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Newton Slave Burial Ground is an [[Industrial heritage of Barbados|industrial heritage site]] and informal cemetery in [[Barbados]]. It was used by people enslaved at the adjacent Newton Plantation.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Barbados Museum and Historical Society {{!}} Slavery and Remembrance |url=http://slaveryandremembrance.org/partners/partner/?id=P0026 |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=slaveryandremembrance.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The site has been owned by the [[Barbados Museum & Historical Society]] since 1993.<ref name=":7" /> It has been subject to excavations since the 1970s,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> which have produced information regarding slave lifeways including resistance,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> health,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> and culture.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":5" />
Newton Slave Burial Ground is an [[Industrial heritage of Barbados|industrial heritage site]] and informal cemetery in [[Barbados]]. It was used by people enslaved at the adjacent Newton Plantation.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Barbados Museum and Historical Society {{!}} Slavery and Remembrance |url=http://slaveryandremembrance.org/partners/partner/?id=P0026 |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=slaveryandremembrance.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The site has been owned by the [[Barbados Museum & Historical Society]] since 1993.<ref name=":7" /> It has been subject to excavations since the 1970s,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> which have produced information regarding slave lifeways including resistance,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> health,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> and culture.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":5" />


=== History ===
== History ==
Officially colonized by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1627,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|last2=Corruccini|first2=Robert S.|date=1983|title=Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/203517|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=14|issue=1|pages=65–90|doi=10.2307/203517|issn=0022-1953}}</ref> Barbados was by the end of the seventeenth century the richest possession of Britain's Caribbean empire.<ref name=":0" /> The Bajan economy was driven by, and dependent on, [[Slavery|slave labor]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Corruccini|first=Robert S.|last2=Handler|first2=Jerome S.|last3=Mutaw|first3=Robert J.|last4=Lange|first4=Frederick W.|date=1982|title=Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=443–459|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|issn=1096-8644}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Shuler|first=K. A.|date=2011|title=Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oa.1108|journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=66–81|doi=10.1002/oa.1108|issn=1099-1212}}</ref> which played out on [[Cash crop|cash-crop]] [[Plantation|plantations]] throughout the island.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> One such site was Newton Plantation, roughly 9.2 km (5.7 mi) east of the port of [[Bridgetown]] in the parish of [[Christ Church, Barbados|Christ Church]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Newton Plantation Collection {{!}} Lowcountry Digital Library|url=https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/content/newton-plantation-collection/|access-date=2022-02-04|language=en-US}}</ref> The adjacent Newton Slave Burial Ground became the final resting place of over 570 African, Afro-Caribbean, and Afro-Bajan persons enslaved there from c. 1670-1833.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> Established by [[Derbyshire]] native Samuel Newton in the 1660s,<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/828f5560-05f3-40fd-bf7f-29772c644ac0|title=Papers of the Newton Family|date=1680-1920|others=<famname>Newton family of Kings Bromley</famname>|language=English}}</ref> the plantation grew [[sugarcane]] and produced [[rum]] and [[molasses]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newton Plantation Sugar Book 1849 - Lowcountry Digital Library Catalog Search|url=https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/lcdl/catalog/lcdl:46098|access-date=2022-02-22|website=lcdl.library.cofc.edu}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> and its height of production coincided with Barbados' prominence in the British empirical economy during the seventeenth century.<ref name=":6" /> The plantation held slaves at least as recently as 1828,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newton Plantation Slave List 1828 - Lowcountry Digital Library Catalog Search|url=https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/lcdl/catalog/lcdl:46045|access-date=2022-02-22|website=lcdl.library.cofc.edu}}</ref> six years before slavery was abolished on the island in 1834.
Officially colonized by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1627,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|last2=Corruccini|first2=Robert S.|date=1983|title=Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/203517|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=14|issue=1|pages=65–90|doi=10.2307/203517|issn=0022-1953}}</ref> Barbados was by the end of the seventeenth century the richest possession of Britain's Caribbean empire.<ref name=":0" /> The Bajan economy was driven by, and dependent on, [[Slavery|slave labor]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Corruccini|first=Robert S.|last2=Handler|first2=Jerome S.|last3=Mutaw|first3=Robert J.|last4=Lange|first4=Frederick W.|date=1982|title=Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=443–459|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|issn=1096-8644}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Shuler|first=K. A.|date=2011|title=Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oa.1108|journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=66–81|doi=10.1002/oa.1108|issn=1099-1212}}</ref> which played out on [[Cash crop|cash-crop]] [[Plantation|plantations]] throughout the island.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> One such site was Newton Plantation, roughly 9.2 km (5.7 mi) east of the port of [[Bridgetown]] in the parish of [[Christ Church, Barbados|Christ Church]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Newton Plantation Collection {{!}} Lowcountry Digital Library|url=https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/content/newton-plantation-collection/|access-date=2022-02-04|language=en-US}}</ref> The adjacent Newton Slave Burial Ground became the final resting place of over 570 African, Afro-Caribbean, and Afro-Bajan persons enslaved there from c. 1670-1833.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> Established by [[Derbyshire]] native Samuel Newton in the 1660s,<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/828f5560-05f3-40fd-bf7f-29772c644ac0|title=Papers of the Newton Family|date=1680-1920|others=<famname>Newton family of Kings Bromley</famname>|language=English}}</ref> the plantation grew [[sugarcane]] and produced [[rum]] and [[molasses]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newton Plantation Sugar Book 1849 - Lowcountry Digital Library Catalog Search|url=https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/lcdl/catalog/lcdl:46098|access-date=2022-02-22|website=lcdl.library.cofc.edu}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> and its height of production coincided with Barbados' prominence in the British empirical economy during the seventeenth century.<ref name=":6" /> The plantation held slaves at least as recently as 1828,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newton Plantation Slave List 1828 - Lowcountry Digital Library Catalog Search|url=https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/lcdl/catalog/lcdl:46045|access-date=2022-02-22|website=lcdl.library.cofc.edu}}</ref> six years before slavery was abolished on the island in 1834.


==== Excavation ====
== Excavation ==
The site was initially excavated in the 1970s by American archaeologists Drs. Jerome Handler and Frederick Lange, who worked to elucidate colonial-era slave lifeways on Barbados.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Plantation Slavery in Barbados — Jerome S. Handler, Frederick W. Lange|url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674332362|access-date=2022-02-22|website=www.hup.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref> The Barbados Museum and Historical Society presides over the site's preservation.<ref name=":6" />
The site was initially excavated in the 1970s by American archaeologists Drs. Jerome Handler and Frederick Lange, who worked to elucidate colonial-era slave lifeways on Barbados.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Plantation Slavery in Barbados — Jerome S. Handler, Frederick W. Lange|url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674332362|access-date=2022-02-22|website=www.hup.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref> The Barbados Museum and Historical Society presides over the site's preservation.<ref name=":6" />


Revision as of 19:51, 28 February 2022

Newton Slave Burial Ground is an industrial heritage site and informal cemetery in Barbados. It was used by people enslaved at the adjacent Newton Plantation.[1][2][3][4] The site has been owned by the Barbados Museum & Historical Society since 1993.[1] It has been subject to excavations since the 1970s,[5][4][3][2] which have produced information regarding slave lifeways including resistance,[4][6][7] health,[3][4] and culture.[3][4][8][9]

History

Officially colonized by the British in 1627,[4] Barbados was by the end of the seventeenth century the richest possession of Britain's Caribbean empire.[4] The Bajan economy was driven by, and dependent on, slave labor,[4][3][2] which played out on cash-crop plantations throughout the island.[4][2] One such site was Newton Plantation, roughly 9.2 km (5.7 mi) east of the port of Bridgetown in the parish of Christ Church.[10] The adjacent Newton Slave Burial Ground became the final resting place of over 570 African, Afro-Caribbean, and Afro-Bajan persons enslaved there from c. 1670-1833.[2][10] Established by Derbyshire native Samuel Newton in the 1660s,[10][11] the plantation grew sugarcane and produced rum and molasses,[12][10] and its height of production coincided with Barbados' prominence in the British empirical economy during the seventeenth century.[10] The plantation held slaves at least as recently as 1828,[13] six years before slavery was abolished on the island in 1834.

Excavation

The site was initially excavated in the 1970s by American archaeologists Drs. Jerome Handler and Frederick Lange, who worked to elucidate colonial-era slave lifeways on Barbados.[5] The Barbados Museum and Historical Society presides over the site's preservation.[10]

Escape, Diffusion, and Demographics

Until the last quarter of the 17th century, the Newton Plantation was a major source of Maroon communities on the island.[4] Increasingly draconian preventative tactics were implemented at the site to dissuade potential escapees, including slaves being branded with an "N" to indicate their status as property of the Newton Plantation.[6] Slaves continued to escape in spite of these measures,[6] settling in Barbados and acquiring fraudulent documents attesting to their freedom or escaping the island completely.[6] Barbados was subject to such an extreme influx of slaves,[7] though, that the plantation's authority did not always invest in pursuing escapees, and even manumitted elderly slaves no longer able to work in the cane fields.[6] Indeed, people of African descent made up three-quarters of the island's population by 1700,[7] and enslaved Black Africans made up between 70 and 90 percent of migration to the island between 1670 and 1720.[7]

Osteological Investigations

Osteology has shed light on the quality of slave life and their cultural lifeways at the plantation. Examination of skeletal remains at the Newton burial ground suggests a life expectancy of 29 years, a figure in conflict with historical records indicating a life expectancy of 20 years.[3] Despite the slightly longer lifespan, skeletal remains also yields evidence of periodic starvation among Newton's slave population.[3] Moreover, osteological analysis suggests a low infant mortality rate, again in contrast with a historical demography that reports high rates of death among infants.[3] Tooth analysis indicates slaves regularly smoked tobacco and exhibited incisor mutilations,[3] the latter of which may have been a performative practice retained from the African continent or adopted by indigenous Caribbeans.[8] Human remains at Newton were buried in a deliberate, non-arbitrary manner, possibly indicating the maintenance of systems of kinship among the site's slaves.[3]

Retention of Indigenous Culture

Dated to the late 17th or early 18th centuries, archaeologists have been intrigued by the remains of a young adult woman enslaved at the site.[9] The circumstances of her burial are abnormal, as she was interned in the largest artificial mound at the site without a coffin or other grave goods.[9] Osteological analysis detected extremely high levels of lead in her body, which may have contributed to her death as she appears to have been otherwise healthy.[9] The positioning of her body, too, is inconsistent with the rest of the remains at the burial ground, being the only person positioned face-down.[9] This is characteristic of West African mortuary practices,[9] and suggests that the slaves at Newton retained and maintained Indigenous cultural practices at the site.[4][3][9]

References

  1. ^ a b "Barbados Museum and Historical Society | Slavery and Remembrance". slaveryandremembrance.org. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  2. ^ a b c d e Shuler, K. A. (2011). "Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 21 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1002/oa.1108. ISSN 1099-1212.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Corruccini, Robert S.; Handler, Jerome S.; Mutaw, Robert J.; Lange, Frederick W. (1982). "Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 59 (4): 443–459. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330590414. ISSN 1096-8644.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Handler, Jerome S.; Corruccini, Robert S. (1983). "Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 14 (1): 65–90. doi:10.2307/203517. ISSN 0022-1953.
  5. ^ a b "Plantation Slavery in Barbados — Jerome S. Handler, Frederick W. Lange". www.hup.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  6. ^ a b c d e Handler, Jerome S. (1997-01-01). "Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 71 (3–4): 183–225. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002605. ISSN 1382-2373.
  7. ^ a b c d Galenson, David W. (1982). "The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723". The Journal of Economic History. 42 (3): 491–511. ISSN 0022-0507.
  8. ^ a b Roksandic, Mirjana; Alarie, Kaitlynn; Suárez, Roberto Rodríguez; Huebner, Erwin; Roksandic, Ivan (2016-04-12). "Not of African Descent: Dental Modification among Indigenous Caribbean People from Canímar Abajo, Cuba". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0153536. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153536. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4829177. PMID 27071012.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Handler, Jerome S. (1996-09-01). "A prone burial from a plantation slave cemetery in Barbados, West Indies: Possible evidence for an African-type witch or other negatively viewed person". Historical Archaeology. 30 (3): 76–86. doi:10.1007/BF03374222. ISSN 2328-1103.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Newton Plantation Collection | Lowcountry Digital Library". Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  11. ^ Papers of the Newton Family. <famname>Newton family of Kings Bromley</famname>. 1680–1920.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ^ "Newton Plantation Sugar Book 1849 - Lowcountry Digital Library Catalog Search". lcdl.library.cofc.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  13. ^ "Newton Plantation Slave List 1828 - Lowcountry Digital Library Catalog Search". lcdl.library.cofc.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
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