Kinnickinnic River (Milwaukee River tributary)

Looking north from Baran Park

The Kinnickinnic River is one of three primary rivers that flow into the harbor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin at Lake Michigan, along with the Menomonee River and Milwaukee River. It is locally called the "KK River."

Kinnickinnic is an Ojibwe word which literally means "what is mixed," referring to the mixing of indigenous plants and tobaccos. Often called Milwaukee's forgotten river, it is the smallest within the Milwaukee River Basin, yet is the most urbanized and densely populated, as it winds through the Lincoln Village neighborhood and the heavily industrialized Inner Harbor.

History

KK River fishing fleet, looking west

Milwaukee was founded to utilize a natural harbor formed by the confluence of rivers immediately before flowing into Lake Michigan, similar to Manistee, Michigan and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The Kinnickinnic River is the southernmost of the three rivers, flowing in a generally northeastern direction towards the harbor. The Menomonee River enters from the west, and the Milwaukee River enters from the north.

Originally, the Kinnickinnic River flowed almost directly into Lake Michigan, with water from the Milwaukee and Menomonee rivers flowing south from the center of the city before exiting to the lake. The landform that protected the harbor was a long marshy spit, called Jones Island, that extended southwards from the center of the city. To shorten the distance from the harbor entrance to the city, a "straight cut" was made across the base of the spit, at the northern end. The original harbor entrance was filled in, so that Jones Island was now a peninsula extending northwards, with its base to the south. This effectively lengthened the river, and this new stretch now formed a large portion of the harbor.

Shipping traffic in Milwaukee eventually outgrew the "inner" harbor formed by the three rivers. An "outer" harbor was constructed in the lake, with the lake-facing edge of Jones Island serving as the docking area. The inhabitants of Jones Island were forced to leave, and those that were small commercial fishermen moved operations farther up the Kinnickinnic. The commercial fishing fleet now resides in the stretch of river near the 1st Street Bridge, along with small pleasure craft.

Upstream, starting near I-94/43, the river is lined with concrete. The concrete was installed on the river banks in the 1960s as a solution to minimize flooding in the surrounding neighborhoods. Even with the concrete in place, flooding has persisted, and water in the channel is capable of extremely high velocities.

Description

KK River concrete channel, looking east

Watershed

The Kinnickinnic River is 9.6 miles (15.4 km) long, with a watershed that covers 25 square miles (65 km²) of drainage area. Along with the main river, many of the tributaries have been extensively modified through concrete channeling. Roughly 145,000 people live in the watershed, making it the most densely populated in the region. Almost the entire watershed is built out, and the vast majority of its land use is urban.

High levels of industrial pollutants, diminished access for public use, and lack of a vegetative buffer have caused much of the community to perceive the waterways as nothing more than a network of municipal sewage drainage channels.

Its estuary empties into Lake Michigan at the Milwaukee harbor, along with the Milwaukee River and Menomonee River.

Pollution problems

Debris in the Kinnickinnic

The lowermost portion of the Kinnickinnic River is included in the Milwaukee Estuary Area of Concern, which is one of the Great Lakes Areas of Concern. In the Kinnickinnic, this is due to high levels of PCBs and PAHs found in the river. For this reason, the Kinnickinnic was also listed as the 7th most endangered river in the U.S. by American Rivers in 2007.<ref>http://www.americanrivers.org/assets/pdfs/mer-past-reports/mer-3_28_07c76c.pdf</ref It is sad to think that this river was once home to a variety of fresh water life. In 1984 major rain fall flooded the river so bad that the flood gates on the chase avenue dam were flooded over during the annual salmon run. The fish swam all the way to the mouth of the river near the area of s.59th and w. Dakota St. When the water receded You could literally walk on the salmon (NO JOKE) from the east end on the Jackson Park tunnels (about 39th St.), all the way to the sixth street bridge just north of Cleveland Ave. In 1982 it rained so much that houses along the river (in picture above, between 16th and 6th streets ) were completely flooded out in the basements. One elderly person even drowned in bed. The truth is that some of these homes should of never of been built so close to the top of the concrete trough which is basically what it is between the above named streets. People have to think what they have before its to late, Lets hope the River can be at the very least some what returned to its prior pristine state. It is a really nice place to take a walk.

External links

• Milwaukee Riverkeeper
• Milwaukee Estuary Area of Concern
• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
• Kinnickinnic River Project
• Kinnickinnic River Corridor Neighborhood Plan
• The State of the Kinnickinnic River, Milwaukee, WI (PDF)
• Milwaukee River Basin Partnership
• Southeastern Wisconsin Watersheds Trust, Inc.