Québec solidaire: Difference between revisions

Québec solidaire
Québec solidaire
Abbreviation	QS
Leader	Collective leadership (de facto); Nicolas Chatel-Launay (de jure)
President	Roxane Milot
Spokesperson	Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois; Christine Labrie (interim)
Founder	Françoise David
Founded	4 February 2006
Merger of	UFP (2006); Option citoyenne (2006); Option nationale (2017);
Headquarters	533, rue Ontario Est; Suite 010; Montreal, Quebec; H2L 1N8
Membership (2022)	20,000+
Ideology	Democratic socialism; Republicanism; Feminism; Environmentalism; Quebec sovereigntism;
Political position	Left-wing to far-left
Colours	Orange
Seats in the National Assembly	12 / 125
Website
	quebecsolidaire.net
	Politics of Quebec; Political parties; Elections;

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Québec solidaire (QS; locally [ke.bɛk sɔ.li.daɛ̯ʁ]) is a democratic socialist^[8]^[9] and sovereigntist^[10] political party in Quebec, Canada.^[11]^[12] The party and media outlets in Canada usually use the name "Québec solidaire" in both French and English, but the party's name is sometimes translated as "Solidarity Quebec" or "Quebec Solidarity" in foreign English-language media.^[13]^[14]^[15]

History

Foundation

Québec solidaire was founded on 4 February 2006 in Montreal by the merger of the left-wing party Union des forces progressistes (UFP) and the alter-globalization political movement Option Citoyenne, led by Françoise David.^[12] It was formed by a number of activists and politicians who had written Manifeste pour un Québec solidaire [fr], a left-wing response to Pour un Québec lucide. Pour un Québec lucide presented a distinctly neoliberal analysis of and set of solutions to Quebec's problems, particularly criticizing the sovereignty movement as distracting from Quebec's real issues and the Quebec social model as inefficient and out-of-date. Pour un Québec solidaire presented an alternate analysis, and later its writers formed the party Quebec solidaire, taking its name from the manifesto.^[16]

Françoise David and Amir Khadir were named as the two spokespersons at the party's founding.^[17]

Electoral activity

Québec solidaire's first political venture was to field a candidate, Manon Massé, in a 10 April 2006 by-election in Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques. She received 22% of the vote. Eight years later, she became QS' third MNA.

Québec solidaire contested the 2007 Quebec election. It won 3.65% of the popular vote and received 144,418 votes, 0.21% behind the Green Party of Quebec. They were also endorsed by the Montreal Central Council of the Confédération des syndicats nationaux which represents 125,000 members in Quebec. According to an analysis on Canadian Dimension, this was the first time a trade union in Quebec has endorsed a party more left-wing than the Parti Québécois.^[18]

On 8 December 2008, the first Quebec solidaire candidate was elected in the provincial election. Amir Khadir was elected in the Montreal riding of Mercier.^[19] He won his seat for the second term in the 2012 election along with another QS candidate Françoise David in the Montreal riding of Gouin. Subsequently, Khadir stepped down as co-spokesperson in accordance with QS party rules that stipulate one spokesperson must be from outside the legislature.^[20] André Frappier served as interim co-spokesperson^[21] until Andrés Fontecilla was chosen on 5 May 2013 to permanently fill the role.^[22] David and Frontecilla led the party into the 2014 election where Manon Massé was elected in Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques, becoming the party's third MNA, joining David and Khadir who were both re-elected.

On 19 January 2017, Françoise David announced her immediate retirement as both party spokesperson and as a Member of the National Assembly due to her health.^[23] Massé was named the interim spokesperson, and later announced she would be a candidate for the position on a permanent basis.^[24] In March, Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois, one of the leaders of the 2012 Quebec student protests, joined the party as its candidate for the Gouin by-election and a candidate for party co-spokesperson. On 21 May 2017, at the party's annual convention, Massé and Nadeau-Dubois were elected as the party's spokespeople.^[25]

At the 2017 party convention, the party voted against co-operation with the Parti Québécois, and agreed to begin talks with the centre-left sovereignist Option nationale party.^[25] On 2 December 2017, QS party members approved the merger.^[26] On 10 December, ON members approved the merger, which gave them "collective" status within Québec solidaire.^[27]

In the 2018 election, Massé was put forward as the party's candidate for premier if the party formed government; she also participated in leaders' debates.^[28] Massé brought attention to the QS due to her "unconventional" performance in the debates where she used simple, blunt language.^[29] Ultimately, QS gained 7 seats, bringing them to a total of 10, tying the Parti Québécois.^[30]

On 22 November 2018, Québec solidaire, along with Parti Québécois, were granted official party status in the legislature.^[31]^[32] On 20 March 2019, the QS was officially recognized as the second opposition party, behind the Liberals and ahead of the Parti Québécois, after a PQ MNA left the party.^[33]

On 16 May 2021, Massé announced she would hand the parliamentary leadership role to Nadeau-Dubois, and that he would be the party's candidate for premier in the upcoming 2022 election. However, Massé said she would remain co-spokesperson.^[34]

The 2022 general election saw mixed results for Québec Solidaire. The party finished second in terms of overall votes for the first time in its history, winning 15.4% of the vote, and won eleven seats, its most ever. However, the party did not form official opposition, as the Liberal Party won 21 seats on 14.4% of the vote, and the 15.4% of the vote the party won was slightly lower than the 16% of the vote the party won in 2018. The party also lost a seat it was holding for the first time in its history, losing Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue to the governing CAQ. Furthermore, as with the previous election, the party once again failed to meet the threshold in terms of number of seats or popular vote percentage required for official party status (unlike the previous election, the CAQ has refused to make an exception). This left all members of Québec Solidaire, along with the Parti Quebecois, to sit as independents.

On 13 March 2023, Québec Solidaire won a 12th seat in the Saint-Henri-Sainte-Anne by-election, vacated by former Liberal leader Dominique Anglade. This marked the highest number of seats the party has ever held, and enough for it to be entitled to official party status, having previously been granted the status on discretion.^[35]

On November 26, 2023, Émilise Lessard-Therrien was elected co-spokesperson of Québec Solidaire at the party congress in Gatineau, defeating Ruba Ghazal and Christine Labrie. She obtained 50.3% of the votes in the second round, against 49.7% for Ghazal.^[36] The party congress also elected Roxane Milot as President, obtaining the support of 98.4% of party members on an uncontested ballot.^[37] On April 29, 2024, Lessard-Therrien resigned as co-spokesperson, citing exhaustion.^[38]

Ideology

The aim of QS's foundation was to unify the sovereigntist political left of the political spectrum in Quebec by merging the Union des forces progressistes (UFP) party with the Option citoyenne social movement.^[39]^[40] In addition to advocating the independence of Quebec from Canada, the party's platform identifies with the concepts of environmentalism, feminism, social justice, proportional representation and participatory democracy, pacifism, aboriginal rights, and alter-globalism.^[41] The party also favours immigration, human dignity, and opposes discrimination including racism, sexism, and homophobia.^[41] QS describes itself as a sovereigntist, green, alter-globalizationist, and feminist party.^[42] It is the most left-wing of the four parties presently represented in the National Assembly.

At the party's founding, the congress unanimously adopted a document called the Déclaration de principes (declaration of principles) which laid out the principles and values that led the two organizations to merge. The declaration of principles does not specifically endorse social democracy or socialism, although it includes certain activists and tendencies that do.^[43]^[44] The document declared:^[41]

"Nous sommes écologistes" ("We are environmentalists")
"Nous sommes de gauche" ("We are on the Left")
"Nous sommes démocrates" ("We are democrats")
"Nous sommes féministes" ("We are feminists")
"Nous sommes altermondialistes" ("We are alter-globalists")
"Nous sommes d'un Québec pluriel" ("We are from a plural Quebec")
"Nous sommes d'un Québec souverain et solidaire" ("We are from a sovereign and united Quebec")
"Un autre parti, pour un autre Québec!" ("Another party, for another Quebec!")

During the 2022 Quebec general election, party spokesman Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois stated that ending food waste in Quebec would be a priority of the party if in government. The party seeks to cut food waste by 50% by mandating large businesses and institutions to give unsold food to groups that would distribute the food, or to businesses that would process the food.^[45]

Structure

As with its predecessors, Québec solidaire has no party leader; instead, the party practices collective leadership. The duties generally entrusted to the leader in most other Canadian federal and provincial parties are instead divided among the president, secretary general and two spokespeople. The party leadership is assumed by the National Coordinating Committee, composed of 16 persons elected by the founding congress. A person from the team of volunteers will always have a seat. However, as Quebec's election laws requires the appointment of a leader, the party's secretary general is the de jure party leader recognized by the Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec.^[46] The party's statutes call for it to be represented by a male and female co-spokesperson, one of whom serves in the dual role of party president. If one of the spokespeople is a member of the National Assembly, the other spokesperson remains outside of the legislature and holds the party presidency.^[20] The national spokespersons have greater visibility than the secretary general and are best known; they are sometimes referred to in the media as the de facto co-leaders of the party.^[47]

Françoise David and Amir Khadir were the two spokespersons at the party's founding. Alexa Conradi was president from the foundation of the party until June 2009 after which Françoise David was named president-spokeswoman. After the 2012 election, where Françoise David won a seat for the first time and Amir Khadir was re-elected, Khadir stepped down as co-spokesperson so a new one could be chosen from outside the legislature.^[20] André Frappier served as interim co-spokesperson^[21] until Andrés Fontecilla was chosen on 5 May 2013 to permanently fill the role.^[22] Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois and Manon Massé became the current co-spokespersons of the party on 21 May 2017.^[25]

The basic unit of the party is the local association. There is a local association for each of the 125 ridings in Quebec. These local associations are grouped into 19 regional associations, whose primary mandate to support the establishment of local associations. In March 2007, Québec solidaire has 61 local associations organized. Students and staff at institutions of higher education are grouped in campus associations that also participate in the democratic life of the party. Two national commissions are also part of the structure of Québec solidaire: the Political Committee and the National Commission for Women. The first is composed of 14 thematic committees and is responsible for proposing a program to members. It was responsible for drafting the electoral platform of the party in general elections of 2007. The National Commission for Women is composed of delegates from each region and is responsible for ensuring that feminism is a value which transverses the party.

Québec solidaire also includes a number of collectives, made up of members in good standing who may, in compliance with requirements, promote their respective political views within Québec solidaire. Unlike such groups did in the UFP, these groups do not have formal representation in Québec solidaire's Congress, National Council, or other party bodies.^[48] Current^[when?] collectives include:

Alternative socialiste, the Quebec section of International Socialist Alternative.^[49]
Décroissance conviviale, a collective which promotes degrowth.
Gauche Socialiste, the Quebec section of the reunified Fourth International.^[50]
Laïcité, a collective which promotes the separation of church and state.
Mass critique, an anti-capitalist collective.
Socialisme Internationale, the Quebec membership of the International Socialists.^[51]
Tendance Marxiste Internationale, the Quebec section of the International Marxist Tendency.^[52]
Option nationale, formerly active as a separate electoral party from 2011 to 2017.

The Parti Communiste du Québec – Parti Communiste du Canada (PCQ-PCC) left QS following Québec solidaire's merger with Option nationale in 2017.^[53]

Party leadership

Female co-spokespersons

Françoise David (4 February 2006 – 19 January 2017)
Manon Massé (19 January 2017 – 26 November 2023; interim until 21 May 2017)
Émilise Lessard-Therrien (26 November 2023 – 29 April 2024)
Christine Labrie (2 May 2024 – present; interim)

Male co-spokespersons

Amir Khadir (4 February 2006 – 2 December 2012)
André Frappier (2 December 2012 – 5 May 2013; interim)
Andrés Fontecilla (5 May 2013 – 21 May 2017)
Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois (21 May 2017 – present)

Presidents

Alexa Conradi (4 February 2006 – May 2009)
Françoise David (June 2009 – 2 December 2012)
André Frappier (2 December 2012 – 5 May 2013; interim)
Andrés Fontecilla (5 May 2013 – 21 May 2017)
Nika Deslauriers (21 May 2017 – 21 November 2021)
Alejandra Zaga Mendez (21 November 2021 – 3 October 2022)
Nicolas Chatel-Launay (3 October 2022 – 26 November 2023; interim)^[54]
Roxane Milot (26 November 2023 – present)

Secretaries general

Danielle Maire (February 2006 – June 2006)
Régent Séguin (June 2006 – July 2010)
Bernard Larivière (July 2010 – February 2011)
Thérèse Hurteau (February 2011 – March 2011)
Régent Séguin (March 2011 – May 2013)
Pierre-Paul St-Onge (May 2013 – June 2016)
Gaétan Châteauneuf (June 2016 – November 2020)^[55]
Nicolas Chatel-Launay (November 2020 – Present)^[1]

Current and former Members of the National Assembly

MNA	District	Region	Years of Service Within Caucus
Haroun Bouazzi	Maurice-Richard	Montreal	2022-present
Guillaume Cliche-Rivard	Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne	Montreal	2023-present
Françoise David	Gouin	Montreal	2012–2017
Catherine Dorion	Taschereau	Capitale-Nationale	2018–2022
Andrés Fontecilla	Laurier-Dorion	Montreal	2018–present
Ruba Ghazal	Mercier	Montreal	2018–present
Étienne Grandmont	Taschereau	Capitale-Nationale	2022–present
Amir Khadir	Mercier	Montreal	2008–2018
Christine Labrie	Sherbrooke	Estrie	2018–present
Alexandre Leduc	Hochelaga-Maisonneuve	Montreal	2018–present
Émilise Lessard-Therrien	Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue	Abitibi-Témiscamingue	2018–2022
Vincent Marissal	Rosemont	Montreal	2018–present
Manon Massé	Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques	Montreal	2014–present
Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois	Gouin	Montreal	2017–present
Alejandra Zaga Mendez	Verdun	Montreal	2022–present
Sol Zanetti	Jean-Lesage	Capitale-Nationale	2018–present

General election results

Election	# of candidates	# of seats won	Change +/-	Votes	% of popular vote	Position
2007	123	0 / 125	0	144,418	3.64%	Extra-parliamentary
2008	122	1 / 125	1	122,618	3.78%	No status
2012	124	2 / 125	1	263,111	6.03%	No status
2014	124	3 / 125	1	323,367	7.63%	No status
2018	125	10 / 125	7	648,406	16.08%	Fourth Party
2022	124	11 / 125	1	633,414	15.43%	Third Party

References

^ ^a ^b "Elections Québec – Québec solidare". Élections Québec. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
^ Lau, Rachel (6 September 2022). "Quebec election 2022: Q&A with Quebec Solidaire Spokesperson Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois". CTV National News. Retrieved 10 September 2022. We count on more than 20,000 members throughout Quebec, meaning we have roots in many communities.
^ "Présentation de Québec Solidaire" (PDF). Québec Solidaire. 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2022. "Rassemblement pour une alternative progressiste, du Parti de la démocratie socialiste et…"^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Dr Marc Guinjoan (2014). Parties, Elections and Electoral Contests: Competition and Contamination Effects. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4724-3910-9.
^ Tom Lansford, ed. (2015). Political Handbook of the World 2015. SAGE Publications. p. 1061. ISBN 978-1-4833-7155-9.
^ Paquin, Stéphane. "Trade Paradiplomacy and the Politics of International Economic Law: The Inclusion of Quebec and the Exclusion of Wallonia in the CETA Negotiations". ResearchGate. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^ "A legislative move in Quebec has broad implications". Emerald Insight. Emerald Expert Briefings. oxan–db (oxan–db). 2021. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB262294. S2CID 240975739. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^ Pascale Dufour; Christophe Traisnel (2014). "Nationalism and Protest: the Sovereignty Movement in Quebec". In Miriam Smith (ed.). Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-4426-0695-1.
^ Peter Graefe (2015). "Quebec Nationalism and Quebec Politics". In Bryan M. Evans; Charles W. Smith (eds.). Transforming Provincial Politics: The Political Economy of Canada's Provinces and Territories in the Neoliberal Era. University of Toronto Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4426-1179-5.
^ David Mutimer, ed. (2014). Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs 2007. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4426-1724-7.
^ "Québec solidaire wants to 'finish' vulnerable PQ: professor". Montreal Gazette. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Historique" (in French). Québec Solidaire. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
^ "Québec solidaire: Quebec's "left" party in the orbit of the big business PQ". World Socialist Web Site. International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). 8 December 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "A Day of Protest and Teargas at Prosperity and Security Summit". Translation from Le Devoir. Watching America. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "Northern Lights: Socialism 2007 a Big Success". Labor Standard. Socialist Action. June 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "Analysis from the 2007 Quebec general election mentioning the role of the manifesto". Thetyee.ca. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
^ Laxer, Emily (2019). Unveiling the Nation: The Politics of Secularism in France and Quebec (Rethinking Canada in the World). McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-5803-8.
^ Richard Fidler (27 March 2007). "Some Notes on the Results of the Quebec Election". Canadian Dimension magazine.
^ "QS's Amir Khadir prevails over PQ in Montreal's Mercier riding". CBC News. 8 December 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Simard, Mathieu (4 November 2012). "Khadir steps down as Québec solidaire co-leader". The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
^ ^a ^b Simard, Mathieu (2 December 2012). "Québec Solidaire elects interim co-spokesman". CBC News. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
^ ^a ^b Sioui, Marie-Michèle (5 May 2013). "Québec solidaire choisit Andrés Fontecilla comme porte-parole". La Presse. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
^ "Quebec solidaire's Francoise David quits politics immediately". Maclean's. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
^ "Manon Massé wants to become new face of Québec Solidaire". CBC News. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois and Manon Massé elected spokespeople for Quebec Solidaire". CTV News. 21 May 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Quebec solidaire votes to merge with Option nationale ahead of 2018 election". CTV News. 2 December 2017.
^ "Option Nationale members vote in favour of merger with Quebec Solidaire". CTV News. 10 December 2017.
^ Morasse, Marie-Eve. "Manon Massé sera l'aspirante première ministre pour QS". La Presse (in Canadian French). Retrieved 27 March 2019.
^ Montpetit, Jonathan (23 September 2018). "Why Québec Solidaire is having the campaign of its life". CBC News. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
^ Lalonde, Michelle (2 October 2018). "Quebec election: Québec solidaire triples its caucus". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
^ Presse Canadienne (22 November 2018). "PQ and QS to get official party status in National Assembly". Monteral Gazette. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
^ "Parties reach agreement in principle to give PQ and QS official party status". CTV news Monteral. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
^ "Québec Solidaire replaces PQ as second opposition party". 20 March 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois to take leadership role in Québec Solidaire as Manon Massé steps back". CBC News. 16 May 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
^ "Quebec solidaire claims victory in hotly contested Montreal byelection". 13 March 2023.
^ "Émilise Lessard-Therrien devient la nouvelle co-porte-parole de Québec solidaire" [Émilise Lessard-Therrien becomes Québec solidaire's new co-spokesperson]. Radio-Canada (in French). 26 November 2023. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^ Samson, Louis-Philippe (30 November 2023). "Une Drummondvilloise élue présidente de Québec solidaire". L'Express (in Canadian French). Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ "Former Québec Solidaire MNA Émilise Lessard-Therrien resigns as party co-spokesperson". CBC. 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
^ Francesca Bargiela-Chiappini (2009). The Handbook of Business Discourse. Edinburgh University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7486-2801-8.
^ Daniel Robichaud; Francois Cooren (2 May 2013). Organization and Organizing: Materiality, Agency and Discourse. Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-136-20733-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Qui sommes-nous?" (in French). Québec Solidaire. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ Linda Trimble; Jane Arscott; Manon Tremblay (31 May 2013). Stalled: The Representation of Women in Canadian Governments. UBC Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7748-2522-1.
^ "Manifeste de la Gauche Socialiste" (in French). Gauche socialiste. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ "Notre Programme". La Riposte (in French). June 2009.
^ Serebrin, Jacob (19 September 2022). "Quebec Liberal leader faces questions about her political future". CBC. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ "Quebec party leaders back on election campaign trail after visiting tornado victims". The Canadian Press. 23 September 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
^ Robert Dutrisac (18 December 2008). "Khadir prête serment d'allégeance aux "mal pris"". Le Devoir (in French). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "Statuts provisoires" (PDF) (in French). Magog: Québec Solidaire. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011.
^ "Alternative Socialiste. "Qui sommes nous?"" (in French). Mpsquebec.org. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
^ "Gauche socialiste" (in French). Gauche socialiste.
^ "Résistance. Des luttes anticapitalistes à la révolution". Socialisme International/International Socialists (in French).
^ "La TMI s'affilie à Québec solidaire". La Riposte (in French). September 2009.
^ "Parti communiste du Québec (PCQ-PCC) – Sur Québec Solidaire". 25 September 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
^ Louis-Philippe Samson (5 September 2023). "Une Drummondvilloise brigue la présidence de Québec solidaire". L'Express de Drummondville (in French). Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ Bélair-Cirino, Marco; Noël, Dave (15 March 2017). "Les co-porte-parole, un léger avantage pour Québec solidaire". Le Devoir. Retrieved 5 October 2018.

External links

Official website (in French)
New Party fills gap on the left
Québec solidaire: A Left-of-the-Left Formation? by Roger Rashi, The Bullet No. 286, 11 December 2009.
After A Highly Successful Year Québec Solidaire Starts Debate On Program by Roger Rashi, The Bullet No. 406, 24 August 2010.

[Chatel-Launay-1] "Elections Québec – Québec solidare". Élections Québec. Retrieved 22 April 2022.

[2] Lau, Rachel (6 September 2022). "Quebec election 2022: Q&A with Quebec Solidaire Spokesperson Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois". CTV National News. Retrieved 10 September 2022. We count on more than 20,000 members throughout Quebec, meaning we have roots in many communities.

[3] "Présentation de Québec Solidaire" (PDF). Québec Solidaire. 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2022. "Rassemblement pour une alternative progressiste, du Parti de la démocratie socialiste et…"^{[permanent dead link]}

[Guinjoan2014-4] Dr Marc Guinjoan (2014). Parties, Elections and Electoral Contests: Competition and Contamination Effects. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4724-3910-9.

[Lansford2015-5] Tom Lansford, ed. (2015). Political Handbook of the World 2015. SAGE Publications. p. 1061. ISBN 978-1-4833-7155-9.

[6] Paquin, Stéphane. "Trade Paradiplomacy and the Politics of International Economic Law: The Inclusion of Quebec and the Exclusion of Wallonia in the CETA Negotiations". ResearchGate. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

[7] "A legislative move in Quebec has broad implications". Emerald Insight. Emerald Expert Briefings. oxan–db (oxan–db). 2021. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB262294. S2CID 240975739. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

[DufourTraisnel2014-8] Pascale Dufour; Christophe Traisnel (2014). "Nationalism and Protest: the Sovereignty Movement in Quebec". In Miriam Smith (ed.). Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-4426-0695-1.

[Graefe015-9] Peter Graefe (2015). "Quebec Nationalism and Quebec Politics". In Bryan M. Evans; Charles W. Smith (eds.). Transforming Provincial Politics: The Political Economy of Canada's Provinces and Territories in the Neoliberal Era. University of Toronto Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4426-1179-5.

[Mutimer2014-10] David Mutimer, ed. (2014). Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs 2007. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4426-1724-7.

[11] "Québec solidaire wants to 'finish' vulnerable PQ: professor". Montreal Gazette. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.

[official_historique-12] "Historique" (in French). Québec Solidaire. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

[wsws-13] "Québec solidaire: Quebec's "left" party in the orbit of the big business PQ". World Socialist Web Site. International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). 8 December 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2009.

[watchingamerica-14] "A Day of Protest and Teargas at Prosperity and Security Summit". Translation from Le Devoir. Watching America. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2009.

[laborstandard-15] "Northern Lights: Socialism 2007 a Big Success". Labor Standard. Socialist Action. June 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2009.

[thetyee-16] "Analysis from the 2007 Quebec general election mentioning the role of the manifesto". Thetyee.ca. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

[17] Laxer, Emily (2019). Unveiling the Nation: The Politics of Secularism in France and Quebec (Rethinking Canada in the World). McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-5803-8.

[fidler-18] Richard Fidler (27 March 2007). "Some Notes on the Results of the Quebec Election". Canadian Dimension magazine.

[cbc_20081208-19] "QS's Amir Khadir prevails over PQ in Montreal's Mercier riding". CBC News. 8 December 2008.

[KhadirResigns-20] Simard, Mathieu (4 November 2012). "Khadir steps down as Québec solidaire co-leader". The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2012.

[Simard-21] Simard, Mathieu (2 December 2012). "Québec Solidaire elects interim co-spokesman". CBC News. Retrieved 2 December 2012.

[lapresse.ca-22] Sioui, Marie-Michèle (5 May 2013). "Québec solidaire choisit Andrés Fontecilla comme porte-parole". La Presse. Retrieved 5 May 2013.

[23] "Quebec solidaire's Francoise David quits politics immediately". Maclean's. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.

[24] "Manon Massé wants to become new face of Québec Solidaire". CBC News. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.

[convention2017-25] "Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois and Manon Massé elected spokespeople for Quebec Solidaire". CTV News. 21 May 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2019.

[ctv_1.3704508-26] "Quebec solidaire votes to merge with Option nationale ahead of 2018 election". CTV News. 2 December 2017.

[ctv_1.3715528-27] "Option Nationale members vote in favour of merger with Quebec Solidaire". CTV News. 10 December 2017.

[28] Morasse, Marie-Eve. "Manon Massé sera l'aspirante première ministre pour QS". La Presse (in Canadian French). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

[29] Montpetit, Jonathan (23 September 2018). "Why Québec Solidaire is having the campaign of its life". CBC News. Retrieved 8 April 2022.

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[37] Samson, Louis-Philippe (30 November 2023). "Une Drummondvilloise élue présidente de Québec solidaire". L'Express (in Canadian French). Retrieved 7 December 2023.

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v t e Political parties in Quebec
National Assembly	Coalition Avenir Québec (89) Liberal (19) Québec solidaire (12) Parti Québécois (4) Independent (1)
Other authorized parties	Alliance pour la famille et les communautés Animal Bloc Montreal Bloc pot Canadian Party Climat Québec Communist Conservative Culinary Démocratie directe Équipe Autonomiste Green Human Integrity Quebec Libertarian L'union fait la force Marxist-Leninist NDP Nul Parti accès propriété et équité Parti 51 Parti pour l'indépendance Quebecers United for Equality
Historical parties	Action démocratique Parti nationaliste chrétien Parti du socialisme chrétien Parti Unité Nationale Action libérale nationale Bloc Populaire CCF / Social Democratic Conservative Equality Parti national populaire Parti ouvrier-progressiste Ralliement créditiste Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale Socialist Union Nationale Unity
Pre-Confederation parties	Château Clique / Tory Parti bleu Parti canadien / Parti patriote Parti rouge

v t e Quebec sovereignty movement
History List of subjects
Events and legislation	Francœur Motion October Crisis 1980 referendum 1995 referendum Act Respecting the Future of Quebec Quebec Contingency Act Reference Re Secession of Quebec Clarity Act Bill 99 2012 Montreal shooting
Active organizations	Bloc Québécois Forum jeunesse du Bloc Québécois Climat Québec Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté Mouvement national des Québécoises et des Québécois Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec Parti Québécois Québec solidaire Réseau de Résistance du Québécois Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society
Defunct organizations	Front de libération du Québec Le front de libération populaire Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec Option nationale Partenaires pour la souveraineté Parti république du Québec Parti socialiste du Québec Rassemblement démocratique pour l'indépendance Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale
Culture and media	L'Action nationale L'aut'journal Breaking Point Le Devoir "Gens du pays" Le Jour Le Journal de Montréal Le Journal de Québec La Maison-Bleue Le Québécois Why I Am a Separatist
Miscellaneous	Pur et dur Quebec nationalism Republic of Lower Canada Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day The Three Periods Vive le Québec libre

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	United States