Cambio 90: Difference between revisions
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=== Presidential elections === |
=== Presidential elections === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Year |
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! rowspan="2" |Election |
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! |
! colspan="2" |Candidate |
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!Coalition |
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!'''Votes''' |
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!Votes |
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!'''%''' |
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!Percentage |
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!'''Votes''' |
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!Outcome |
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!'''%''' |
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! rowspan="2" |Result |
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|- |
|- |
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![[1990 Peruvian general election|1990]] |
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! colspan="2" |First Round |
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|[[Alberto Fujimori]] |
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! colspan="2" |Second Round |
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|[[File:Al_Fujimori.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Fujimori.jpg|150x150px]] |
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|[[Cambio 90|'''Cambio 90''']] |
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|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}<br/>1 932 208 |
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{{small|'''2nd Round:'''}} |
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4 189 897 |
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|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}{{Percentage bar|29.09|29.09|FFA500}}{{small|'''2nd Round:'''}}{{Percentage bar|62.38|62.38|FFA500}} |
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|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}<br/>2nd |
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{{small|'''2nd Round:'''}} |
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1st |
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|- |
|- |
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![[1995 Peruvian general election|1995]] |
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|[[Alberto Fujimori]] |
|[[Alberto Fujimori]] |
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|[[File:Al_Fujimori.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Fujimori.jpg|150x150px]] |
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|1,932,208 |
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|[[Change 90 – New Majority|'''Cambio 90 – New Majority''']] |
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|29.1% |
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<small>[[Cambio 90|C90]]-[[New Majority (Peru)|NM]]</small> |
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|4,478,897 |
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|4 645 279 |
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|62.4% |
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|{{Percentage bar|64.42|64.42|FFA500}} |
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|'''Elected''' {{Y}} |
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|1st |
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|- |
|- |
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![[2000 Peruvian general election|2000]] |
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|[[Alberto Fujimori]] |
|[[Alberto Fujimori]] |
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|[[File:Al_Fujimori.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Fujimori.jpg|150x150px]] |
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|4,645,279 |
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|'''[[Peru 2000]]''' |
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|64.3% |
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<small>[[Cambio 90|C90]]-[[New Majority (Peru)|NM]]-SU-[[Sí Cumple|VV]]</small> |
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| colspan="2" | |
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|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}<br/>5 528 568 |
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|'''Elected''' {{Y}} |
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{{small|'''2nd Round:'''}} |
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6 041 685 |
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|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}{{Percentage bar|49.87|49.87|FFA500}}{{small|'''2nd Round:'''}}{{Percentage bar|74.33|74.33|FFA500}} |
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|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}<br/>1st |
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{{small|'''2nd Round:'''}} |
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1st |
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|- |
|- |
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![[2006 Peruvian general election|2006]] |
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|[[Martha Chávez]] |
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|[[Alberto Fujimori]] ({{Small|as part of [[Peru 2000]]}}) |
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| |
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|5,528,568 |
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|'''[[Alliance for the Future (Peru)|Alliance for the Future]]''' |
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|49.9% |
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<small>[[Cambio 90|C90]]-[[New Majority (Peru)|NM]]-SU-[[Sí Cumple|SC]]</small> |
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|6,041,685 |
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|912 740 |
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|74.3% |
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|{{Percentage bar|7.40|7.40|FFA500}} |
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|'''Elected''' {{Y}} |
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|4th |
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|- |
|- |
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![[2011 Peruvian general election|2011]] |
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|[[Luis Castañeda]] |
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|[[Martha Chávez]] ({{Small|as part of [[Alliance for the Future (Peru)|Alliance for the Future]]}}) |
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| |
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|912,420 |
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|'''[[National Solidarity Alliance]]''' |
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|7.4% |
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<small>[[National Solidarity (Peru)|SN]]-[[Change 90|C90]]-[[All for Peru|TPP]]-SU-[[Union for Peru|UPP]]</small> |
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| colspan="2" | |
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|1 440 143 |
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|'''Lost''' {{Nay}} |
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|{{Percentage bar|9.83|9.83|FFFF00}} |
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|- |
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|5th |
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|[[2011 Peruvian general election|2011]] |
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|[[Luis Castañeda Lossio|Luis Castañeda]] ({{Small|as part of [[National Solidarity Alliance]]}}) |
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|1,440,143 |
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|9.8% |
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| colspan="2" | |
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|'''Lost''' {{Nay}} |
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|} |
|} |
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=== [[Congress of the Republic of Peru| |
=== Elections to the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]] === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Year |
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!Election |
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!'''Votes''' |
!'''Votes''' |
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!'''%''' |
!'''%''' |
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!Number of seats |
!Number of seats |
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!{{Increase}}/{{Decrease}} |
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!+/– |
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!Position |
!Position |
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|- |
|- |
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![[1990 Peruvian general election|1990]] |
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|819,527 |
|819,527 |
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|16.5% |
|16.5% |
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|Minority |
|Minority |
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|- |
|- |
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![[1995 Peruvian general election|1995]] |
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| |
|2,193,724 {{Small|as part of [[Change 90 - New Majority]]}} |
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|49.2% |
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|{{Composition bar|44|80|hex={{Cambio 90/meta/color}}}} |
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|{{increase}} 12 |
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|Majority |
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|- |
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|[[1995 Peruvian general election|1995]] |
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|2,193,724 ({{Small|as part of [[Change 90 - New Majority]]}}) |
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|51.1% |
|51.1% |
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|{{Composition bar|67|120|hex={{Cambio 90/meta/color}}}} |
|{{Composition bar|67|120|hex={{Cambio 90/meta/color}}}} |
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|Majority |
|Majority |
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|- |
|- |
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![[2000 Peruvian general election|2000]] |
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|4 189 019 |
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|4,189,018 ({{Small|as part of [[Peru 2000]]}}) |
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|42.2% |
|42.2% |
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|{{Composition bar|52|120|hex={{ |
|{{Composition bar|52|120|hex={{Peru 2000/meta/color}}}} |
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|{{decrease}} 15 |
|{{decrease}} 15 |
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|Minority |
|Minority |
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|- |
|- |
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![[2001 Peruvian general election|2001]] |
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|452,696 |
|452,696 {{Small|as part of [[Change 90 - New Majority]]}} |
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|4.8% |
|4.8% |
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|{{Composition bar|3|120|hex={{Cambio 90/meta/color}}}} |
|{{Composition bar|3|120|hex={{Cambio 90/meta/color}}}} |
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|Minority |
|Minority |
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|- |
|- |
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![[2006 Peruvian general election|2006]] |
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|1,408,055 |
|1,408,055 {{Small|as part of [[Alliance for the Future (Peru)|Alliance for the Future]]}} |
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|13.1% |
|13.1% |
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|{{Composition bar|13|120|hex={{Cambio 90/meta/color}}}} |
|{{Composition bar|13|120|hex={{Cambio 90/meta/color}}}} |
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|Minority |
|Minority |
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|- |
|- |
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![[2011 Peruvian general election|2011]] |
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|1,311,766 |
|1,311,766 {{Small|as part of [[National Solidarity Alliance]]}} |
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|10.2% |
|10.2% |
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|{{Composition bar|9|130|hex={{ |
|{{Composition bar|9|130|hex={{National Solidarity Party (Peru)/meta/color}}}} |
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|{{decrease}} |
|{{decrease}} 12 |
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|Minority |
|Minority |
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|} |
|} |
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=== Senate elections === |
=== Senate elections === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Year |
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!Election |
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!Votes |
!Votes |
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!% |
!% |
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!Number of seats |
!Number of seats |
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!{{Increase}}/{{Decrease}} |
|||
!+/– |
|||
!Position |
!Position |
||
|- |
|- |
||
![[1990 Peruvian general election|1990]] |
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|1,240,132 |
|1,240,132 |
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|21.7 |
|21.7 |
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|Minority |
|Minority |
||
|} |
|} |
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=== [[Democratic Constituent Congress]] elections === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!Year |
|||
!'''Votes''' |
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!'''%''' |
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!Number of seats |
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!Position |
|||
|- |
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![[1992 Peruvian Democratic Constituent Congress election|1992]] |
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|3,040,552 {{Small|as part of [[Change 90 - New Majority]]}} |
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|49.2% |
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|{{Composition bar|44|80|hex={{Cambio 90/meta/color}}}} |
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|Majority |
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|} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
Revision as of 00:41, 27 January 2021
Change 90 Cambio 90 | |
---|---|
President | Andrés Reggiardo |
General Secretary | Renzo Reggiardo |
Founder | Andrés Reggiardo Alberto Fujimori |
Founded | 5 October 1989 |
Dissolved | 26 September 2013 |
Succeeded by | Peru Secure Homeland |
Ideology | Fujimorism (historical) National conservatism Social conservatism Economic liberalism Right-wing populism |
Political position | Right-wing |
National affiliation | Change 90 – New Majority (1995-1999, 2001-2005), Peru 2000 (1999-2001), Alliance for the Future (2005-2006) National Solidarity Alliance (2010-2011) |
Change 90 (Spanish: Cambio 90), was a right-wing Peruvian political party which entered the political spectrum in early 1990, and throughout the 1990s it was the most powerful political party in Peru alongside New Majority, serving more as an instrumental electoral vehicle for Alberto Fujimori.[1]
In the aftermath of Fujimori's downfall in late 2000, the party ran allied once again with New Majority only for the 2001 Peruvian general election, attaining only 3 out of 120 seats in the Congress.[2] For the 2006 general election, the Alliance for the Future coalition was formed, convening Cambio 90, New Majority, and Sí Cumple. With Martha Chávez as their presidential nominee, the coalition placed fourth, and successfully garnered 13 out of 120 seats at congressional level.[3]
For the 2011 general election, Change 90 split from Fujimorism, and participated under the National Solidarity Alliance, with Luis Castañeda as their presidential nominee. The coalition placed fifth at both presidential and parliamentary levels, attaining 9 out of 130 seats, with Renzo Reggiardo the only elected congressman from Change 90. In 2013, Reggiardo announced the party's official dissolution, and announced Peru Secure Homeland as its immediate successor.[4]
History
Change 90's success hinged largely on the success of its candidate for the presidency, Alberto Fujimori, an agricultural engineer and rector of the Universidad Nacional Agraria (National Agrarian University) in Lima's La Molina District from 1984 to 1989. Fujimori's appeal to a large extent was his standing as a political outsider.
At the same time, Cambio's success was also attributed largely to its eclectic political base and its active grassroots campaign. Its two main bases of support were the Asociación Peruana de Empresas Medias y Pequeñas (APEMIPE), an association of SMEs, and the informal sector workers who associated their cause with APEMIPE, and the Evangelical movement. Less than four percent of the Peruvian population was Protestant, but the evangelicals were extremely active at the grassroots level, particularly in areas where traditional parties were weak, such as the urban shantytowns, the pueblos jóvenes, and rural areas in the mountains. Although the party only began activities in January 1990, by the time of the elections it had 200,000 members in its ranks.
However, its success at the polls did not translate into a lasting party machinery. The organization was much more of a front than a political party, and its ability to hold together was called into question within a few weeks after attaining power. Cambio's two bases of support had little in common with each other except opposition to Mario Vargas Llosa. Its links to Fujimori were new and were ruptured to a large extent when Fujimori opted for an orthodox economic shock program. Less than six months into his government, Fujimori broke with many of his Cambio supporters, including the second vice president and leader of the evangelical movement, Carlos García y García, and APEMIPE. The latter became disenchanted with Fujimori because small businesses were threatened by the dramatic price rises and opening to foreign competition that the Fujishock program entailed.
In the 8 April 2001 legislative elections, the party won 4.8% of the popular vote and only 3 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
Year | Candidate | Coalition | Votes | Percentage | Outcome | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | Alberto Fujimori | Cambio 90 | 1st Round: 1 932 208 2nd Round: 4 189 897 |
1st Round: 29.09 62.38 |
1st Round: 2nd 2nd Round: 1st | |
1995 | Alberto Fujimori | Cambio 90 – New Majority | 4 645 279 | 64.42 |
1st | |
2000 | Alberto Fujimori | Peru 2000 | 1st Round: 5 528 568 2nd Round: 6 041 685 |
1st Round: 49.87 74.33 |
1st Round: 1st 2nd Round: 1st | |
2006 | Martha Chávez | Alliance for the Future | 912 740 | 7.40 |
4th | |
2011 | Luis Castañeda | National Solidarity Alliance | 1 440 143 | 9.83 |
5th |
Elections to the Congress of the Republic
Year | Votes | % | Number of seats | / | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 819,527 | 16.5% | 32 / 180
|
32 | Minority |
1995 | 2,193,724 as part of Change 90 - New Majority | 51.1% | 67 / 120
|
23 | Majority |
2000 | 4 189 019 | 42.2% | 52 / 120
|
15 | Minority |
2001 | 452,696 as part of Change 90 - New Majority | 4.8% | 3 / 120
|
49 | Minority |
2006 | 1,408,055 as part of Alliance for the Future | 13.1% | 13 / 120
|
10 | Minority |
2011 | 1,311,766 as part of National Solidarity Alliance | 10.2% | 9 / 130
|
12 | Minority |
Senate elections
Year | Votes | % | Number of seats | / | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 1,240,132 | 21.7 | 14 / 62
|
14 | Minority |
Democratic Constituent Congress elections
Year | Votes | % | Number of seats | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|
1992 | 3,040,552 as part of Change 90 - New Majority | 49.2% | 44 / 80
|
Majority |
See also
References
- ^ Jurado Nacional de Elecciones, Infogob. "Acerca de - Cambio 90-Nueva Mayoría". infogob.jne.gob.pe. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ Jurado Nacional de Elecciones, Infogob. "Acerca de - Alianza Electoral Cambio 90-Nueva Mayoría". infogob.jne.gob.pe. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ Perú 21, Archive (26 April 2006). "Martha Chávez Complains about Alianza por el Futuro". blog.ubc.ca. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Renzo Reggiardo cambia de nombre a Cambio 90 y lanza nuevo partido". Perú 21 (in Spanish). December 28, 2013. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.