William Edington

William Edington
Bishop of Winchester
Effigy of William Edington in Winchester Cathedral.
Province	Canterbury
Diocese	Winchester
Appointed	9 December 1345
Term ended	6 or 7 October 1366
Predecessor	Adam Orleton
Successor	William of Wykeham
Other post(s)	Lord High Treasurer Lord Chancellor Archbishop-elect of Canterbury
Orders
Consecration	14 May 1346
Personal details
Died	6 or 7 October 1366 Bishop's Waltham
Buried	Winchester Cathedral
Nationality	English
Denomination	Roman Catholic
Previous post(s)	Keeper of the wardrobe

William Edington (died 6 or 7 October 1366) was an English bishop and administrator. He served as bishop of Winchester from 1346 until his death, Keeper of the wardrobe from 1341 to 1344, treasurer from 1344 to 1356, and finally as chancellor from 1356 until he retired from royal administration in 1363. Edington’s reforms of the administration — in particular of royal finances — had wide-ranging consequences, and contributed to the English military efficiency in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. As bishop of Winchester he was responsible for starting an extensive rebuilding of Winchester Cathedral, and for founding Edington Priory, the church of which still stands today.

Royal service

Edington's parents were Roger and Amice of Edington near Westbury, Wiltshire. Though it has been claimed that he was educated at Oxford, there seems to be no support for this. His first patron, however, was the Oxford chancellor Gilbert Middleton, who was also a royal counsellor. When Middleton died in 1331, Edington entered the service of Middleton’s friend, Adam Orleton, bishop of Winchester. Through Orleton, Edington’s abilities were brought to the attention of King Edward III, and in 1341 the king named him keeper of the wardrobe. The position was an important one; the wardrobe functioned as the treasury while the king was on campaign, and Edward strongly resisted any attempts to limit this royal prerogative.

Edward III in Cassell's History of England (1902)

The king must have been impressed by Edington’s performance, because in 1344 he made him treasurer of the realm, a position he held for the exceptionally long period of twelve years. This was a job fraught with problems, as the nation was in serious financial difficulties by the mid-1340s. The treasury was in great debt from the heavy demands of the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. By then reneging on his debts, the king had lost public confidence, and struggled to obtain new loans. Edington saw the need to bring all royal expenditure under the oversight of the exchequer. This did not entail controlling the king’s use of his resources — a move Edward would have resented greatly — but simply attempting to budget all revenues and expenses. By the early 1360s this was largely achieved; a testimony to the capabilities and energy of Edington as an administrator. In 1356 he was named chancellor, a post he held until his retirement from the national scene in 1363, possibly for health reasons.

Ecclasiastical career

While serving in these positions, Edington also held ecclesiastical benefices. In 1335 Orleton collated him to the rectory of Cheriton, Hampshire, and from 1335 to 1346 he was master of St Cross Hospital in Winchester. Also the king was eager to reward his capable servant; in 1341 he was given the prebend of Leighton Manor (Lincoln), by 1344 he also held that of Netheravon (Salisbury), and by 1345 that of Putston (Hereford). This level of pluralism was not unusual at the time. His greatest preferment, however, came with his papal appointment – on the king’s request – to the see of Winchester in 1345. This was the richest see in England, considered second only to the archbishopric of Milan.

Edington Priory in 1826.

The monks of Winchester had already elected one of their own numbers, but this was overruled, and Edington was consecrated in 1346. As a bishop he was necessarily much absent, even with the relatively short distance between Westminster and Winchester. He was not entirely detached from his episcopal duties, however. He used the see as a source for extensive nepotism, yet he also initiated wide-ranging building works on the nave of the cathedral. Meanwhile, in 1351, he founded an Augustinian priory at his birthplace of Edington. Although most of the priory has been demolished, the church still stands, as a good example of the transition between the decorated and perpendicular style of church-building.

In May 1366, as a final sign of royal gratitude, King Edward had Edington elected archbishop of Canterbury. Edington, however, declined on the grounds of failing health. Five months later, on 6 or 7 October 1366, he died at Bishop's Waltham. He is buried in Winchester Cathedral, where his effigy can be seen in the chantry chapel he himself had built in the nave.

References

• Davies, R. G. (2004). 'Edington, William (d. 1366)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, Oxford. (Online article (paysite). Retrieved on 9 August 2006)
• Ormrod, W. M. (1990). The Reign of Edward III, pp. 86–90. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04876-9.

Further reading

• The Edington Cartulary (1987), J. H. Stevenson, ed. Wiltshire Record Society xlii. ISBN 0-901333-19-0.
• Register of William Edington, Bishop of Winchester, 1346–66, i&ii (1986–7), S. F. Hockey, ed. Hampshire Record Series vii, viii. ISBN 0-906680-04-2.
• Hicks, Michael (1991). Who's Who in Late Medieval England, pp. 102–4. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 0-85683-125-5
• McKisack, May (1959). The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399, pp. 212–25. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-821712-9.