan, Texan ) in today's usage mostly refers to a resident of the US state of Texas of Mexican descent.

In contrast to this, the term Texans in German historically stands for American immigrants to Texas in the time before and during the Texan War of Independence (English: Texian ) which today - regardless of their origin - includes all residents of Texas (English: Texan ).

history

Location of Coahuila y Tejas in Mexico, 1824.
19th century

Even under Mexican rule, the inhabitants of the sub-State were Tejas by the Constitution of Mexico of 1824 constitution as part of the double state of Coahuila y Tejas represented politically weaker than the citizens of other states. Among other things, this led to calls for more autonomy vis-à-vis Coahuila within the Mexican Federation .

Republic of Texas (yellow), today's US borders (white)

After the violent detachment from Mexico in the Texan War of Independence in 1835, the founding of the Republic of Texas in 1836 and its annexation by the USA in 1845, the history of the Tejanos was shaped more than ever by struggles for equality and political participation: they were soon faced by the newly arrived US -Settlers clearly in the majority. Of the 56 signatories of the Texan Declaration of Independence, only three were of Mexican descent, in the Republic of Texas only four Tejanos won a seat in the Texan Congress. Laws were mainly written and published in English, so that the Spanish-speaking part of the population was de facto excluded from political decision-making.

There were massive expropriations of long-established residents and the "subjugation" of entire settlements such as B. Refugio and Goliad under Anglo-American dominance. In the San Elizario Salt War of 1866, Tejanos fought from both sides of the Rio Grande against Anglo-Texans for the rights to use the salt lakes near San Elizario and were defeated. The previous common land was divided among the Anglo-Texans as private property.

In the second half of the 19th century, the social influence of the Tejanos in their own country dwindled massively, as many of them did not have US citizenship or because of electoral restrictions such as manipulation of the electoral districts and registration fees in elections as well as a lack of educational opportunities and increasing poverty in political and political circles social participation were severely hindered.

20th century

At the beginning of the 20th century, as part of the civil rights movement, Sociedades mutualistas (Spanish: neighborhood and aid associations) formed all over Texas . Many of them joined together in 1929 to form the League of United Latin American Citizens LULAC (English: League of United Latin American Citizens). In addition, a large number of political and economic associations emerged such as educational associations, veterans' associations, chambers of commerce, etc. They initially acted locally and represented the interests of their members there. They later co-hosted conferences with other Mexican Americans from other parts of the United States to organize nationwide. This is how electoral associations came into being. B. 1960 in Texas were significantly involved in the majority procurement for John F. Kennedy . The Political Association of Spanish-speaking Organizations PASSO (English: Political Society of Spanish-speaking Organizations) won all five seats on the City Council of Crystal City in 1963 .

The 1966 agricultural workers ' strike sparked the Chicano movement by Tejano students, which took an active part in the social movement until the mid-1970s.

The Veterans Reintegration Act of 1944 gave many Tejano war veterans higher education, an essential requirement for effective political participation. This was followed by the establishment of local, regional and finally Texas-wide parties.

Flag of Aztlán , used & a. from the Raza Unida Party .

One of them, the Raza Unida Party RUP (Spanish: Party of United Ethnicities), was founded in Crystal City in 1970. In the gubernatorial elections of 1978 she won only one percent of the vote, but contributed this to the election of the Republican candidate and was thus able to prevent the victory of the Democrats .

The judicially enforced lifting of the electoral obstacles and the extension of the electoral law of 1965 to the southwest of the USA brought a sudden enormous improvement for Tejanos and other minorities in Texas in the 1970s; Between 1978 and 1982 the number of Tejanos eligible to vote suddenly rose from 591,950 to 832,398. This corresponds to an increase of 41 percent.

21st century

Many Tejanos cultivate and develop the Mexican-Tejanic tradition in the everyday Tejano food culture as well as in art, Chicano literature and music. A vibrant young Tejano music culture is flourishing in Texas today .

Major tejanos

Lydia Mendoza in the 1930s
Henry Cisneros (2009)

References

  • Don't Mess with Tejanos , the historian Andrés Tijerina speaksabout Tejan cultureat Latino USA * (audio, English)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tejano , entry in the Texas State Historical Association's Handbook of Texas , accessed January 16, 2016
  2. ↑ Texian , entry in the Texas State Historical Association's Handbook of Texas , accessed January 16, 2016
  3. ↑ a b c d e Tejano Politics , entry in the Texas State Historical Association's Handbook of Texas , accessed January 16, 2016
  4. ↑ a b Tejano Voices and the Demand for Inclusion at the Texas State Library , accessed January 16, 2016
  5. ↑ CL Sonnichsen: The El Paso Salt War of 1877 . 1961, p. 38 (English).
  6. ↑ Paul Cool: Salt Warriors - Insurgency on the Rio Grande . 1st edition. Texas A&M University Press, College Station 2008, ISBN 978-1-60344-016-5 , pp. 142-143 (English).
  7. ^ Hispanics in Government at the Houston Institute for Culture , accessed January 17, 2017
  8. ^ Alberto Juarez: The Emergence of El Partido de la Raza Unida: California's New Political Party . In: Aztlán . 1972 (English).