Hemiandrus focalis: Difference between revisions
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== Morphology == |
== Morphology == |
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This species can be distinguished from other ground wētā by their 3 superior retrolateral spines on their mid tibia and females have relatively long [[Ovipositor|ovipositors]].<ref name=":0" /> Ovipositor length vary in different ground weta species. ''H. focalis'' is one of the only ''[[Hemiandrus]]'' species with females possessing long ovipositors. <ref name=":3" /> |
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== Habitat and distribution == |
== Habitat and distribution == |
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Although the mating process of the ''H. focalis'' has not be recorded specifically, ''Hemiandrus'' species with long ovipositors have been recorded to have a [[spermatophylax]] attached to the sperm ampulla.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=W. D.|last2=Gwynne|first2=D. T.|date=1997|title=Evolution of mating in crickets, katydids and wetas (Ensifera)|journal=Bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids, and their kin|pages=281-314|via=AGRIS}}</ref> |
Although the mating process of the ''H. focalis'' has not be recorded specifically, ''Hemiandrus'' species with long ovipositors have been recorded to have a [[spermatophylax]] attached to the sperm ampulla.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=W. D.|last2=Gwynne|first2=D. T.|date=1997|title=Evolution of mating in crickets, katydids and wetas (Ensifera)|journal=Bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids, and their kin|pages=281-314|via=AGRIS}}</ref>[[File:Hemiandrus_focalis_head-on.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Female adult from the front|left]] |
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== Conservation == |
== Conservation == |
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This species is classified as "not threatened" by the [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|New Zealand Department of Conservation]] in 2014. Weta are are important as they are part of the native [[Kiwi (bird)|Kiwi]] bird's diet. They are also preys to introduced mammals in New Zealand such as stoats, ferrets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=D.H.V|last2=Jamieson|first2=I.G.|last3=Peach|first3=R.M.E.|date=2005|title=Importance of ground weta (Hemiandrus spp.) in stoat (Mustela erminea) diet in small montane valleys and alpine grasslands|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24058176|journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=207–214|issn=0110-6465}}</ref> |
This species is classified as "not threatened" by the [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|New Zealand Department of Conservation]] in 2014. Weta are are important as they are part of the native [[Kiwi (bird)|Kiwi]] bird's diet. They are also preys to introduced mammals in New Zealand such as stoats, ferrets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=D.H.V|last2=Jamieson|first2=I.G.|last3=Peach|first3=R.M.E.|date=2005|title=Importance of ground weta (Hemiandrus spp.) in stoat (Mustela erminea) diet in small montane valleys and alpine grasslands|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24058176|journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=207–214|issn=0110-6465}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 01:54, 15 September 2021
| Hemiandrus focalis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Adult female near Bannockburn, South Island, New Zealand | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Anostostomatidae |
| Genus: | Hemiandrus |
| Species: | H. focalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Hemiandrus focalis (Hutton, 1896)
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| Synonyms | |
| |
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Hemiandrus focalis is a species of ground wētā endemic to New Zealand. This flightless Orthoptera lives in the mountains of the South Island, New Zealand.[2] This species can be distinguished from other ground wētā by their 3 superior retrolateral spines on their mid tibia and females have relatively long ovipositors. [3]
Taxonomy
Hemiandrus focalis was formally placed under a genus called Zealandosandrus by Salmon in 1950. This genus was formed to separate the distinct traits, such as the long ovipositors and the absence of a modified 6th abdominal sternite in female weta.[4] This change however had conclusively no support.
Morphology
This species can be distinguished from other ground wētā by their 3 superior retrolateral spines on their mid tibia and females have relatively long ovipositors.[3] Ovipositor length vary in different ground weta species. H. focalis is one of the only Hemiandrus species with females possessing long ovipositors. [5]
Habitat and distribution
Species of genus Hemiandrus are mainly nocturnal.[2] The H. focalis are found during the day in soil burrows in native forest or in burrows of stony silts.[2] The habitat of Hemiandrus focalis however, extends into higher elevation in the alpine zone above the tree line.[5] This species are distributed across the mountains of New Zealand's South Island and also found present on Codfish Island.[2]
Diet
H. focalis is one of the Hemiandrus species that has an omnivorous diet.[2] Omnivorous ground wētā such as the H. maia are found to consume fruits, seeds and other invertebrates.[5]
Mating and Breeding
H. focalis lay their eggs in the ground similar to the suborder Ensifera.[4] The long ovipositors in the females suggest that they do not show maternal care.[4]
Although the mating process of the H. focalis has not be recorded specifically, Hemiandrus species with long ovipositors have been recorded to have a spermatophylax attached to the sperm ampulla.[6]
Conservation
This species is classified as "not threatened" by the New Zealand Department of Conservation in 2014. Weta are are important as they are part of the native Kiwi bird's diet. They are also preys to introduced mammals in New Zealand such as stoats, ferrets.[7]
References
- ^ Johns, Peter (2001). "Distribution and conservation status of ground weta, Hemiandrus species (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)". Science for Conservation, New Zealand Department of Conservation. 180: 1–24.
- ^ a b c d e Johns, P. M. (1997). "The Gondwanaland Weta: Family Anostostomatidae (Formerly in Stenopelmatidae, Henicidae or Mimnermidae): Nomenclatural Problems, World Checklist, New Genera and Species". Journal of Orthoptera Research (6): 125–138. doi:10.2307/3503546. ISSN 1082-6467.
- ^ a b Smith, BL Taylor; Morgan-Richards, M.; Trewick, S. A. (2013). "New Zealand ground wētā (Anostostomatidae: Hemiandrus): descriptions of two species with notes on their biology". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 40 (4): 314–329. doi:10.1080/03014223.2013.804422. ISSN 0301-4223.
- ^ a b c Gwynne, Darryl T. (2004). "Reproductive Behavior of Ground Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae): Drumming Behavior, Nuptial Feeding, Post-copulatory Guarding and Maternal Care". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 77 (4): 414–428. doi:10.2317/e-34.1. ISSN 0022-8567.
- ^ a b c Derraik, José G. B.; Barratt, Barbara I. P.; Sirvid, Phil; Macfarlane, Roderick P.; Patrick, Brian H.; Early, John; Eyles, Alan C.; Johns, Peter M.; Fraser, Patricia M.; Barker, Gary M.; Henderson, Rosa (2001). "Invertebrate survey of a modified native shrubland, Brookdale Covenant, Rock and Pillar Range, Otago, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 28 (3): 273–290. doi:10.1080/03014223.2001.9518270. ISSN 0301-4223.
- ^ Brown, W. D.; Gwynne, D. T. (1997). "Evolution of mating in crickets, katydids and wetas (Ensifera)". Bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids, and their kin: 281–314 – via AGRIS.
- ^ Smith, D.H.V; Jamieson, I.G.; Peach, R.M.E. (2005). "Importance of ground weta (Hemiandrus spp.) in stoat (Mustela erminea) diet in small montane valleys and alpine grasslands". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 29 (2): 207–214. ISSN 0110-6465.