Opopanax chironium: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} |
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{{taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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|image = Opopanax chironium |
|image = Apiaceae - Opopanax chironium.JPG |
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|regnum = [[Plantae]] |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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|species = chironium |
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
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|authority = [[Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch|W.D.J.Koch]] |
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |
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|synonyms = |
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|ordo = [[Apiales]] |
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{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | |
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|familia = [[Apiaceae]] |
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*''Dorema chironia'' <small>(L.) [[M.Hiroe]]</small> |
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*''Laserpitium chironium'' <small>L.</small> |
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|subdivision_ranks = Species |
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*''Maspeton chironium'' <small>(L.) Raf.</small> |
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*''Opopanax bulgaricus'' <small>Velen.</small> |
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* 2 other species |
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}} |
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|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2390877 |
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|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |
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}}</ref> |
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}} |
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'''''Opopanax chironium''''', common name '''Hercules' all-heal''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref> is a [[herb]] of the family [[Apiaceae]]. |
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==Subspecies== |
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*''Opopanax chironium'' subsp. ''chironium'' |
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*''Opopanax chironium'' subsp. ''bulgaricum'' (Vel.) N.Andreev<ref>[http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9466462 Catalogue of Life]</ref> |
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==Description== |
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Opopanax is also used in the production of certain [[perfumes]]. |
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''Opopanax chironium'' grows {{convert|1|-|3|m}} high.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Remington|first=J.P.|url=https://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/usdisp/opopanax.html|title=The Dispensatory of the United States of America|last2=Wood|first2=H.C.|publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company|year=1918|edition=20th|location=Philadelphia & London|page=1526}}</ref> This perennial herb has a branching stem, thick and rough close to the base. Leaves are serrate, pinnate, with long petioles. It produces a large, flat, [[yellow]] [[inflorescence]] at the top of the branches.<ref name=fa>[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/o/opopon10.html Botanical]</ref><ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/opoponaco/ Enciclopedia Treccani]</ref> |
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==Uses== |
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The spelling 'opoponax' is also widely used (eg in <ref name=botanical>{{cite web | title=Opoponax | work=Botanical.com | url= |
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A [[natural gum|gum]] [[resin]] (mostly gum) known as [[Opopanax (genus)|opopanax]] can be extracted from this plant by cutting at the base of a [[Plant stem|stem]] and sun-drying the juice that flows out. It has a strong unpleasant odor, unlike the [[perfumery's opopanax]] which is aromatic.<ref name=":0" /> |
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http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/o/opopon10.html | accessdate = 2005-12-15}}</ref>). The [[OED]] gives 'opopanax' as the principal spelling, but lists 'opoponax' as a variant spelling recorded from the 19th century.<ref name=oed>{{cite web|title=opopanax|work=Oxford English Dictionary|url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00332792?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=opopanax|accessdate=2009-12-27}} (subscription required)</ref> |
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[[File:Apiaceae - Opopanax chironium-001.JPG|thumb|240px|left|Flowers of ''Opopanax chironium'']] |
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⚫ | The resin has been used in the treatment of [[spasm]]s,<ref name=fa/> and, before that, as an [[emmenagogue]], in the treatment of [[asthma]], chronic visceral infections, [[hysteria]] and [[hypochondria]].<ref name=":0" /> Opopanax resin is most frequently sold in dried irregular pieces, though tear-shaped gems are not uncommon.<ref name=fa/> |
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==Etymology== |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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From Anglo-Norman ''opopanac'', from Latin opopanax, from Hellenistic Greek ὀποπάναξ, from Ancient Greek ὀπός ‘vegetable juice’ + πάναξ ‘panacea’ (all healing).<ref name=oed/> |
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==Cultural references to opopanax== |
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*[[King Solomon]] allegedly regarded the opoponax as the noblest of incense gums.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} |
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*In the thirteenth chapter of [[James Joyce|James Joyce's]] ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' ([[Nausicaa]]), [[Leopold Bloom]] recognizes opopanax as an ingredient in the perfume of his wife, [[Molly Bloom|Molly]]. |
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*In ''[[The Grand Duke]]'', by [[W. S. Gilbert]], the mock-Grecian chorus that opens the second Act repeat the words "Opopanax eloia!" many times. |
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*In the novel ''[[Black House (novel)|Black House]]'' by [[Stephen King]] and [[Peter Straub]], the word opopanax is used repeatedly and constantly in a nonsensical fashion, as both a verb and an adjective (e.g. "distant cry of the opopanax", the opopanax this, the opoponax that, etc.) eventually becoming a symbol for all the strange and incomprehensible events unfolding in the book. |
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*In another Stephen King novel, ''[[Wolves of the Calla]]'' (the fifth book in ''[[The Dark Tower (series)|The Dark Tower]]'' series), a character holds an "opopanax feather", thus suggesting that it is the name of a bird. No other explanation is given in the story. |
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*In the novel ''[[Against the Day]]'' by [[Thomas Pynchon]], the child mobster "Plug" Loafsley runs a club that smells strongly of opopanax, [[vervain]], and bodily ejecta. |
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*Gives the title of John Brosnan's 1993 [[SF]] novel 'The Opopanax Invasion', where an alien [[DNA]] is contained in a resin said to be similar to the opopanax. |
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*In the novel 'The Lost Luggage Porter' by [[Andrew Martin (novelist)|Andrew Martin]], the hero's wife has sweet jars of [[Parma Violets]] and Opopanax. |
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*The title of the novel ''[[L’Opoponax]]'', by French feminist writer and theorist [[Monique Wittig]], which describes a rebellious young girl's experiences in a convent school. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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*{{Wikispecies-inline}} |
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*{{Commons-inline}} |
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* Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. ''Flora Europaea''. |
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{{More footnotes|date=January 2010}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{cite web | title=Opoponax (sweet myrrh)| work=Scents of the Earth | url= |
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http://www.scents-of-earth.com/opoponax.html | accessdate = 2005-12-15}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q13560912}} |
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[[Category:Apiaceae]] |
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[[Category:Perfume ingredients]] |
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[[Category:Incense]] |
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[[ |
[[Category:Apioideae]] |
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[[fr:Opopanax]] |
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[[pt:Opopanax]] |
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[[sv:Opopanax]] |
Latest revision as of 23:15, 22 March 2021
Opopanax chironium | |
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Plant of Opopanax chironium | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Apiales |
Family: | Apiaceae |
Genus: | Opopanax |
Species: | O. chironium
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Binomial name | |
Opopanax chironium | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Opopanax chironium, common name Hercules' all-heal,[2] is a herb of the family Apiaceae.
Subspecies[edit]
- Opopanax chironium subsp. chironium
- Opopanax chironium subsp. bulgaricum (Vel.) N.Andreev[3]
Description[edit]
Opopanax chironium grows 1–3 metres (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) high.[4] This perennial herb has a branching stem, thick and rough close to the base. Leaves are serrate, pinnate, with long petioles. It produces a large, flat, yellow inflorescence at the top of the branches.[5][6]
Uses[edit]
A gum resin (mostly gum) known as opopanax can be extracted from this plant by cutting at the base of a stem and sun-drying the juice that flows out. It has a strong unpleasant odor, unlike the perfumery's opopanax which is aromatic.[4]
The resin has been used in the treatment of spasms,[5] and, before that, as an emmenagogue, in the treatment of asthma, chronic visceral infections, hysteria and hypochondria.[4] Opopanax resin is most frequently sold in dried irregular pieces, though tear-shaped gems are not uncommon.[5]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The plant thrives in warm climates like Iran, Italy, Greece and Turkey, but also grows in cooler climates.[2][5] Some view opopanax grown in cooler climates as being of inferior quality.
References[edit]
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
- ^ a b "Opopanax chironium". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ Catalogue of Life
- ^ a b c Remington, J.P.; Wood, H.C. (1918). The Dispensatory of the United States of America (20th ed.). Philadelphia & London: J.B. Lippincott Company. p. 1526.
- ^ a b c d Botanical
- ^ Enciclopedia Treccani
- Data related to Opopanax chironium at Wikispecies
- Media related to Opopanax chironium at Wikimedia Commons
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora Europaea.