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''Statice monopetala'' L.
''Statice monopetala'' L.
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=plantlist>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2495505 |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. is an accepted name |website=www.theplantlist.org |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=plantlist>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2495505 |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. is an accepted name |website=www.theplantlist.org |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>}}
'''''Limoniastrum monopetalum''''' (grand statice), is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Plumbaginaceae]] that is native to




'''''Limoniastrum monopetalum''''' (grand statice), is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Plumbaginaceae]] that is native to


==Description==
==Description==
It is an ornamental deciduous shrub that grows to 1 metre in height, with pale blue [[plumbago]]-like flowers appearing in autumn as the leaves start to turn red.<ref name="Pienaar2003">{{cite book |author=Kristo Pienaar |title=South African 'What Flower Is That'? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnzKHkT89QwC&pg=PA81 |accessdate=5 January 2013 |date=1 August 2003 |publisher=Struik |isbn=978-1-86872-441-3 |pages=81–82}}</ref>
It is an ornamental deciduous shrub that grows to 1 metre in height, with pale blue [[plumbago]]-like flowers appearing in autumn as the leaves start to turn red.<ref name="Pienaar2003">{{cite book |author=Kristo Pienaar |title=South African 'What Flower Is That'? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnzKHkT89QwC&pg=PA81 |accessdate=5 January 2013 |date=1 August 2003 |publisher=Struik |isbn=978-1-86872-441-3 |pages=81–82}}</ref>


A small shrub, much branched, branch ends terete, conspicuously grey, to 1 m high; common in the desert zone, often on unstable sand; of the north and south coasts of the Mediterranean, and penetrating the Sahara along the northernmost limits of the W Afr<ref name=Burkhill>H.M. Burkill, 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 4.</ref>


long thread-like and tufted fine roots (ephemeral roots produced in a wet season and vanish afterwards)
long thread-like and tufted fine roots (ephemeral roots produced in a wet season and vanish afterwards)
the wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions.
the wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions.
they can also travel down to at least 50cm to reach the water table.
they can also travel down to at least 50cm to reach the water table.
<ref>Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) {{google books|B_X9CAAAQBAJ|Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990)|page=398}}</ref>
<ref name=Helmut>Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) {{google books|B_X9CAAAQBAJ|Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990)|page=398}}</ref>


Limoniastrum monopetalum A shrublet , belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae , with a whitish grey aspect . Its stiff , narrowly spathulate leaves and the branches are densely beset with white calcareous tubercles . It is a cushion plant , an <ref name=Magyar>Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ([[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) {{google books|UiBUAAAAMAAJ|Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969)|page=9}}</ref>
Limoniastrum monopetalum A shrublet , belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae , with a whitish grey aspect . Its stiff , narrowly spathulate leaves and the branches are densely beset with white calcareous tubercles . It is a cushion plant , an <ref name=Magyar>Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ([[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) {{google books|UiBUAAAAMAAJ|Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969)|page=9}}</ref>


Water Requirements:
Water Requirements: Drought-tolerant; suitable for xeriscaping
Sun Exposure: Full Sun
Drought-tolerant; suitable for xeriscaping
Foliage: Evergreen, Smooth

Foliage Color; Bronze
Sun Exposure:
Height: 36-48 in. (90-120 cm)
Full Sun

Foliage:
Evergreen

Smooth

Foliage Color:
Bronze

Height:
36-48 in. (90-120 cm)

4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m)
4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m)
Spacing: 4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m)

Hardiness: USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) - USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)
Spacing:
Bloom Color: Lavender
4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m)
Bloom Time: Mid Spring, Late Spring/Early Summer

Soil pH requirements: 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) - 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)<ref name="Daves">{{cite web |title=PlantFiles: Limoniastrum |url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/189332/ |website=Dave's Garden |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Hardiness:
USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F)

USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)

USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)

Where to Grow:
Unknown - Tell us

Danger:
Unknown - Tell us

Bloom Color:
Lavender

Bloom Characteristics:
Unknown - Tell us

Bloom Size:
Unknown - Tell us

Bloom Time:
Mid Spring

Late Spring/Early Summer

Other details:
Unknown - Tell us

Soil pH requirements:
6.6 to 7.5 (neutral)

7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)<ref name="Daves">{{cite web |title=PlantFiles: Limoniastrum |url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/189332/ |website=Dave's Garden |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>


==Biochemistry==
==Biochemistry==
Line 93: Line 49:
|title=Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' leaves |journal=[[Food Science and Technology International]] |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=632-639 |url=https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-269447d9-b3d0-3d1a-bd9a-82c8736a79d4 |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) {{google books|cH4k4NedvXcC|Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition|page=377}}</ref>
|title=Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' leaves |journal=[[Food Science and Technology International]] |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=632-639 |url=https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-269447d9-b3d0-3d1a-bd9a-82c8736a79d4 |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) {{google books|cH4k4NedvXcC|Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition|page=377}}</ref>


Int J Phytoremediation
. 2014;16(7-12):755-69. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2013.856847.
Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes
Eleni Manousaki, Kosmoula Galanaki, Lamprini Papadimitriou, Nicolas Kalogerakis
The [[phytoremediation]] potential of the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' for the removal of Cd and Pb from polluted sites is assessed in this work.
The [[phytoremediation]] potential of the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' for the removal of Cd and Pb from polluted sites is assessed in this work.
Analysis of the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface confirmed that wild and cultivated ornamental ''L. monopetalum'' excrete [[cadmium]] and lead through their salt glands as a possible metal detoxification mechanism, although the amount excreted by the ornamental ''L. monopetalum'' is significantly less.
Analysis of the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface confirmed that wild and cultivated ornamental ''L. monopetalum'' excrete [[cadmium]] and lead through their salt glands as a possible metal detoxification mechanism, although the amount excreted by the ornamental ''L. monopetalum'' is significantly less.
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manousaki |first1=Eleni |last2=Galanaki |first2=Kosmoula |last3=Papadimitriou |first3=Lamprini |last4=Kalogerakis |first4=Nicolas |date=2014 |title=Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24933883/ |journal=Int. J Phytoremediation |volume=16 |issue= |pages=755-769 |doi=10.1080/15226514.2013.856847 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24933883/

|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>


Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents
by Houda Ben Slama 1,2OrcID,Mohamed Ali Triki 2,Ali Chenari Bouket 3,†,Fedia Ben Mefteh 4,†,Faizah N. Alenezi 1,5,Lenka Luptakova 6OrcID,Hafsa Cherif-Silini 7,Armelle Vallat 8,Tomasz Oszako 9OrcID,Neji Gharsallah 4 andLassaad Belbahri 1,10,*OrcID
Microorganisms 2019, 7(8), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7080249
Received: 21 June 2019 / Revised: 6 August 2019 / Accepted: 7 August 2019 / Published: 9 August 2019 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/8/249
an evergreen shrub inhabiting the Mediterranean region, has well-documented phytoremediation potential for metal removal from polluted sites.
an evergreen shrub inhabiting the Mediterranean region, has well-documented phytoremediation potential for metal removal from polluted sites.
<ref name=Slama>{{cite journal |last1=Slama |first1=Houda Ben |last2=Triki |first2=Mohamed Ali |last3=Bouket |first3=Ali Chenari |last4=Mefteh |first4=Fedia Ben |last5=Alenezi |first5=Faizah N. |last6=Luptakova |first6=Lenka |last7=Cherif-Silini |first7=Hafsa |last8=Vallat |first8=Armelle |last9=Oszako |first9=Tomasz |last10=Gharsallah |first10=Neji |last11=Belbahri |first11=Lassaad |date=2019 |title=Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/8/249 |journal=Microorganisms |volume=7 |issue=8 |page=249 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms7080249 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>



Environment International
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussein |first1=Hussein S. |last2=Terry |first2=Norman |date=April 2002 |title=Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss in Egypt |journal=Environment International |volume=28 |issues=1–2 |pages=127-135}}</ref>
Volume 28, Issues 1–2, April 2002, Pages 127-135
Environment International
Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss in Egypt
Author - Hussein S Hussein Norman Terry
(El-Hammra station, the main crude oil pipeline terminal in Al-Alamein) is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of activities from refineries, oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. This area, prior to contamination, was dominated by different common halophytes. However, Limoniastrum monopetalum is now the only species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil.
(El-Hammra station, the main crude oil pipeline terminal in Al-Alamein) is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of activities from refineries, oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. This area, prior to contamination, was dominated by different common halophytes. However, Limoniastrum monopetalum is now the only species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum 2.JPG|thumb|''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, [[San Fernando, Cádiz]], Spain]]
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum 2.JPG|thumb|''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, [[San Fernando, Cádiz]], Spain]]
It is known in [[Mali]] as 'zeïta' and 'zita' in [[Arabic]].<ref name=Burkhill/>


The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''monopetalum'' refers to 'mono' and 'petal' meaning one petal.<ref> Allen J. Coombes {{Google books|capqDQYT_VYC|The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants|page=50}}</ref>
The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''monopetalum'' refers to 'mono' and 'petal' meaning one petal.<ref> Allen J. Coombes {{Google books|capqDQYT_VYC|The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants|page=50}}</ref>


Using an earlier description by [[Carl Linneaus]] when he had named it as ''Statice monopetala'' in his book ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statice monopetala {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/687606-1 |website=www.ipni.org |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> After the genus ''Statice'' was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss by [[Pierre Edmond Boissier]] in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848.<ref name=plantlist/><ref name="ipni">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/686612-1 |website=www.ipni.org |publisher=[[International Plant Names Index]]}}</ref>
Prodr. 12: 689 1848<ref name=plantlist/>
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 12: 689 (1848).<ref name="ipni">{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/686612-1 |website=www.ipni.org |publisher=[[International Plant Names Index]]}}</ref>


It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 9 August 1995, as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'',<ref name=grin>{{GRIN}}</ref>
It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 9 August 1995, as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'',<ref name=grin>{{GRIN}}</ref> and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.<ref name="RHS">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} /RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10277/i-Limoniastrum-monopetalum-i/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
Line 142: Line 90:


===Range===
===Range===

Limoniastrum monopetalum
Last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016

Family
Plumbaginaceae

Name Status
RHS Accepted name


Plant range
Plant range
S Portugal & N Mediterranean<ref name="RHS"/>
S Portugal & N Mediterranean<ref name="RHS">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} /RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10277/i-Limoniastrum-monopetalum-i/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Since 1995, it has been found in the [[Canary Islands]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barone |first1=Rubén |last2=Mesa |first2=Ricardo |last3=Scholz |first3=Stephan |date=November 1995 |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)
|journal=Botánica Macaronésica |volume=21 |pages=59-60 </ref>


===Habitat===
===Habitat===

June 2007
Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, ''[[Halimione portulacoides|Atriplex portulacoides]]'' L. and ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' L., in Southern Portugal
Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, ''[[Halimione portulacoides|Atriplex portulacoides]]'' L. and ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' L., in Southern Portugal <ref name=Neves>{{cite journal |last1=Neves |first1=J. P. |last2=Ferreira |first2=L. F. |last3=Simões |first3=M. P. |last4=Gazarini |first4=L. C. |date=June 2007 |title=Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, ''[[Halimione portulacoides|Atriplex portulacoides]]'' L. and ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' L., in Southern Portugal |url= |journal=Estuaries and Coasts |volume=30 |issue= |pages=459–468 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>
J. P. Neves, L. F. Ferreira, M. P. Simões & L. C. Gazarini
Estuaries and Coasts volume 30, pages 459–468 (2007)


Description
Description
The Limoniastrum is a type of perennial plant that is usually found in mountainous and solar areas without great vegetation.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis |url=https://garden.jardinitis.com/limoniastrum-varieties-b10efa/ |website=garden.jardinitis.com |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
The Limoniastrum is a type of perennial plant that is usually found in mountainous and solar areas without great vegetation.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis |url=https://garden.jardinitis.com/limoniastrum-varieties-b10efa/ |website=garden.jardinitis.com |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>


Limoniastrum monopetalum is a perennial halophyte growing at different habitats along the Mediterranean Sea coast of Egypt. The morpho-anatomical and physiological responses was investigated for L. monopetalum leaves collected from; wet salt marshes, coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats.
<ref name=Elbar>{{cite journal |last1=El-Maboud |first1=Mohamed M. Abd |last2=Elbar |first2=Ola H. Abd |date=2020 |title=Adaptive responses of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. growing naturally at different habitats |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3 |journal=Plant Physiology Reports |volume=25 |issue= |pages=325–334 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==


Rooting and establishment of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings
Rooting and establishment of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings
<ref name=Root>{{cite journal |last1=Akoumianaki-Ioannidou |first1=Anastasia |last2=Martini |first2=A.N. |last3=Papafotiou |first3=M. |date=January 2016 |title=Rooting and establishment of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings |journal=African Journal of Plant Science |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=23-31}}</ref>
January 2016 African Journal of Plant Science 10(1):23-31


Authors:
Anastasia Akoumianaki-Ioannidou
Agricultural University of Athens
A.N. Martini
Agricultural University of Athens
M. Papafotiou
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss (Statice monopetala L., Plumbaginaceae) is a small, evergreen shrub, with much-branched, leafy stems, native in coastal sands and salt marshes in southern Greece and other Mediterranean countries (Blamey and Grey-Wilson, 1993). Due to its fleshy, silvery blue-green leaves and its impressive bright pink, drying violet, inflorescences during summer, it is used as an ornamental plant recently. Its adaptation to a variety of environmental stresses like salinity, water deficit, intense radiation or high temperatures (Neves et al., 2008) and its growth on soil poor in organic matter content (Salama, 2007), make
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss (Statice monopetala L., Plumbaginaceae) is a small, evergreen shrub, with much-branched, leafy stems, native in coastal sands and salt marshes in southern Greece and other Mediterranean countries (Blamey and Grey-Wilson, 1993). Due to its fleshy, silvery blue-green leaves and its impressive bright pink, drying violet, inflorescences during summer, it is used as an ornamental plant recently. Its adaptation to a variety of environmental stresses like salinity, water deficit, intense radiation or high temperatures (Neves et al., 2008) and its growth on soil poor in organic matter content (Salama, 2007), make
Cuttings collected in winter or spring rooted at higher percentages than those collected in summer or autumn
Cuttings collected in winter or spring rooted at higher percentages than those collected in summer or autumn
Line 193: Line 131:
==Uses==
==Uses==
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is a traditional medicinal species which leaf infusion exhibits anti-dysenteric properties against infectious diseases.<ref name=Trabelsi/>
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is a traditional medicinal species which leaf infusion exhibits anti-dysenteric properties against infectious diseases.<ref name=Trabelsi/>

(camels, stock) Agri-horticulture: fodder (gypsum, salt) Agri-horticulture: indicators (soil, water) Products: fuel and lighting<ref name=Burkhill/>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 11:24, 7 May 2021

Limoniastrum monopetalum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Core eudicots
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Plumbaginaceae
Genus:
Limoniastrum
Species:
L. monopetalum
Binomial name
Limoniastrum monopetalum
Synonyms[1]

Bubania monopetala (L.) Girard Statice monopetala L.

Limoniastrum monopetalum (grand statice), is a species of flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae that is native to


Description

It is an ornamental deciduous shrub that grows to 1 metre in height, with pale blue plumbago-like flowers appearing in autumn as the leaves start to turn red.[2]

A small shrub, much branched, branch ends terete, conspicuously grey, to 1 m high; common in the desert zone, often on unstable sand; of the north and south coasts of the Mediterranean, and penetrating the Sahara along the northernmost limits of the W Afr[3]

long thread-like and tufted fine roots (ephemeral roots produced in a wet season and vanish afterwards) the wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions. they can also travel down to at least 50cm to reach the water table. [4]

Limoniastrum monopetalum A shrublet , belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae , with a whitish grey aspect . Its stiff , narrowly spathulate leaves and the branches are densely beset with white calcareous tubercles . It is a cushion plant , an [5]

Water Requirements: Drought-tolerant; suitable for xeriscaping Sun Exposure: Full Sun Foliage: Evergreen, Smooth Foliage Color; Bronze Height: 36-48 in. (90-120 cm) 4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m) Spacing: 4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m) Hardiness: USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) - USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F) Bloom Color: Lavender Bloom Time: Mid Spring, Late Spring/Early Summer Soil pH requirements: 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) - 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)[6]

Biochemistry

In this study, ten kinds of leaf extracts were used to examine the effect of extraction solvent system with varying polarities on polyphenol contents and DPPH scavenging activity. Then the superoxide scavenging activity and the reducing power of the most promising solvent extracts were evaluated too. Moreover, the efficiency of the best leaf extract has been investigated against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. Eventually leaf extract was hydrolyzed by acid and the phenolics identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that phenolic contents and antioxidant activities varied considerably as function of solvent polarity. Leaf extract using pure methanol showed the highest polyphenol content (15.85mg GAE/g DW). Moreover, antiradical capacities against DPPH.

[7][8]


The phytoremediation potential of the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum for the removal of Cd and Pb from polluted sites is assessed in this work. Analysis of the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface confirmed that wild and cultivated ornamental L. monopetalum excrete cadmium and lead through their salt glands as a possible metal detoxification mechanism, although the amount excreted by the ornamental L. monopetalum is significantly less. [9]


an evergreen shrub inhabiting the Mediterranean region, has well-documented phytoremediation potential for metal removal from polluted sites. [10]


[11] 

(El-Hammra station, the main crude oil pipeline terminal in Al-Alamein) is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of activities from refineries, oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. This area, prior to contamination, was dominated by different common halophytes. However, Limoniastrum monopetalum is now the only species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil.

Taxonomy

Limoniastrum monopetalum, Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain

It is known in Mali as 'zeïta' and 'zita' in Arabic.[3]

The Latin specific epithet monopetalum refers to 'mono' and 'petal' meaning one petal.[12]

Using an earlier description by Carl Linneaus when he had named it as Statice monopetala in his book Species Plantarum in 1753.[13] After the genus Statice was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848.[1][14]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 August 1995, as Limoniastrum monopetalum,[15] and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.[16]

Distribution and habitat

L. monopetalum is native to temperate areas between Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia.[15]

Native Africa NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria (n.), Egypt (n.), Libya (n.), Morocco, Tunisia Asia-Temperate WESTERN ASIA: Egypt [Sinai] Europe SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Greece [Kríti], Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily) SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France (s.), Portugal (s.)[15]


[17] Dunes of the salt marsh around Lake Manzala and Lake Mariut, on the west Mediterranean coast, salt marshes near Sallum,

Range

Plant range S Portugal & N Mediterranean[16]

Since 1995, it has been found in the Canary Islands.[18]

Habitat

Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, Atriplex portulacoides L. and Limoniastrum monopetalum L., in Southern Portugal [19]

Description The Limoniastrum is a type of perennial plant that is usually found in mountainous and solar areas without great vegetation.[20]

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a perennial halophyte growing at different habitats along the Mediterranean Sea coast of Egypt. The morpho-anatomical and physiological responses was investigated for L. monopetalum leaves collected from; wet salt marshes, coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats. [21]


Cultivation

Rooting and establishment of Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings [22]

Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss (Statice monopetala L., Plumbaginaceae) is a small, evergreen shrub, with much-branched, leafy stems, native in coastal sands and salt marshes in southern Greece and other Mediterranean countries (Blamey and Grey-Wilson, 1993). Due to its fleshy, silvery blue-green leaves and its impressive bright pink, drying violet, inflorescences during summer, it is used as an ornamental plant recently. Its adaptation to a variety of environmental stresses like salinity, water deficit, intense radiation or high temperatures (Neves et al., 2008) and its growth on soil poor in organic matter content (Salama, 2007), make Cuttings collected in winter or spring rooted at higher percentages than those collected in summer or autumn L. monopetalum an ideal plant for xeriscaping and landscape architecture in semi-arid Mediterranean areas, especially in poor, saline, neglected or degraded soils. Its ecological value, as sand accumulator, salt tolerant, windbreak (Salama, 2007) and inhibitor of soil erosion should not be ignored, while it can grow in oil-contaminated soils (Hussein and Terry, 2002) and has the potential of phytoremediation of heavy metals from polluted sites (Cambrollé et al., 2013; Manousaki et al., 2014). L. monopetalum is rich in nutritive values and thus mass production of its vegetative yield could be raw material for fodder industries (Neves et al., 2007; Zahran and El-Amier, 2013). Moreover it is rich in phenolics, so it could constitute a source of natural antioxidants for human consumption, as well as for agro-food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries (Trabelsi et al., 2010, 2012, 2013)

Cultivars

Botanical name Limoniastrum monopetalum 'Carnaval'

Other names Statice monopetala, Bubania monopetala, Grand statice 'Carnaval', Shrubby statice 'Carnaval'

Genus Limoniastrum Variety or Cultivar 'Carnaval' _ 'Carnaval' is a mound-forming, frost hardy, evergreen subshrub with fleshy, spoon-shaped to narrowly lance-shaped, grey-green leaves and magenta flowers from early summer to early autumn.[23]

Uses

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a traditional medicinal species which leaf infusion exhibits anti-dysenteric properties against infectious diseases.[7]

(camels, stock) Agri-horticulture: fodder (gypsum, salt) Agri-horticulture: indicators (soil, water) Products: fuel and lighting[3]

References

  1. ^ a b "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. is an accepted name". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  2. ^ Kristo Pienaar (1 August 2003). South African 'What Flower Is That'?. Struik. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-1-86872-441-3. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  3. ^ a b c H.M. Burkill, 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 4.
  4. ^ Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990), p. 398, at Google Books
  5. ^ Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969), p. 9, at Google Books
  6. ^ "PlantFiles: Limoniastrum". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  7. ^ a b Trabelsi, Najla; Megdiche, Wided; Ksouri, Riadh; Falleh, Hanen; Oueslati, Samia; Soumaya, Bourgou; Hajlaoui, Hafedh; Abdelly, Chedly (2010). "Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum leaves". Food Science and Technology International. 43 (4): 632–639. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  8. ^ Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition, p. 377, at Google Books
  9. ^ Manousaki, Eleni; Galanaki, Kosmoula; Papadimitriou, Lamprini; Kalogerakis, Nicolas (2014). "Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes". Int. J Phytoremediation. 16: 755–769. doi:10.1080/15226514.2013.856847. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  10. ^ Slama, Houda Ben; Triki, Mohamed Ali; Bouket, Ali Chenari; Mefteh, Fedia Ben; Alenezi, Faizah N.; Luptakova, Lenka; Cherif-Silini, Hafsa; Vallat, Armelle; Oszako, Tomasz; Gharsallah, Neji; Belbahri, Lassaad (2019). "Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent Limoniastrum monopetalum Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents". Microorganisms. 7 (8): 249. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7080249. Retrieved 28 April 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Hussein, Hussein S.; Terry, Norman (April 2002). "Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss in Egypt". Environment International. 28: 127–135. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |issues= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Allen J. Coombes The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants, p. 50, at Google Books
  13. ^ "Statice monopetala | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. International Plant Names Index.
  15. ^ a b c "Limoniastrum monopetalum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  16. ^ a b "Limoniastrum monopetalum | /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  17. ^ M.A. Zahran and A.J. Willis The Vegetation of Egypt 2nd Edt. (2009), p. 263, at Google Books
  18. ^ {{cite journal |last1=Barone |first1=Rubén |last2=Mesa |first2=Ricardo |last3=Scholz |first3=Stephan |date=November 1995 |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias) |journal=Botánica Macaronésica |volume=21 |pages=59-60
  19. ^ Neves, J. P.; Ferreira, L. F.; Simões, M. P.; Gazarini, L. C. (June 2007). "Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, Atriplex portulacoides L. and Limoniastrum monopetalum L., in Southern Portugal". Estuaries and Coasts. 30: 459–468.
  20. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis". garden.jardinitis.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  21. ^ El-Maboud, Mohamed M. Abd; Elbar, Ola H. Abd (2020). "Adaptive responses of Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. growing naturally at different habitats". Plant Physiology Reports. 25: 325–334. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  22. ^ Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, Anastasia; Martini, A.N.; Papafotiou, M. (January 2016). "Rooting and establishment of Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings". African Journal of Plant Science. 10 (1): 23–31.
  23. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum 'Carnaval'". www.shootgardening.co.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2021.

Other sources

  • NEVES, J. P., L. F. FERREIRA, M. M. VAZ, AND L. C. GAZARINI. In press. Gas exchange in the salt marsh species Atriplex portulacoides L. and Limoniastrum monopetalum L. in Southern Portugal. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum


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