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Cole Hofstrand

Cole Hofstrand is an American person

Jeremy Yancey

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Born in New Zealand December 17, 1981 (25 years old)

Lived in the U.S until 1984 and then moved out to Australia with his family.

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flubix

An ancient computer term, predating "fubar" and "snafu". Names like these were common during tight programming schedules and also budgetary constraints. What is SS7 Signal?

Common Channel Signaling System No. 7 (i.e., SS7 or C7) is a global standard for telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). The standard defines the procedures and protocol by which network elements in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) exchange information over a digital signaling network to effect wireless (cellular) and wire line call setup, routing and control. The ITU definition of SS7 allows for national variants such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and Bell Communications Research (Telcordia Technologies) standards used in North America and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard used in Europe. The SS7 network and protocol are used for: • basic call setup, management, and tear down • wireless services such as personal communications services (PCS), wireless roaming, and mobile subscriber authentication • local number portability (LNP) • toll-free (800/888) and toll (900) wire line services • enhanced call features such as call forwarding, calling party name/number display, and three-way calling • efficient and secure worldwide telecommunications

Signaling Links SS7 messages are exchanged between network elements over 56 or 64 kilobit per second (kbps) bidirectional channels called signaling links. Signaling occurs out-of-band on dedicated channels rather than in-band on voice channels. Compared to in-band signaling, out-of-band signaling provides: • faster call setup times (compared to in-band signaling using multi-frequency (MF) signaling tones) • more efficient use of voice circuits • support for Intelligent Network (IN) services which require signaling to network elements without voice trunks (e.g., database systems) • improved control over fraudulent network usage Signaling Points Each signaling point in the SS7 network is uniquely identified by a numeric point code. Point codes are carried in signaling messages exchanged between signaling points to identify the source and destination of each message. Each signaling point uses a routing table to select the appropriate signaling path for each message. There are three kinds of signaling points in the SS7 network (Fig. 1): • SSP (Service Switching Point) • STP (Signal Transfer Point) • SCP (Service Control Point)

Figure 1. SS7 Signaling Points SSPs are switches that originate, terminate, or tandem calls. An SSP sends signaling messages to other SSPs to setup, manage, and release voice circuits required to complete a call. An SSP may also send a query message to a centralized database (an SCP) to determine how to route a call (e.g., a toll-free 1-800/888 call in North America). An SCP sends a response to the originating SSP containing the routing number(s) associated with the dialed number. An alternate routing number may be used by the SSP if the primary number is busy or the call is unanswered within a specified time. Actual call features vary from network to network and from service to service. Network traffic between signaling points may be routed via a packet switch called an STP. An STP routes each incoming message to an outgoing signaling link based on routing information contained in the SS7 message. Because it acts as a network hub, an STP provides improved utilization of the SS7 network by eliminating the need for direct links between signaling points. An STP may perform global title translation, a procedure by which the destination signaling point is determined from digits present in the signaling message (e.g., the dialed 800 numbers, calling card number, or mobile subscriber identification number). An STP can also act as a "firewall" to screen SS7 messages exchanged with other networks. Because the SS7 network is critical to call processing, SCPs and STPs are usually deployed in mated pair configurations in separate physical locations to ensure network-wide service in the event of an isolated failure. Links between signaling points are also provisioned in pairs. Traffic is shared across all links in the linkset. If one of the links fails, the signaling traffic is rerouted over another link in the linkset. The SS7 protocol provides both error correction and retransmission capabilities to allow continued service in the event of signaling point or link failures SS7 Signaling Link Types Signaling links are logically organized by link type ("A" through "F") according to their use in the SS7 signaling network.

Figure 2. SS7 Signaling Link Types A Link: An "A" (access) link connects a signaling end point (e.g., an SCP or SSP) to an STP. Only messages originating from or destined to the signaling end point are transmitted on an "A" link.

B Link: A "B" (bridge) link connects an STP to another STP. Typically, a quad of "B" links interconnect peer (or primary) STPs (e.g., the STPs from one network to the STPs of another network). The distinction between a "B" link and a "D" link is rather arbitrary. For this reason, such links may be referred to as "B/D" links.

C Link: A "C" (cross) link connects STPs performing identical functions into a mated pair. A "C" link is used only when an STP has no other route available to a destination signaling point due to link failure(s). Note that SCPs may also be deployed in pairs to improve reliability; unlike STPs, however, mated SCPs are not interconnected by signaling links.

D Link: A "D" (diagonal) link connects a secondary (e.g., local or regional) STP pair to a primary (e.g., inter-network gateway) STP pair in a quad-link configuration. Secondary STPs within the same network are connected via a quad of "D" links. The distinction between a "B" link and a "D" link is rather arbitrary. For this reason, such links may be referred to as "B/D" links.

E Link: An "E" (extended) link connects an SSP to an alternate STP. "E" links provide an alternate signaling path if an SSP's "home" STP cannot be reached via an "A" link. "E" links are not usually provisioned unless the benefit of a marginally higher degree of reliability justifies the added expense.

F Link: An "F" (fully associated) link connects two signaling end points (i.e., SSPs and SCPs). "F" links are not usually used in networks with STPs. In networks without STPs, "F" links directly connect signaling points.

How to minimized cost using SS7 signal Our SS7 over IP transport solutions are designed to reduce SS7 transport costs by offloading long haul SS7 traffic onto lower cost, shared-use IP networks. These solutions offer superior software reliability, support for all major flavors of SS7, powerful functionality with a very small footprint, network transparency and remote management capability.

SEGway™ Link Replacement Devices Our SEGway Link Replacement Devices reduce costs by reliably transporting SS7 messages over managed, shared-use IP networks rather than over dedicated, long haul SS7 links. SS7 Protocol Stack The hardware and software functions of the SS7 protocol are divided into functional abstractions called "levels". These levels map loosely to the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) 7-layer model defined by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

Figure 3. The OSI Reference Model and the SS7 Protocol Stack Message Transfer Part The Message Transfer Part (MTP) is divided into three levels. The lowest level, MTP Level 1, is equivalent to the OSI Physical Layer. MTP Level 1 defines the physical, electrical, and functional characteristics of the digital signaling link. Physical interfaces defined include E-1 (2048 kb/s; 32 64 kb/s channels), DS-1 (1544 kb/s; 24 64kb/s channels), V.35 (64 kb/s), DS-0 (64 kb/s), and DS-0A (56 kb/s). MTP Level 2 ensures accurate end-to-end transmission of a message across a signaling link. Level 2 implements flow control, message sequence validation, and error checking. When an error occurs on a signaling link, the message (or set of messages) is retransmitted. MTP Level 2 is equivalent to the OSI Data Link Layer. MTP Level 3 provides message routing between signaling points in the SS7 network. MTP Level 3 re-routes traffic away from failed links and signaling points and controls traffic when congestion occurs. MTP Level 3 is equivalent to the OSI Network Layer. ISDN User Part (ISUP) The ISDN User Part (ISUP) defines the protocol used to set-up, manage, and release trunk circuits that carry voice and data between terminating line exchanges (e.g., between a calling party and a called party). ISUP is used for both ISDN and non-ISDN calls. However, calls that originate and terminate at the same switch do not use ISUP signaling. Telephone User Part (TUP) In some parts of the world (e.g., China, Brazil), the Telephone User Part (TUP) is used to support basic call setup and tear-down. TUP handles analog circuits only. In many countries, ISUP has replaced TUP for call management. Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) SCCP provides connectionless and connection-oriented network services and global title translation (GTT) capabilities above MTP Level 3. A global title is an address (e.g., a dialed 800 number, calling card number, or mobile subscriber identification number) which is translated by SCCP into a destination point code and subsystem number. A subsystem number uniquely identifies an application at the destination signaling point. SCCP is used as the transport layer for TCAP-based services. Transaction Capabilities Applications Part (TCAP) TCAP supports the exchange of non-circuit related data between applications across the SS7 network using the SCCP connectionless service. Queries and responses sent between SSPs and SCPs are carried in TCAP messages. For example, an SSP sends a TCAP query to determine the routing number associated with a dialed 800/888 number and to check the personal identification number (PIN) of a calling card user. In mobile networks (IS-41 and GSM), TCAP carries Mobile Application Part (MAP) messages sent between mobile switches and databases to support user authentication, equipment identification, and roaming. Operations, Maintenance and Administration Part (OMAP) and ASE OMAP and ASE are areas for future definition. Presently, OMAP services may be used to verify network routing databases and to diagnose link problems.

Message Transfer Part The Message Transfer Part (MTP) is divided into three levels: MTP Level 1 The lowest level, MTP Level 1, is equivalent to the OSI Physical Layer. MTP Level 1 defines the physical, electrical, and functional characteristics of the digital signaling link. Physical interfaces defined include E-1 (2048 kb/s; 32 64 kb/s channels), DS-1 (1544 kb/s; 24 64 kp/s channels), V.35 (64 kb/s), DS-0 (64 kb/s), and DS-0A (56 kb/s). MTP Level 2 MTP Level 2 ensures accurate end-to-end transmission of a message cross a signaling link. Level 2 implements flow control, message sequence validation, and error checking. When an error occurs on a signaling link, the message (or set of messages) is retransmitted. MTP Level 2 is equivalent to the OSI Data Link Layer. An SS7 message is called a signal unit (SU). There are three kinds of signal units: Fill-In Signal Units (FISUs), Link Status Signal Units (LSSUs), and Message Signal Units (MSUs) (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. SS7 Signal Units

Fill-In Signal Units (FISUs) are transmitted continuously on a signaling link in both directions unless other signal units (MSUs or LSSUs) are present. FISUs carry basic level 2 information only (e.g., acknowledgment of signal unit receipt by a remote signaling point). Because a CRC checksum is calculated for each FISU, signaling link quality is checked continuously by both signaling points at either end of the link. (Note: In the ITU-T Japan variant, signaling link quality is checked by the continuous transmission of flag octets (8-bit bytes) rather than FISUs; FISUs are sent only at predefined timer intervals (e.g., once every 150 milliseconds). Link Status Signal Units (LSSUs) carry one or two octets (8-bit bytes) of link status information between signaling points at either end of a link. The link status is used to control link alignment and to indicate the status of a signaling point (e.g., local processor outage) to the remote signaling point. Message Signal Units (MSUs) carry all call control, database query and response, network management, and network maintenance data in the signaling information field (SIF). MSUs have a routing label which allows an originating signaling point to send information to a destination signaling point across the network. The value of the LI (Length Indicator) field determines the signal unit type: LI Value Signal Unit Type 0 Fill-In Signal Unit (FISU) 1..2 Link Status Signal Unit (LSSU) 3..63 Message Signal Unit (MSU) Figure 5. Message Type Length Indicator Value(s) The 6-bit LI can store values between zero and 63. If the number of octets which follow the LI and precede the CRC is less than 63, the LI contains this number. Otherwise, the LI is set to 63. An LI of 63 indicates that the message length is equal to or greater than 63 octets (up to a maximum of 273 octets). The maximum length of a signal unit is 279 octets: 273 octets (data) + 1 octet (flag) + 1 octet (BSN + BIB) + 1 octet (FSN + FIB) + 1 octet (LI + 2 bits spare) + 2 octets (CRC). Flag The flag indicates the beginning of a new signal unit and implies the end of the previous signal unit (if any). The binary value of the flag is 0111 1110. Before transmitting a signal unit, MTP Level 2 removes "false flags" by adding a zero-bit after any sequence of five one-bits. Upon receiving a signal unit and stripping the flag, MTP Level 2 removes any zero-bit following a sequence of five one-bits to restore the original contents of the message. Duplicate flags are removed between signal units. BSN (Backward Sequence Number) The BSN is used to acknowledge the receipt of signal units by the remote signaling point. The BSN contains the sequence number of the signal unit being acknowledged. (See description under FIB below.) BIB (Backward Indicator Bit) The BIB indicates a negative acknowledgment by the remote signaling point when toggled. (See description under FIB below.) FSN (Forward Sequence Number) The FSN contains the sequence number of the signal unit. (See description under FIB below.) FIB (Forward Indicator Bit) The FIB is used in error recovery like the BIB. When a signal unit is ready for transmission, the signaling point increments the FSN (forward sequence number) by 1 (FSN = 0...127). The CRC (cyclic redundancy check) checksum value is calculated and appended to the forward message. Upon receiving the message, the remote signaling point checks the CRC and copies the value of the FSN into the BSN of the next available message scheduled for transmission back to the initiating signaling point. If the CRC is correct, the backward message is transmitted. If the CRC is incorrect, the remote signaling point indicates negative acknowledgment by toggling the BIB prior to sending the backward message. When the originating signaling point receives a negative acknowledgment, it retransmits all forward messages, beginning with the corrupted message, with the FIB toggled. Because the 7-bit FSN can store values between zero and 127, a signaling point can send up to 128 signal units before requiring acknowledgment from the remote signaling point. The BSN indicates the last in-sequence signal unit received correctly by the remote signaling point. The BSN acknowledges all previously received signal units as well. For example, if a signaling point receives a signal unit with BSN = 5 followed by another with BSN = 10 (and the BIB is not toggled), the latter BSN implies successful receipt of signal units 6 through 9 as well. SIO (Service Information Octet) The SIO field in an MSU contains the 4-bit supervise field followed by the 4-bit service indicator. FISUs and LSSUs do not contain an SIO. The sub service field contains the network indicator (e.g., national or international) and the message priority (0.3 with 3 being the highest priority). Message priority is considered only under congestion conditions, not to control the order in which messages are transmitted. Low priority messages may be discarded during periods of congestion. Signaling link test messages receive a higher priority than call setup messages. The service indicator specifies the MTP user (Fig. 6), thereby allowing the decoding of the information contained in the SIF. Service Indicator MTP User 0 Signaling Network Management Message (SNM) 1 Maintenance Regular Message (MTN) 2 Maintenance Special Message (MTNS) 3 Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) 4 Telephone User Part(TUP) 5 ISDN User Part (ISUP) 6 Data User Part(call and circuit-related messages) 7 Data User Part(facility registration/cancellation messages) Figure 6. Service Indicator Values

SIF (Signaling Information Field) The SIF in an MSU contains the routing label and signaling information (e.g., SCCP, TCAP and ISUP message data). LSSUs and FISUs contain neither a routing label nor an SIO as they are sent between two directly connected signaling points. For more information about routing labels, refer to the description of MTP Level 3 below. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) The CRC value is used to detect and correct data transmission errors. For more information, see the description for BIB above. MTP Level 3 MTP Level 3 provides message routing between signaling points in the SS7 network. MTP Level 3 is equivalent in function to the OSI Network Layer. MTP Level 3 routes messages based on the routing label in the signaling information field (SIF) of message signal units. The routing label is comprised of the destination point code (DPC), originating point code (OPC), and signaling link selection (SLS) field. Points codes are numeric addresses which uniquely identify each signaling point in the SS7 network. When the destination point code in a message indicates the receiving signaling point, the message is distributed to the appropriate user part (e.g., ISUP or SCCP) indicated by the service indicator in the SIO. Messages destined for other signaling points are transferred provided that the receiving signaling point has message transfer capabilities (like an STP). The selection of outgoing link is based on information in the DPC and SLS. An ANSI routing label uses 7 octets; an ITU-T routing label uses 4 octets (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. ANSI vs. ITU-T SIO and SIF ANSI point codes use 24-bits (three octets); ITU-T point codes typically use 14-bits. For this reason, signaling information exchanged between ANSI and ITU-T networks must be routed through a gateway STP, protocol converter, or other signaling point which has both an ANSI and an ITU-T point code. (Note: China uses 24-bit ITU-T point codes which are incompatible with both ANSI and other ITU-T networks). Interaction between ANSI and ITU-T networks is further complicated by different implementations of higher level protocols and procedures. An ANSI point code consists of network, cluster, and member octets (e.g., 245-16-0). An octet is an 8-bit byte which can contain any value between zero and 255. Telcos with large networks have unique network identifiers while smaller operators are assigned a unique cluster number within networks 1 through 4 (e.g., 1-123-9). Network number 0 is not used; network number 255 is reserved for future use. ITU-T point codes are pure binary numbers which may be stated in terms of zone, area/network, and signaling point identification numbers. For example, the point code 5557 (decimal) may be stated as 2-182-5 (binary 010 10110110 101). Signaling Link Selection (SLS) The selection of outgoing link is based on information in the DPC and Signaling Link Selection field. The SLS is used to: • Ensure message sequencing. Any two messages sent with the same SLS will always arrive at the destination in the same order in which they were originally sent.

• Allow equal load sharing of traffic among all available links. In theory, if a user part sends messages at regular intervals and assigns the SLS values in a round-robin fashion, the traffic level should be equal among all links (within the combined linkset) to that destination. In ANSI networks, the size of the SLS field was originally 5 bits (32 values). In configurations with two links in each linkset of a combined linkset (totaling 4 links), 8 SLS values were assigned to each link to allow an equal balance of traffic. A problem arose when growing networks provisioned link sets beyond 4 links. With a 5 bit SLS, a configuration with 5 links in each linkset of a combined linkset (totaling 10 links) results in an uneven assignment of 3 SLS values for 8 links and 4 SLS values for the remaining 2 links. To eliminate this problem, both ANSI and Bellcore moved to adopt an 8-bit SLS (256 values) to provide better loadsharing across signaling links. In ITU-T implementations, the SLS is interpreted as the signaling link code in MTP messages. In ITU-T Telephone User Part message, a portion of the circuit identification code is stored in the SLS field. MTP Level 3 re-routes traffic away from failed links and signaling points and controls traffic when congestion occurs. However, a detailed discussion of this topic is outside the scope of this tutorial. MTP Levels 2 and 1 can be replaced by ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), a simple broadband protocol which uses fixed-length 53 octet cells. MTP Level 3 interfaces to ATM using the Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL). This interface is currently an area of ongoing study.

ISDN User Part The ISDN User Part (ISUP) defines the protocol and procedures used to set-up, manage, and release trunk circuits that carry voice and data calls over the public switched telephone network (PSTN). ISUP is used for both ISDN and non-ISDN calls. Calls that originate and terminate at the same switch do not use ISUP signaling. Basic ISUP Call Control Figure 8 depicts the ISUP signaling associated with a basic call. • When a call is placed to an out-of-switch number, the originating SSP transmits an ISUP initial address message (IAM) to reserve an idle trunk circuit from the originating switch to the destination switch (1a). The IAM includes the originating point code destination point code, circuit identification code (circuit "5" in Fig. 8), dialed digits and, optionally, the calling party number and name. In the example below, the IAM is routed via the home STP of the originating switch to the destination switch (1b). Note that the same signaling link(s) are used for the duration of the call unless a link failure condition forces a switch to use an alternate signaling link.

Figure 8. Basic ISUP Signaling • The destination switch examines the dialed number, determines that it serves the called party, and that the line is available for ringing. The destination switch rings the called party line and transmits an ISUP address complete message (ACM) to the originating switch (2a) (via its home STP) to indicate that the remote end of the trunk circuit has been reserved. The STP routes the ACM to the originating switch (2b), then the terminating switch provides power ringing to the called party and audible ringing tone to the calling party.

In the example shown above, the originating and destination switches are directly connected with trunks. If the originating and destination switches are not directly connected with trunks, the originating switch transmits an IAM to reserve a trunk circuit to an intermediate switch. The intermediate switch sends an ACM to acknowledge the circuit reservation request and then transmits an IAM to reserve a trunk circuit to another switch. This processes continues until all trunks required to complete the voice circuit from the originating switch to the destination switch are reserved. • When the called party picks up the phone, the destination switch terminates the ringing tone and transmits an ISUP answer message (ANM) to the originating switch via its home STP (3a). The STP routes the ANM to the originating switch (3b) which verifies that the calling party's line is connected to the reserved trunk and, if so, initiates billing. • If the calling party hangs-up first, the originating switch sends an ISUP release message (REL) to release the trunk circuit between the switches (4a). The STP routes the REL to the destination switch (4b). If the called party hangs up first, or if the line is busy, the destination switch sends an REL to the originating switch indicating the release cause (e.g., normal release or busy). • Upon receiving the REL, the destination switch disconnects the trunk from the called party's line, sets the trunk state to idle, and transmits an ISUP release complete message (RLC) to the originating switch (5a) to acknowledge the release of the remote end of the trunk circuit. When the originating switch receives (or generates) the RLC (5b), it terminates the billing cycle and sets the trunk state to idle in preparation for the next call. ISUP messages may also be transmitted during the connection phase of the call (i.e., between the ISUP Answer (ANM) and Release (REL) messages. ISUP Message Format ISUP information is carried in the Signaling Information Field (SIF) of an MSU. The SIF contains the routing label followed by a 14-bit (ANSI) or 12-bit (ITU) circuit identification code (CIC). The CIC indicates the trunk circuit reserved by the originating switch to carry the call. The CIC is followed by the message type field (e.g., IAM, ACM, ANM, REL, RLC) which defines the contents of the remainder of the message (Fig. 9).

Figure 9. ISUP Message Format Each ISUP message contains a mandatory fixed part containing mandatory fixed-length parameters. Sometimes the mandatory fixed part is comprised only of the message type field. The mandatory fixed part may be followed by the mandatory variable part and/or the optional part. The mandatory variable part contains mandatory variable-length parameters. The optional part contains optional parameters which are identified by a one-octet parameter code followed by a length indicator ("octets to follow") field. Optional parameters may occur in any order. If optional parameters are included, the end of the optional parameters is indicated by an octet containing all zeros. Initial Address Message An Initial Address Message (IAM) is sent in the "forward" direction by each switch needed to complete the circuit between the calling party and called party until the circuit connects to the destination switch. An IAM contains the called party number in the mandatory variable part and may contain the calling party name and number in the optional part.

Figure 10 ANSI and ITU-T Initial Address Message (IAM) Format

Address Complete Message

An Address Complete Message (ACM) is sent in the "backward" direction to indicate that the remote end of a trunk circuit has been reserved. The originating switch responds to an ACM message by connecting the calling party's line to the trunk to complete the voice circuit from the calling party to the called party. The terminating switch sends a ringing tone to the calling party's line.

Figure 11. ANSI and ITU-T Address Complete Message (ACM) Format When the called party answers, the destination switch terminates power ringing of the called line, removes audible ringing tone from the calling line and sends an Answer Message (ANM) to the originating switch. The originating switch initiates billing after verifying that the calling party's line is connected to the reserved trunk.

Figure 12. ANSI and ITU-T Answer Message (ANM) Format Release Message A Release Message (REL) is sent in either direction indicating that the circuit is being released due to the cause indicator specified. An REL is sent when either the calling or called party "hangs up" the call (cause = 16). An REL is also sent in the backward direction if the called party line is busy (cause = 17).

Figure 13. ANSI and ITU-T Release (REL) Message Format. Release Complete Message A Release Complete Message (RLC) is sent in the opposite direction of the REL to acknowledge the release of the remote end of a trunk circuit and end the billing cycle as appropriate.

Figure 14. ANSI and ITU-T Release Complete (RLC) Message Format Telephone User Part In some parts of the world (e.g., China), the Telephone User Part (TUP) supports basic call processing. TUP handles analog circuits only; digital circuits and data transmission capabilities are provided by the Data User Part.

Signaling Connection Control Part

SCCP provides connectionless and connection-oriented network services above MTP Level 3. While MTP Level 3 provides point codes to allow messages to be addressed to specific signaling points, SCCP provides subsystem numbers to allow messages to be addressed to specific applications (called subsystems) at these signaling points. SCCP is used as the transport layer for TCAP-based services such as free phone (800/888), calling card, local number portability, wireless roaming, and personal communications services (PCS). Global Title Translation SCCP also provides the means by which an STP can perform global title translation (GTT), a procedure by which the destination signaling point and subsystem number (SSN) is determined from digits (i.e., the global title) present in the signaling message. The global title digits may be any sequence of digits (e.g., the dialed 800/888 number, calling card number, or mobile subscriber identification number) pertinent to the service requested. Because an STP provides global title translation, originating signaling points do not need to know the destination point code or subsystem number of the associated service. Only the STPs need to maintain a database of destination point codes and subsystem numbers associated with specific services and possible destinations. SCCP Message Format The Service Indicator of the Service Information Octet (SIO) is coded 3 (binary 0011) for SCCP. SCCP messages are contained within the Signaling Information Field (SIF) of an MSU. The SIF contains the routing label followed by the SCCP message contents. The SCCP message is comprised of a one-octet message type field which defines the contents of the remainder of the message (Fig. 15).

Figure 15. SCCP Message Format Each SCCP message contains a mandatory fixed part (mandatory fixed-length parameters), mandatory variable part (mandatory variable-length parameters), and an optional part which may contain fixed-length and variable-length fields. Each optional part parameter is identified by a one-octet parameter code followed by a length indicator ("octets to follow") field. Optional parameters may occur in any order. If optional parameters are included, the end of the optional parameters is indicated by an octet containing all zeros.

Transaction Capabilities Application Part TCAP enables the deployment of advanced intelligent network services by supporting non-circuit related information exchange between signaling points using the SCCP connectionless service. An SSP uses TCAP to query an SCP to determine the routing number(s) associated with a dialed 800, 888, or 900 numbers. The SCP uses TCAP to return a response containing the routing number(s) (or an error or reject component) back to the SSP. Calling card calls are also validated using TCAP query and response messages. When a mobile subscriber roams into a new mobile switching center (MSC) area, the integrated visitor location register requests service profile information from the subscriber's home location register (HLR) using mobile application part (MAP) information carried within TCAP messages. TCAP messages are contained within the SCCP portion of an MSU. A TCAP message is comprised of a transaction portion and a component portion. Transaction Portion The transaction portion contains the package type identifier. There are seven package types: • Unidirectional: Transfers component(s) in one direction only (no reply expected). • Query with Permission: Initiates a TCAP transaction (e.g., a 1-800 query). The destination node may end the transaction. • Query without Permission: Initiates a TCAP transaction. The destination node may not end the transaction. • Response: Ends the TCAP transaction. A response to an 1-800 query with permission may contain the routing number(s) associated with the 800 number. • Conversation with Permission: Continues a TCAP transaction. The destination node may end the transaction. • Conversation without Permission: Continues a TCAP transaction. The destination node may not end the transaction. • Abort: Terminates a transaction due to an abnormal situation. The transaction portion also contains the Originating Transaction ID and Responding Transaction ID fields which associate the TCAP transaction with a specific application at the originating and destination signaling points respectively. Component Portion The component portion contains components. There are six kinds of components: • Invoke (Last): Invokes an operation. For example, a Query with Permission transaction may include an Invoke (Last) component to request SCP translation of a dialed 800 number. The component is the "last" component in the query. • Invoke (Not Last): Similar to the Invoke (Last) component except that the component is followed by one or more components. • Return Result (Last): Returns the result of an invoked operation. The component is the "last" component in the response. • Return Result (Not Last): Similar to the Return Result (Last) component except that the component is followed by one or more components. • Return Error: Reports the unsuccessful completion of an invoked operation. • Reject: Indicates that an incorrect package type or component was received. Components include parameters which contain application-specific data carried unexamined by TCAP.

SS7 over IP Telephone companies offload voice calls from public switched telephone networks (PSTNs) to voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) networks because it is cheaper to carry voice traffic over Internet Protocol (IP) networks than over switched circuit networks. In the future, IP telephony networks are expected to enable innovative new multimedia services while working seamlessly with legacy telephone networks. A VoIP network carries voice traffic cheaper than a switched circuit telephone network because IP telephony networks make better use of available bandwidth. In a public switched telephone network, for example, a dedicated 64 kilobits per second (kbps) end-to-end circuit is allocated for each call. In a VoIP network, digitized voice data is highly compressed and carried in packets over IP networks. Using the same bandwidth, a VoIP network can carry many times the number of voice calls as a switched circuit network with better voice quality. The savings realized in using VoIP networks are often passed onto users in the form of lower costs.

Incendiary

A young Metal/Rock band from the Northern Baches of Sydney, Australia. Play a variety of Hard Rock music which can be described as anything from metal to soft rock.

Rex Nalubutu

Rex Nalubutu born in 22nd July, 1986 is a Zambian computer Engineer, He started School in 1993 and completed his Grade 12 School Certificate exams in 2004 after which he went to Zambia Center for Accountancy Studies where he obtained A Bachelor of Science in Computer and infomation sistems. He worked for infoTech as IT manager from 2006 May to September 2006. He is now C.E.O for Rextechnologies a leading IT Company in Zambia.

The Essene Gospel of Peace by His Disciple John

A Dead Sea Scroll, translated by Edward Szekely into english . According to this english translation,

this manuscript or booklette which takes about one hour to read, concerns an actual description by His disciple John, along with actual dialogue of conversation taking place at this time. Most of the dialogue is that of Jesus Christ speaking concerning subject matter of diet,angels,heavenly father and mother, and effects of poor diet,ie meat/flesh, on the human digestive system. The description given by john is that jesus christ arrived with a freind to visit with a large group of men fasting in the countryside. he spoke at lenght to them concerning their health and why they were all ill. he had prescribed fasting for them to cure themselves

coment Yet i see no mention of this apparently very significant and ancient dead sea scroll in reference to jesus christ. why ? just not researched ? there is evidence that the essenes were a group or sect if you will that followed jesus christ and were mainly vegetarians

Woodwool

WOODWOOL: AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY,EASILY DISPOSABLE PACKING MATERIAL.

Examples of woodwool applied for packaging and presentation:

BEDDING:Wood Wool is ideal as bedding for livestock and pets COOLING :Wood Wool is used in evaporative coolers, Wet walls for nurseries GROWING MEDIUM :Wood wool is an ideal growing medium for hydroponic farming PACKING OF :Crayfish (export of live crayfish),Fruit ( a little wood wool in the packing crate protects against bruising ),Gifts,Glassware, Machine Parts, Plants

MATERIAL:Only the best A-grade pine is used in our wood wool. The wood wool is supplied in bales of between 10 and 15 kg.

Wood Wool can be obtained from Wood Wool Africa.

Steven McGowan

Born on 20th December 1978

From Killybegs, Co. Donegal

Wentral Hong Kong

Wentral is referred to the new development in Hong Kong which lies between Wanchai and Central. Dubbed Wentral by local residents it's expected to be finished by 2008.

The site is being made on reclaimed land and should introduce a new lifestyle to Hong Kong. Wentral sit alongside other famous landmark's such as Syney's Darling Harbour and San Fransisco's s fisherman's wharf.

Bad Boy Buggies

Bad Boy Enterprises LLC (Natchez, Mississippi, USA) has partnered with British Petroleum to raise awareness for the need of alternative-energy vehicles.

Recently, in Houston, Texas, the new Chairman of BP ordered the purchase of fifty Bad Boy Buggies. Bad Boy Buggies are the world's first all-electric four-wheel drive all-terrain vehicle with reverse. These fifty buggies will be outfitted with solar panel on their roof tops to allow recharging in the field. There is no need to plug in these buggies.

Each of these special edition Bad Boy Buggies will be given away to non-profit organizations to raise awareness about the need for more research into electric vehicles.

http://www.badboybuggies.com

Xalent

                            Background Information

Birthname: Raymond Earl Girtley

Occupation: Music Producer,Rapper C.E.O of Rock Tha Mic Productions

Nicknames: Young Xceey,9th Ward Don,N.O Prince,The Black Lucky Luciano,Killa Kidd

Born: September 21, 1989 (age 18)

Origin: New Orleans,Louisiana,United States

Gener(s):Hip-Hop,Southern Hip-Hop,Gangsta Rap,R&B

Years Active: 1999-Present

Lable(s): Rock Tha Mic Productions

Associated With: Mannie Fresh, Rap A Lot Records, Allumnia Records

                                     Contents

1. Biography 2. Discograhy 3. Videos 4. External Links 5. References

                                    Biography                                 

Raymond Earl Girtley well know as Xalent C.E.O of Rck Tha Mic Producitons or R.T.M. Born September 21, 1989 in New Orleans Louisiana raised in the 9th Ward's Desire Housing Projects most prominet for its massive size and crime activites, X grew up in an enviorment both dangerous with the rise of black murders, narcotics use and sells, but with the help of a strong family X steered away from illegal activites as a child. at 13 while the process of the Desire Housing Project was being demolished X move to New Orleans East (a middle class residental part of the 9th Ward) and begin to start rapping. He watched the older hustlers movements and actions and "dabbled" with the lifestyle a lil but his friends and community pushed him to pursue music and stay positive. X parents Earl Hughes and Toni Girtley were indulged in music and that what spark his ambitions to pursue it. His first entrance into the music industry was a small one but major,at age 13 his mother bought him a kareoke machine and since then he's been heavly at work. With the major key elements a Kawasiki keyboard, a cd of Timbaland instrumentals, a kareoke machine, and a couple of childhood friends and family he founded the group The Franchise in 2003 and started recording his first tracks. That summer X was ready to flood the streets with his talent battleing on the radio, in the streets, at school, on party lines, and was realeasing his first mixtape entititled "The Franchise Vol.1". With little to no buzz generated he went back and recorded "The Franchise Vol.2", lookin up to artists like Royce Da 5'9, Tupac, Sheek Louch, Soulja Slim, Juvenile, Nas, Jay-Z, Bishop Lamont etc he sharpened his craft and started creating a style of his on. Singled out for his lyrical and freestyle abilities he stop writing after The Franchise Vol.1 was finish and begin mixing different styles of rapping he a more mellow, percise, witty, smooth flow but still able to "Keep It Street".In 2003 he also established an independent music production company called "R.T.M. (Rock Tha Mic) Productions" and started producing tracks for his artists and other local artist. X started to spark the attention of independent and major record companies and started to connect with major artist and producers like Lil Wayne, Mannie Fresh, and Sqad Up. In 2005 hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans forcing X to relocate to Atlanta, Georgia while staying there he recorded "M Lane" mixtape in the winter of 2005. In 2006 he step up his lyrical and song makin ability to record "The Prince Is Here" mixtape which gave him a heavy internet buzz with songs like "Honey Dip Remix", "Cannon Remix", "New York Shit Remix", and "Hustle Hard" Remix. With a growing fanbase he returned to the booth again to record "The Dream Duo" mixtape, which was a duet of 9th Wonder instrumentals and Xalent freestyles. The mixtape help his fanbase to grow more, also he relased "G&G Status" (Gangsta and a Gentlemen) mixtape which displayed his compassionate for the ladies with R&B remixes with hits like "Lost Without You", "Buddy", and "I Can't Get Enough" which broaden his fanbase. In 2007 He returned with the mixtape "Grown and Xceey" which pick up where "G&G" left off, he also recorded "Street Games Vol.1" and The Many Sides Off Xalent mixtape which should be out in the Fall of 2007. Now still an inderpendent artist and C.E.O of R.T.M Productions Xalent is working on His Album entitled Up and Coming which should be out sometime 2008 early 2009 at the moment he's talking with Allumnia, Rap A Lot, and Damien Management so "Be on the lookout for more heat, more videos, and a hell of alot more of Xalent Ryder".

                                    Discography

1.The Franchise Vol.1 2003

2.The Franchise Vol.2 2004

3.The Franchise Lost Sessions 2004

4.M Lane Mixtape 2005

5.The Prince Is Here Mixtape 2006

6.The Dream Duo Mixtape 2006

7.G&G Status (Gangsta and a Gentlemen) Mixtape 2006

8.Grown And Xceey Mixtape 2007

9.Street Games Vol.1 2007

10.The Many Sides Of Xalent 2007

11.Up And Coming TBA

                                       Videos

[1]

                                    External Links

[2] [3]

                                      References 

www.myspace.com/xalentmusic

Live and Unsigned music competition

Live & Unsigned has proudly grown from a regional competition for the South coast into a National Competition and is the largest talent contest outside TV’s X-Factor. 2007 was the competitions third year with a rapid growth that has seen over 10,000 applications enter the competition for 2007. Performers from all over the UK have the chance to compete and become the UK’s best Live and Unsigned acts.

About Live and Unsigned

The Live & Unsigned event is not only a competition to find talent, but it also gives bands, groups, Singer/songwriters and singers alike the opportunity to organise and perform as a live act in front of people established within the music industry. The big difference with this competition is that all the Contestants taking part are encouraged to be individual and original which potentially would involve performing their own genre, style, play their own instruments and perform their own song.

The competition is also not a profit orientated project with all revenue being reinvested back into the competition and contestants. The designated charity for 2007 is Crimestoppers which the competition has worked in partnership with including a tour to over 20,000 youngsters around the South of England. This has taken place at the Crimestoppers SNAP (Say no and phone) events giving acts and youngsters alike the opportunity to get involved with something positive and purposeful.

Auditions Auditions for the 2008 competition will start again in 16 regions from November 2007 with auditions planned in; Birmingham, Bradford, Brighton, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Guildford, Leeds, Liverpool, London (North), London (South), Manchester, Portsmouth, Reading, Sheffield and Southampton.

Live Stages “Regional Semi Finals and Finals” The successful competitors from each regional audition will be asked back to perform at the live stages in the Semi finals in front of an audience and judging panel. This can be a song of the contestant’s choice either their own song or a cover song. All we ask is they make the song their own.

There are 16 regions planned across the UK which involves some 64 auditions and events, incorporating average attendances of 300-400 people at the semi final events and 500-700 people at the final events, which in turn represents event night performances to over 21,600 people for the Live stages.

As the Live and Unsigned competition progresses and the competition gets tougher it’s creating many opportunities within the entertainments industry, which in turn is progressively populating the attendance of many artistically and musically professional judges.

National Grand Final The competition is all geared towards its contestants making the showcase Grand National Finals which is the showpiece of the whole event, with guest celebrities performing live on stage this makes for a truly memorable occasion for everyone involved. The last two years this event has been held at Portsmouth Guildhall and sold out weeks in advance to a 2,000 capacity crowd.

All contestants making the Grand final not only get the chance to perform in front of a capacity crowd and support the celebrity acts, they also get the opportunity to record their song in a recording studio and work alongside a highly experienced vocal coach and music production team. Attending The Grand final are many guests who are recognised within the music industry, they are all looking for different acts so this is a golden opportunity for all the artistes involved to present themselves.

The winners The Live and Unsigned competition has winners in categories of best individual female, male and Best Live & Unsigned band 2007. With the overall adult winner of the competition receiving a management contract from Future Music incorporating an initial investment of £20,000 invested in them with a view to develop the contestant towards a career in music.

All winners will have the opportunity to tour and perform at as many as 100 gigs across the UK including some well known festivals, with the overall aim of getting them signed to a major record label.

The Competition has also been commissioned by ITV for their new broadband channel and there is a series broadcast from www.itvlocal.com/meridian/

Regardless of the level that all the contestants achieve Live and Unsigned competition has been created to provide a professional platform of opportunity, for all ages so they can express themselves in a positive manner. Whether it be winning or just competing, contestants can gain an awful lot of experience from this competition which also gives them a platform to promote themselves and others around them.

Also for more information go to the web page www.LiveandUnsigned.uk.com

James tyers

is gay

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Classic Motorbike

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InterAction Computer Entertainment

InterAction Computer Entertainment is a store located in North Vancouver, B.C., Canada dedicated to the future of interactive entertainment. They sell a wide range of products focusing primarily on custom built personal computers (PC's). They also do both in-store and on-site computer repairs, upgrades and installations. Since opening in 1995, they have been custom-building computers for casual users, hardcore gamers and large corporations. They also sell all the major videogame consoles and games. This includes Microsoft XBOX 360, Sony Playstation, Sony PSP, Nintendo Wii and Nintendo DS.

InterAction is the largest dedicated computer store on the North Shore of Vancouver with over 3,000 sq. ft. of floor space.

They are authorized dealers of most of the major manufacturers of computer and videogame components.

Kate Holderness

Kate Holderness (born February 17, 1984) is an actress from Preston, England.

Nico Pipe - Smoke without fire

Nico Pipe is a stylish, beautifully made, alternative to smoking. A jewel coloured metal tube, it feels comfortable in the hand, just the right size and weight to simulate a cigarette. Nico Pipe unscrews to allow the insertion of a nicotine cartridge. It can be fiddled with and carreseed between puffs. It also gives you a totally legal nicotine hit wherever and whenever you want.

For more information, visit our website

Kyle William Hopfensperger

Kyle William Hopfensperger is currently a 21 year old who lives he germany. He does ridiculous things that normal people would never think of doing with some of his best friends from Neenah Wisconsin.

Onbekend

Onbekend is a fictional Japanese band which makes music for fighting game series Tekken.

Origin : Tokyo, Japan

Years Active : 1995-Present

Genre(s) : Big Beat, Neurofunk, Intelligent Dance Music, Electronic

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Members : Akitaka Tohyama, Satoru Kosaki, Yu Miyake, Hiroshi Okubo, Keiki Kobayashi

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Albums 01. Namco Game Sound Express Vol.26 - Tekken 2 02. Arcade Soundtrack 001 EX 03. Tekken Tag Tournament Original Soundtrack 04. Tekken 4 Original Soundtrack ( 2 CD's) 05. Tekken Dark Resurrection

Sean Redmond

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Sean Redmond is a singer/songwriter.
He was born 19/05/84.
He used to play guitar in metal bands. Idiom Lifeline, Onset.
He worked in KFC in 2004.
He moved to London late 2004 when Idiom Lifeline split up.
He bought an acoustic guitar and began to sing.
He signed a publishing deal with Bucks Music Group January 2006.
You can hear his songs @ www.myspace.com/seanredmond
If picasso made music it might have sounded like this.

Zwai Bala

ZWAI BALA CROSS OVER MUSICIAN, MUSICAL ENTREPRENEUR AND BACK IN STUDIOItalic text

Bala Brothers

Recent endeavours Zwai Bala (born as Mzwandile Bala February 15,1975;in Kwa-Nobuhle near Uitenhage, Eastern Cape Province , South Africa)has journeyed and matured from the kwaito trio TKZee and the family days into a musical entrepreneur. Today Zwai is a celebrated musical director, composer, singer, songwriter, arranger and teacher who has graces world stages in musicals, opera performances, and theatrical plays. Bala who is recognised as one of the top crossover producers and musical directors in the country has once again orchestrated yet another family trio only this time, in the CLASSICAL Genre - the 'Bala Brothers TRIO' have been cooking a FIFTEEN-track album called B3 which was released on October 2007.

Zwai has been a very busy man, as an old hand at composing and producing he put his skills to good use when the three brothers hit the studio ground running recording a very carefully selected repertoire of classics in less than a month.

“These classics were care selected and we have given them the best we could. Working on this album helped us realise each other’s strengths and we have also learnt more about each other. For instance, Phelo really pushes the bar for myself and Loyiso. He is the youngest but the most disciplined and of course he is very comfortable doing such a big project,” said Bala.

Zwai – The Adolescent It is no wonder that the young Phelo (16) is as comfortable, he has learnt from the best. Zwai himself has been at it since he was 11, when he first entered The Shell Road to Fame in 1986 along with his sister Pinky and reached the semi-finals.

Breaking out of Eastern Cape At age 12 he entered this time around as a soloist and got a 1st runner up in the national finals and became the only youngest ever to claim that position. Bala’s life has always been history in the making – when he entered the 1987 annual talent scout Golden Voice Competition organised by the Drakensberg Boys Choir(DBCS) making it to the Final 7. His life was about to change, on the strength of his performance, was offered a bursary to the DBCS. He in fact became the first black pupil at the Drakensberg Boys School to ever be admitted. In his first year he became a chorister of the world acclaimed school choir and a year later took a prize of the Tenor soloist of the Year.

As early as fifteen years had already taken interest in doing more than using only his voice, but was developing as an all rounded musician. He conducted the Drakensberg Boys Choir (DBCS) and the Natal Youth Orchestra in Vryheid and Cape Town. At that age his potential as a crossover musician was evident.

Yet he kept on educating himself musically at reputable institutions such as the Royal Schools of Music in London, Unisa and the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow, United Kingdom, along the way collecting distinctions and merits.

Zwai – Solo artist : Gospel This crossover genius has collected as many awards as he has accolades for hard work done. His stroke of genius is evident in his work first when he co-wrote four tracks in his debut gospel self –titled album back in 1994. Hitting the mainstream - TKZee Two years later he along with Kabelo Mabalane and Tokollo Tshabalala formed a group that was to take the music industry by storm TKZee and arrived on the kwaito scene releasing singles “Take It Eezy” and then “Phalafaala” which became a national anthem for the December holidays for that year. “Shibobo” was yet another single released in 1998 featuring Benni McCarthy this was at the height of soccer fever during the France World Cup to which South Africa had qualified. The single was produced by Zwai himself and it went on to become the fastest selling kwaito single ever reaching a high of over 280 000 copies. When TKZee hit the streets with a full album later in the year the way was already paved, their album Halloween sold 300 000 copies and that was the beginning of things for the groups.

The group raked in awards left right and centre. At the SAMAs they took home an unprecedented four awards for Best Kwaito single. Best Kwaito Album, Best single and Vest Duo/Group.

Between 2000 and 2002 Zwai was kept occupied by the growing popularity of TKZee Family and his gospel inspired project. Again the Family scooped SAMAs in 2001 for Best Kwaito single for Izinjazam and Lifted from the Zwai Bala Presents Lifted Volume 1 from his gospel collection won Best Rap Single. TKZee Family’s Guz 2001 was a runaway success reaching double Platinum Zwai is an artist with many lives. When the TKZee members took different directions to pursue solo careers his creativity in other areas of the arts flourished.

THE MANY FACES OF ZWAI BALAItalic text AS A MUSICAL DIRECTOR - he has worked a range of musical greats in different genres yet the seed was planted much earlier in his life. While in High School at St. Stithians, he musical directed the classical theatrical play Shakespeare’s Hamlet. As his career matured he went to bigger projects that landed him to direct the 7th Annual SAMA Awards at the Sandton Convention Centre, he then went on to produce a theme song for M-Net’s “Face of Africa” in 2001, also directing the pageants stage Glam Slam at Sun City. Hugh Masekela, Sipho ‘Hotstix’ Mabuse and Phuzikhemisi are some of the many who enjoyed Zwai’s musical directorship on a live music programme Evolution on One aired on SABC 1 in 2002. Between 2003 and present day Zwai has worked on Tribute/SABC 2 Achievers Awards 2003, Ziyaphezulu Workshop, Johannesburg – follow-up to the Coca-Cola Pop stars Competition with top 30 kids; Telkom/SABC 3 Christmas Concert at the Sandton Convention Centre with artists such as JPO; Drakensberg Boys Choir; Judith Sephuma and Tshepo Tshola. In 2004 directed and conducted an 8-piece live band and the JMI Orchestra at the Old Mutual ‘Captains of Industry’ Dinner and conducted the Liberty Life African Classics Evening with Sibongile Khumalo and the JMI Orchestra and a live band at the Civic Theatre in Pretoria. He also directed the 2005 Opening of Parliament and Closing Ceremony of the 10 Year Celebration in Cape Town’s Athlone Stadium.

AS A SOLOIST – ever since he was in his teens in his days as a member of the Drakensberg Boys Choir he has won soloist of the year for three consecutive years. When in Standard 8 at St. Stithians College he was a Soloist with Duke of Cornwall Singers. In his adult life Zwai has performed at the Telkom/702 Christmas Concert along DBC and Sibongile Khumalo. His ability to crossover is remarkable as he moved to become a principal in Sonder Grense – concert re-working opera music at a Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunsfees in Oudtshoorn in 2003 and to do Volksblad Kunste Fees in Bloemfontein. He was a featured soloist at the Classical FM/ Lexus Soiree at the Sandton Intercontinental. Zwai has also worked with reputable artists in the opera and classical music genres such as Tessa Ziegler a classical guitarist at the FNB/classic fm spring concert and with renowned opera soprano, Hanli Stapela doing repertoire ranging from Mozart to Frank Sinatra at the Music from the Movies performance.

AS A COLLABORATOR - Hugh Masekela’s album Revival enjoyed two very talented producers’ inputs Zwai and Guffy’s, earning two SAMA nominations – Best Producer and Best Male and going through the 1st round of selection for a Grammy nomination – Best Contemporary World.

He also co-produced Tshepo Tshola’s Winding Rivers and Waterfalls record with Khaya Mahlangu a flute and saxophonist and top arranger. Back in 2003 he had teamed up with Godfrey ‘Guffy” Pilane to produce an impeccable music dance album ‘Babathane’ featuring the late TK, Tokollo, Kabelo, Ismael and more other artists, this effort resulted in a SAMA nomination 2004, in the category ‘Best Dance Album’

ON FILM, THEATRE, RADIO AND TV – His talent as an actor was seen in Isidingo a South African soapie produced by Endemol South Africa. In it he was casted as Rigger V a musician who played Nandipha Sithole’s (Hlubi Mboya’s ) love interest in 2003. Although this may have been the first TV role as an actor Zwai has come a long way since his days in 1986 as winner of ‘Khanyakwezi’ singing competition. This was his first TV appearance on (then) TV2. He has also hosted the cupid programme All You Need is Love(2nd season) and is currently hosting a Saturday afternoon show on Classic FM CHAT SHOW called Classical Countdown and is known as the Dread Maestro.

During his high school days at St. Stithians was cast as a principal actor in ‘My children, My Africa’ which he co-directed earning himself the RAPS Best actor and Promising Actor Awards at Wits University in 1994 . His performances as principal performer in ‘My Fair Lady and a lead role in Cinderella Rock at his school which were well executed were only a foundation of bigger things to happen. In t1993 Zwai brought back 13 Awards in Afrikaans, English, Aria’s, Operetta’s, Folk Songs, etc at the Pretoria Singing Festival. The world of lights, camera and action is Zwai’s life, he has also produced a film score for “Rifle Road” a short film written and directed by Akin Amatoso.

OTHER BIG PROJECTS - The first big break on stage was back in 1986 where Zwai appeared in ‘King Africa: The Musical’, A professional Stage Production, produced by Des and Dawn Lindberg. He had a principal role alongside South African renowned artists Mara Louw, Abigail Khubeka, Elsabe Zietsmann, to name but a few. In 1996 at the United Nations 150th Birthday Celebrations at Gallagher Estate he was a keyboard player for Johnny Clegg and Vusi Mahlasela.

Every artist’s dream is to perform at some thing associated with the former President Mandela, as a member of the kwaito band TKZee in 1998 they performed at Nelson Mandela’s 80th Birthday Party at Johannesburg Stadium, alongside Boyz 2 Men. When the international gospel group Take 6 came to South Africa’s shores in 2002, Zwai again was a support Act at the Durban Jazz Festival alongside Judith Sephuma and Ernie Smith. The 10th Year Democracy Celebration Concert at Union Buildings, Pretoria was one of the many highlights in Zwai’s musical life, he worked as a band Leader and Performer with the Creative Collective, overseeing over 100 artists and musicians for the 5-hour concert on Freedom Day 2004. In 2003 he judged the Coca-Cola Pop stars, South Africa an annual talent search show. He was invited to give his services on Pop stars East Africa which saw him tour Uganda, Kenya & Tanzania. The series was broadcast on ITV, throughout East Africa.

THE ENTREPRENEUR - Zwai has always been an independent thinker who believes that artists are at their best when they have space to exercise their creativity eloquently. So, he has always preferred working under an independent record company. So he first This seems to be an organised enterprise which is already organising a mammoth road show for the Family promoting their album Genesis in the month of September and October 2006.

Most recently, Zwai show cases his talents as Co-Composer and Co-Musical Director for Soweto Story opening at the Johannesburg Civic Theatre on 24th March 2007.

S.Kalibre

Saabjit Sandhu (born November 28 1979). Known by stage name S.Kalibre is a British born Asian rapper from Chatham, Kent has also lived in East London, Birmingham, Rochester and Brighton. He began he's career with The U.T.I crew in the late 1990's but achieved little success.

Sandhu began working with Mike S in 1999 as part of U.T.I (Under The Influence), along with artists like Abstrakt, Gemini & Frisko Dan aka The Green Pooki. In 2003 Mike S & S.Kalibre decided to set up Hard Livin the two man team, consisting of a producer and MC due to other members relocating to other parts of the country. They signed to label Sin Nombre in 2003 and released the underground hit Oh Girl, which recieved heavy rotation on Channel U and BBC Radio 1xtra, which cemented his reputation as one of the UK's realest UK auteurs. His talent for telling a compelling from the heart story in a single song was recognised by UK pioneers, He has worked with artists like Blade, Skinnyman and Brooklyn born Q. Unique just to name a few.

The Second Glance

The Second Glance is a rock band from Ottawa, Canada. They formed in 2003 in Ottawa. Members are Joe Brownrigg, Dan Junkins, Jake Von Wurden, and Rob Apking.

The Second Glance has released one independent, self titled record. They have currently finished recording their second album and are seeking label representation prior to its release.

Members of The Second Glance have played in various other notable bands, including: The Fully Down, Chubb, 4 Day Weekend, Groovebug, The Awsomes.

William Lawrence FRS

William Lawrence, FRS, surgeon 1783-1867

Lawrence was the son of a country doctor in Cirencester, Gloucestershire. He was apprenticed at 15 to Abernethy at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, with which he was connected for 68 years. He eventually became professor of anatomy and surgery and president of the Royal College of Surgeons. His speciality was ophthalmology, although he practised in and lectured and wrote on all branches of surgery. P. B. Shelley, A.W. Pugin, and Queen Victoria were among his patients. He introduced the word “biology” into the English language. He was a controversial figure; as a young man he pressed for radical changes to medical organisation and training, but in his forties he joined the “establishment” which he had attacked. He was made a baronet just before he died.

He was chiefly remembered for the lectures which he delivered from 1815 to the College of Surgeons. When they were printed in 1819 they caused a storm of disapproval from conservative and clerical quarters for their supposed atheism, and within the medical profession because he advocated a materialist rather than a vitalist approach to human life. He was linked by his critics with such other revolutionaries as Thomas Paine and Lord Byron. Lawrence withdrew the lectures, which were then pirated extensively in both Britain and the United States. When he sued one of the publishers for breach of copyright, he was refused by Lord Chancellor Eldon because the lectures were so “blasphemous”. From time to time the lectures have been claimed as an important milestone on the road to Darwin’s Origin of Species, but although Darwin read them and they influenced Wallace, their importance in this context was the negative one that Darwin did not want the ostracism which he knew had come to Lawrence from publishing advanced opinions.

Lawrence’s wife Louisa (1803-1855), the daughter of a Mayfair haberdasher, built up social fame through horticulture, and their son Sir Trevor Lawrence, MP, (1831-1913) was for many years President of the Royal Horticultural Society.

BALA BROTHERS

BIOGRAPHY The BALA family siblings have all certainly traveled a long path from the tough streets of their birthplace in the Kwa-Nobuhle township outside Uitenhage in the Eastern Cape. Thankfully their epic journey has always been paved with music and song, and now the BALA name is set to leave another proudly South African musical legacy that will shine for many decades to come. TWO MAINSTREAM BALASItalic text- SONGWRITER AND PRODUCER Songwriter, musician, producer, arranger, performing artist, DJ, TV personality … the family’s multi-talented oldest brother ZWAI BALA hardly needs an introduction, while his hugely popular younger brother LOYISO BALA has carved out an impressive solo recording career for himself. Now, with both Zwai and Loyiso’s own stars burning brightly, they’ve joined forces with their prodigiously gifted younger brother PHELO BALA to form a trio known simply as … BALA BROTHERS.

YOUNG JEWEL - THE VOICE Italic text

16 year old Phelo (born March 24, 1991) has followed in his brothers footsteps, should be noted he recorded the B3 album at the age of 15 years and 3 months. He was Deputy Head Boy at the internationally renowned Drakensburg Boys Choir School in Kwa Zulu Natal, the very same illustrious institution where Zwai and then Loyiso themselves blazed musical paths. The Bala Brothers have already performed a handful of well-received gigs, including a debut appearance on SABC2’s ‘Strictly Come Dancing’, Rand Merchant Bank’s annual Starlight Classics event 2006, Miss South Africa 2006, ABSA KKNK festival, SA Rugby England Test Match – official Springbok farewell anthem.

Now, their highly anticipated debut album entitled B3 is released … The stunning album features a unique mix of songs, ranging from popular ‘Popera’ standards such as ‘Circle Of Life’, ‘Beauty And The Beast’ (which features the glorious voice of special guest Judith Sephuma), ‘You Raise Me Up’, and Queen’s ‘Somebody To Love’, through to operatic numbers such as ‘Nella Fantasia’, ‘Caro Mio Ben’ and ‘All I Ask Of You’, the latter featuring the soaring vocals of internationally acclaimed soprano Angela Kerrison. Recording the bulk of the songs with a full orchestra under the baton of Richard Cock, the album is a world-class record that sees the Bala siblings in harmonious voice as they stamp their incomparable musical class on the South African music scene. The majority of tracks were produced by Zwai himself, while Loyiso also lent a hand in this department.

Perhaps most interestingly, the album also features several Loyiso and Zwai Bala-composed original tracks (‘Masibuyelayane’, ‘Khumbula’ and the bonus track ‘Beautiful Women’) that shine alongside ‘classic’ South African tunes such as ‘Silvia’ and ‘Ziph’inkomo’. These songs add an unmistakable and exciting local dimension to the album

A stunning music video for the ‘Khumbula’ track has been created, and will shortly be seen all over TV screens nationally. A full documentary charting the Bala Brothers’ story - and the making of the debut album - has also been shot, and will be a useful tool with which to tell the latest chapter in the truly amazing story of three truly gifted individuals.

DISCOGRAPHY

1.Circle Of Life 2.Don’t Know Why 3.Khumbula 4.All I Ask Of You featuring Angela Kerrison 5.Beauty And The Beast featuring Judith Sephuma 6.Nella Fantasia 7.Caro Mio Ben 8.Masibuyelane 9.Silvia 10.Miracle 11.You Raise Me Up 12.Somebody to Love 13.Ziph’inkomo 14.South African National Anthem 15.Beautiful Women

In our hands

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