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{{Infobox language family
{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox Language family
|name=Quechumaran
|name=Quechumaran
|altname=controversial
|acceptance=controversial
|region=Andes
|region=Andes
|familycolor=American
|familycolor=American
|family='''Quechumaran'''
|family=Proposed [[language family]]
|child1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]]
|child1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]]
|child2=[[Aymaran languages|Aymaran]]
|child2=[[Aymaran languages|Aymaran]]
|glotto=none
}}
}}


'''Quechumaran''' is a language-family proposal that unites Quechua and Aymara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. [[Terrence Kaufman|Kaufman]] (1990) finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but many historical linguists believe the similarities may be due to borrowing during long-term contact.
'''Quechumaran''' or '''Kechumaran''' is a language-family proposal that unites [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] and [[Aymara language|Aymara]]. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. The hypothesis of the existence of Quechuamara was originally posted by linguist Norman McQuown in 1955.<ref>Cerrón-Palomino, R. (2000). ''Lingüística aimara''. Cuzco: CBC, p. 301.</ref> [[Terrence Kaufman]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Kaufman, Terrence |year=1990|chapter=Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more|editor=David L. Payne|title=Amazonian Linguistics|pages=13–74|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press}}</ref> finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but [[Willem Adelaar]], a [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adelaar, Willem |year=1992|chapter=Quechuan Languages|editor=W. Bright|title=Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|volume=3|pages=303–10|location=New York, Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> [[Lyle Campbell]] suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.<ref>{{cite book|author=Campbell, Lyle |year=1997|title=American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America|location= Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-509427-1|pages=188, 273–283}}</ref>


Moulian ''et al.'' (2015) posits the [[Puquina language]] of the [[Tiwanaku Empire]] as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara and [[Mapuche language|Mapuche]].<ref name=Moulianetal2015>{{cite journal |last1=Moulian |first1=Rodrígo |last2=Catrileo |first2=María|last3=Landeo |first3=Pablo|author-link2=María Catrileo |date=2015 |title=Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia |trans-title=Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-48832015000200004&script=sci_arttext|journal=[[Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada]] |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=73–96 |doi=10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004 |access-date=January 13, 2019|language=es|doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{ling-stub}}


An automated computational analysis ([[Automated Similarity Judgment Program|ASJP]] 4) by Müller et al. (2013)<ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)]''.</ref> also groups Quechuan and Aymaran together. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
[[Category:Proposed language families]]


==Swadesh lists==
[[mk:Кечуамарски јазици]]
100-word [[Swadesh list]]s of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan from [[Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino|Cerrón]] (2000):<ref>[[Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino|Cerrón Palomino, Rodolfo]]. 2000. El Aimara y el Quechua: relaciones distantes. In Luis Miranda Esquerre (ed.), ''Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica'', 17–38. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de Lenguas Modernas, Departamento Académico de Humanidades.</ref>

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Quechuan !! Proto-Aymaran
|-
| 1. || I || *ya-qa || *na-ya
|-
| 2. || you || *qam || *huma
|-
| 3. || we || *ya-qa-nčik || *hiwa-sa
|-
| 4. || this || *kay || *aka
|-
| 5. || that || *čay || *uka
|-
| 6. || who? || *pi || *qači
|-
| 7. || what? || *ima || *qu
|-
| 8. || not || *mana || *hani
|-
| 9. || all || *λapa || *taqi
|-
| 10. || many || *ačka || *aλuqa
|-
| 11. || one || *ŝuk || *maya
|-
| 12. || two || *iŝkay || *paya
|-
| 13. || big || *hatu(n) || *haĉ’a
|-
| 14. || long || *suni || *suni
|-
| 15. || small || *učuk || *hisk’a
|-
| 16. || woman || *warmi || *marmi
|-
| 17. || man || *qari || *čača
|-
| 18. || person || *runa || *haqi
|-
| 19. || fish || *čaλwa || *čǎλwa
|-
| 20. || bird || *pisqu || *amač’i
|-
| 21. || dog || *aλqu || *anu(qa)
|-
| 22. || louse || *usa || *lap’a
|-
| 23. || tree || *maλki || *quqa
|-
| 24. || seed || *muhu || *atʰa
|-
| 25. || leaf || *rapra || *lapʰi
|-
| 26. || root || *sapʰi || *asu
|-
| 27. || bark || *qara || *siλp’i
|-
| 28. || skin || *qara || *lip’iči
|-
| 29. || flesh || *ayča || *hanči
|-
| 30. || blood || *yawar || *wila
|-
| 31. || bone || *tuλu || *ĉ’aka
|-
| 32. || grease || *wira || *lik’i
|-
| 33. || egg || *runtu / *ruru || *k’awna
|-
| 34. || horn || *waqra || *waqra
|-
| 35. || tail || *ĉupa || *wič’inkʰa
|-
| 36. || feather || *pʰuru || *pʰuyu
|-
| 37. || hair || *aqča / *čukča || *nik’uĉa
|-
| 38. || head || *uma || *p’iqi
|-
| 39. || ear || *rinri || *hinču
|-
| 40. || eye || *ñawi || *nawra
|-
| 41. || nose || *sinqa || *nasa
|-
| 42. || mouth || *simi || *laka
|-
| 43. || tooth || *kiru || *laka ĉ’akʰa
|-
| 44. || tongue || *qaλu || *laqra
|-
| 45. || claw || *ŝiλu || *šiλu
|-
| 46. || foot || *ĉaki || *kayu
|-
| 47. || knee || *qunqur || *qhunquru
|-
| 48. || hand || *maki || *ampara
|-
| 49. || belly || *paĉa / *wiksa || *puĉa(ka)
|-
| 50. || neck || *kunka || *kunka
|-
| 51. || breasts || *ñuñu || *ñuñu
|-
| 52. || heart || *ŝunqu || *čuyma
|-
| 53. || liver || *k’ipĉa(n) || *k’ipĉa
|-
| 54. || drink || *upya- || *uma-
|-
| 55. || eat || *mikʰu- || *manq’a- / *palu-
|-
| 56. || bite || *kani- || *aĉu-
|-
| 57. || see || *rikʰu- || *uλa-
|-
| 58. || hear || *uya- || *iša-
|-
| 59. || know || *yaĉa- || *yaĉi-
|-
| 60. || sleep || *puñu- || *iki-
|-
| 61. || die || *wañu- || *hiwa-
|-
| 62. || kill || *wañu-či- || *hiwa-ya-
|-
| 63. || swim || *wayt’a- || *tuyu-
|-
| 64. || fly || *pʰaya-ri- || *hala-
|-
| 65. || walk || *puri- || *sara- / *wasa-
|-
| 66. || come || *ŝa-mu- || *huta-
|-
| 67. || lie || *anĉ’a-ra- || *haqu-ši-
|-
| 68. || sit || *taya-ku- || *uta-ĉ’a-
|-
| 69. || stand || *ŝaya-ri- || *saya-
|-
| 70. || give || *qu- || *čura-
|-
| 71. || say || *ñi- || *saya-
|-
| 72. || sun || *rupay || *lupi
|-
| 73. || moon || *kiλa || *paqši
|-
| 74. || star || *quyλur || *wara(wara)
|-
| 75. || water || *yaku || *uma
|-
| 76. || rain || *tamya / *para || *haλu
|-
| 77. || stone || *rumi || *qala
|-
| 78. || sand || *aqu || *č’aλa
|-
| 79. || earth || *paĉa || *uraqi
|-
| 80. || cloud || *pʰuyu / *pukutay || *qhinaya / *urpi
|-
| 81. || smoke || *q’usñi / *quntay || *iwq’i
|-
| 82. || fire || *nina || *nina
|-
| 83. || ashes || *uĉpa || *qhiλa
|-
| 84. || burn || *k’añay || *nak’a-
|-
| 85. || path || *ñayani || *tʰaki
|-
| 86. || mountain || *urqu || *quλu
|-
| 87. || red || *puka || *čupika
|-
| 88. || green || *q’umir / *ĉiqya(q) || *č’uqña
|-
| 89. || yellow || *q’iλu / *qarwa || *tuyu
|-
| 90. || white || *yuraq || *anq’u
|-
| 91. || black || *yana || *ĉ’iyara
|-
| 92. || night || *tuta || *aruma
|-
| 93. || hot || *q’unu || *hunĉ’u
|-
| 94. || cold || *čiri || *tʰaya
|-
| 95. || full || *hunta || *pʰuqa
|-
| 96. || new || *muŝuq || *mačaqa
|-
| 97. || good || *aλi || *aski
|-
| 98. || round || *muyu || *muruqu
|-
| 99. || dry || *čaki || *waña
|-
| 100. || name || *suti || *suti
|}

==Further reading==
*Orr, C. J.; Longacre, R. E. (1968). Proto Quechumaran. ''Language'', 44:528-55.

==References==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a Swadesh list at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Quechumaran Swadesh lists|Appendix:Quechumaran Swadesh lists]]'''''}}
{{reflist}}

{{South American languages}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Proposed language families]]

Latest revision as of 08:34, 28 November 2023

Quechumaran
(controversial)
Geographic
distribution		Andes
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone

Quechumaran or Kechumaran is a language-family proposal that unites Quechua and Aymara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. The hypothesis of the existence of Quechuamara was originally posted by linguist Norman McQuown in 1955.[1] Terrence Kaufman[2] finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but Willem Adelaar, a Quechua specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.[3] Lyle Campbell suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.[4]

Moulian et al. (2015) posits the Puquina language of the Tiwanaku Empire as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche.[5]

An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[6] also groups Quechuan and Aymaran together. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.

Swadesh lists[edit]

100-word Swadesh lists of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan from Cerrón (2000):[7]

no. gloss Proto-Quechuan Proto-Aymaran
1. I *ya-qa *na-ya
2. you *qam *huma
3. we *ya-qa-nčik *hiwa-sa
4. this *kay *aka
5. that *čay *uka
6. who? *pi *qači
7. what? *ima *qu
8. not *mana *hani
9. all *λapa *taqi
10. many *ačka *aλuqa
11. one *ŝuk *maya
12. two *iŝkay *paya
13. big *hatu(n) *haĉ’a
14. long *suni *suni
15. small *učuk *hisk’a
16. woman *warmi *marmi
17. man *qari *čača
18. person *runa *haqi
19. fish *čaλwa *čǎλwa
20. bird *pisqu *amač’i
21. dog *aλqu *anu(qa)
22. louse *usa *lap’a
23. tree *maλki *quqa
24. seed *muhu *atʰa
25. leaf *rapra *lapʰi
26. root *sapʰi *asu
27. bark *qara *siλp’i
28. skin *qara *lip’iči
29. flesh *ayča *hanči
30. blood *yawar *wila
31. bone *tuλu *ĉ’aka
32. grease *wira *lik’i
33. egg *runtu / *ruru *k’awna
34. horn *waqra *waqra
35. tail *ĉupa *wič’inkʰa
36. feather *pʰuru *pʰuyu
37. hair *aqča / *čukča *nik’uĉa
38. head *uma *p’iqi
39. ear *rinri *hinču
40. eye *ñawi *nawra
41. nose *sinqa *nasa
42. mouth *simi *laka
43. tooth *kiru *laka ĉ’akʰa
44. tongue *qaλu *laqra
45. claw *ŝiλu *šiλu
46. foot *ĉaki *kayu
47. knee *qunqur *qhunquru
48. hand *maki *ampara
49. belly *paĉa / *wiksa *puĉa(ka)
50. neck *kunka *kunka
51. breasts *ñuñu *ñuñu
52. heart *ŝunqu *čuyma
53. liver *k’ipĉa(n) *k’ipĉa
54. drink *upya- *uma-
55. eat *mikʰu- *manq’a- / *palu-
56. bite *kani- *aĉu-
57. see *rikʰu- *uλa-
58. hear *uya- *iša-
59. know *yaĉa- *yaĉi-
60. sleep *puñu- *iki-
61. die *wañu- *hiwa-
62. kill *wañu-či- *hiwa-ya-
63. swim *wayt’a- *tuyu-
64. fly *pʰaya-ri- *hala-
65. walk *puri- *sara- / *wasa-
66. come *ŝa-mu- *huta-
67. lie *anĉ’a-ra- *haqu-ši-
68. sit *taya-ku- *uta-ĉ’a-
69. stand *ŝaya-ri- *saya-
70. give *qu- *čura-
71. say *ñi- *saya-
72. sun *rupay *lupi
73. moon *kiλa *paqši
74. star *quyλur *wara(wara)
75. water *yaku *uma
76. rain *tamya / *para *haλu
77. stone *rumi *qala
78. sand *aqu *č’aλa
79. earth *paĉa *uraqi
80. cloud *pʰuyu / *pukutay *qhinaya / *urpi
81. smoke *q’usñi / *quntay *iwq’i
82. fire *nina *nina
83. ashes *uĉpa *qhiλa
84. burn *k’añay *nak’a-
85. path *ñayani *tʰaki
86. mountain *urqu *quλu
87. red *puka *čupika
88. green *q’umir / *ĉiqya(q) *č’uqña
89. yellow *q’iλu / *qarwa *tuyu
90. white *yuraq *anq’u
91. black *yana *ĉ’iyara
92. night *tuta *aruma
93. hot *q’unu *hunĉ’u
94. cold *čiri *tʰaya
95. full *hunta *pʰuqa
96. new *muŝuq *mačaqa
97. good *aλi *aski
98. round *muyu *muruqu
99. dry *čaki *waña
100. name *suti *suti

Further reading[edit]

  • Orr, C. J.; Longacre, R. E. (1968). Proto Quechumaran. Language, 44:528-55.

References[edit]

Wiktionary has a Swadesh list at Appendix:Quechumaran Swadesh lists
  1. ^ Cerrón-Palomino, R. (2000). Lingüística aimara. Cuzco: CBC, p. 301.
  2. ^ Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In David L. Payne (ed.). Amazonian Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–74.
  3. ^ Adelaar, Willem (1992). "Quechuan Languages". In W. Bright (ed.). Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Vol. 3. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 303–10.
  4. ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 188, 273–283. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  5. ^ Moulian, Rodrígo; Catrileo, María; Landeo, Pablo (2015). "Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia" [Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia]. Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada (in Spanish). 53 (2): 73–96. doi:10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  6. ^ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
  7. ^ Cerrón Palomino, Rodolfo. 2000. El Aimara y el Quechua: relaciones distantes. In Luis Miranda Esquerre (ed.), Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica, 17–38. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de Lenguas Modernas, Departamento Académico de Humanidades.
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