Karura: Difference between revisions
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{{For|the subregion in Eritrea|Karura Subregion}} |
{{For|the subregion in Eritrea|Karura Subregion}} |
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[[File:Karura of Kofukuji.jpg|thumb|A statue depicting a wingless Karura, from [[Kofukuji]] Temple, [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Japan, 8th century.]] |
[[File:Karura of Kofukuji.jpg|thumb|A statue depicting a wingless Karura, from [[Kofukuji]] Temple, [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Japan, 8th century.]] |
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The {{nihongo|'''Karura'''|迦楼羅}} is a divine creature with human torso and birdlike head<ref name=shincho>{{cite book|author=Shinchosha|title=新潮世界美術事典 (Shincho Encyclopedia of World Art)|year=1985|publisher=Shinchosha|isbn=4-10-730206-7}}</ref> in [[Japan]]ese Hindu-Buddhist [[Japanese mythology|mythology]]. |
The {{nihongo|'''Karura'''|迦楼羅}} is a divine creature with human torso and birdlike head<ref name=shincho>{{cite book|author=Shinchosha|title=新潮世界美術事典 (Shincho Encyclopedia of World Art)|year=1985|publisher=Shinchosha|isbn=4-10-730206-7}}</ref> in [[Japan]]ese Hindu-Buddhist [[Japanese mythology|mythology]]. |
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The name is a [[transliteration]]<ref name=shincho/> of [[Garuda]] ([[Sanskrit]]: ''{{IAST|Garuḍa}}''<ref name=shincho/> गरुड ; [[Pāli]]: ''{{IAST|Garuḷa}}'') a race of enoromously gigantic birds in [[Hinduism]],<ref>Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan By Saroj Kumar Chaudhuri p.151</ref> upon which the Japanese Buddhist version is based. The same creature may go by the name of {{Nihongo3|lit. "gold-winged bird"|金翅鳥|konjichō|Skr. ''suparṇa''}}.<ref name=shincho/> |
The name is a [[transliteration]]<ref name=shincho/> of [[Garuda]] ([[Sanskrit]]: ''{{IAST|Garuḍa}}''<ref name=shincho/> गरुड ; [[Pāli]]: ''{{IAST|Garuḷa}}'') a race of enoromously gigantic birds in [[Hinduism]],<ref>Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan By Saroj Kumar Chaudhuri p.151</ref> upon which the Japanese Buddhist version is based. The same creature may go by the name of {{Nihongo3|lit. "gold-winged bird"|金翅鳥|konjichō|Skr. ''suparṇa''}}.<ref name=shincho/> |
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The karura is said to be enormous,<ref name=kojien>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Shinmura|first=Izuru|title=広辞苑(Kōjien)|year=1976|publisher=Iwanami}}. Japanese dictionary, 2nd revised edition</ref> fire-breathing,<ref name=kojien/> and to feed on dragons/serpents,<ref name=kojien/> just as Garuda is the bane of [[Nāga]]s. Only a dragon who possesses a [[Buddhist]] talisman, or one who has converted to the Buddhist teaching, can escape unharmed from the Karura{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} |
The karura is said to be enormous,<ref name=kojien>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Shinmura|first=Izuru|title=広辞苑(Kōjien)|year=1976|publisher=Iwanami}}. Japanese dictionary, 2nd revised edition</ref> fire-breathing,<ref name=kojien/> and to feed on dragons/serpents,<ref name=kojien/> just as Garuda is the bane of [[Nāga]]s. Only a dragon who possesses a [[Buddhist]] talisman, or one who has converted to the Buddhist teaching, can escape unharmed from the Karura.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Shumisen or [[Mount Meru]] is said to be its habitat.<ref name=kojien/> |
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Karura is one of the [[Proselytism|proselytized]] and converted creatures recruited to form a guardian unit called the {{Nihongo|''[[Hachibushū]]''|八部衆||"Devas of the Eight Classes"}}.<ref name=kofukuji-cat>{{cite book|last=Murano|first=Takao|coauthors=Tetsurô Kôno (translator)|title=興福寺国宝展(Kōfukuji kokuhō ten)(exhibit catalog)|year=1997|publisher=Art Research Foundation}}, Item #3-2, p.vii (English caption), 32-33 (photo), p.189 (text by Kaneko, Tomoaki(金子智明))</ref><ref>The multilexic {{Harvnb|Shinchosha|1985}} dictionary does not give an English or any other language equivalent for this entry.</ref> |
Karura is one of the [[Proselytism|proselytized]] and converted creatures recruited to form a guardian unit called the {{Nihongo|''[[Hachibushū]]''|八部衆||"Devas of the Eight Classes"}}.<ref name=kofukuji-cat>{{cite book|last=Murano|first=Takao|coauthors=Tetsurô Kôno (translator)|title=興福寺国宝展(Kōfukuji kokuhō ten)(exhibit catalog)|year=1997|publisher=Art Research Foundation}}, Item #3-2, p.vii (English caption), 32-33 (photo), p.189 (text by Kaneko, Tomoaki(金子智明))</ref><ref>The multilexic {{Harvnb|Shinchosha|1985}} dictionary does not give an English or any other language equivalent for this entry.</ref> |
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One famous example is the ''karura'' statue at [[Kōfukuji temple]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] (amongst the eight deva statues presented at {{link-interwiki|en=Eye-opening ceremony|lang=ja|lang_title=開眼法要}} dated to the year [[Tenpyō]] 6 or 734 AD, pictured top right).<ref name=kofukuji-cat/> This karura is depicted as wearing Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] style armor, and thus is seen wingless. |
One famous example is the ''karura'' statue at [[Kōfukuji temple]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] (amongst the eight deva statues presented at {{link-interwiki|en=Eye-opening ceremony|lang=ja|lang_title=開眼法要}} dated to the year [[Tenpyō]] 6 or 734 AD, pictured top right).<ref name=kofukuji-cat/> This karura is depicted as wearing Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] style armor, and thus is seen wingless. |
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But more conventionally, the ''karura'' (garuda) is depicted as a winged being with human torso and avian head, as in the Vajra Hall ({{Nihongo|''Kongō buin''|金剛部院}}) section of the [[Womb Realm]] mandala ({{Nihongo|''Taizōkai mandara''|胎蔵界曼荼羅}}) and other [[iconographic]] books and scrolls.<ref name=shincho/> |
But more conventionally, the ''karura'' (garuda) is depicted as a winged being with human torso and avian head, as in the Vajra Hall ({{Nihongo|''Kongō buin''|金剛部院}}) section of the [[Womb Realm]] mandala ({{Nihongo|''Taizōkai mandara''|胎蔵界曼荼羅}}) and other [[iconographic]] books and scrolls.<ref name=shincho/> |
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The Karura may be mistaken for the {{nihongo|[[Fenghuang|Hōō]]|鳳凰}}, or [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]]{{By whom|date=April 2012}} |
The Karura may be mistaken for the {{nihongo|[[Fenghuang|Hōō]]|鳳凰}}, or [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]].{{By whom|date=April 2012}} |
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==Fine art== |
==Fine art== |
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[[File:Karura (gigaku mask).jpg|thumb|left|karura gikau mask (source:''Shuko Jisshu'', Todaiji Hachimangu (1895))]] |
[[File:Karura (gigaku mask).jpg|thumb|left|karura gikau mask (source:''Shuko Jisshu'', Todaiji Hachimangu (1895))]] |
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The karura (garuda) mask is one of the stock character masks worn by performers of the ancient Japanese courtly dance art of [[gigaku]].<ref name=shincho/><ref name=kojien/> |
The karura (garuda) mask is one of the stock character masks worn by performers of the ancient Japanese courtly dance art of [[gigaku]].<ref name=shincho/><ref name=kojien/> |
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The flaming nimbus or halo is known by the name "karura flame"<ref name=shincho/> and typically seen adorning behind the statue of the {{Nihongo|[[Fudō-Myō|Fudō-myōō]]|不動明王}}). |
The flaming nimbus or halo is known by the name "karura flame"<ref name=shincho/> and typically seen adorning behind the statue of the {{Nihongo|[[Fudō-Myō|Fudō-myōō]]|不動明王}}). |
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The karura is also said to be the prototype of the depictions of the ''[[tengu]]''<ref name=kojien/> or ''[[karasutengu]]''.<ref name=shincho/> |
The karura is also said to be the prototype of the depictions of the ''[[tengu]]''<ref name=kojien/> or ''[[karasutengu]]''.<ref name=shincho/> |
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[[Category:Japanese legendary creatures]] |
[[Category:Japanese legendary creatures]] |
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[[Category:Mythological birds of prey]] |
[[Category:Mythological birds of prey]] |
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{{Japan-myth-stub}} |
{{Japan-myth-stub}} |
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Revision as of 08:32, 7 February 2014
The Karura (迦楼羅) is a divine creature with human torso and birdlike head[1] in Japanese Hindu-Buddhist mythology.
The name is a transliteration[1] of Garuda (Sanskrit: Garuḍa[1] गरुड ; Pāli: Garuḷa) a race of enoromously gigantic birds in Hinduism,[2] upon which the Japanese Buddhist version is based. The same creature may go by the name of konjichō (金翅鳥, lit. "gold-winged bird", Skr. suparṇa).[1]
The karura is said to be enormous,[3] fire-breathing,[3] and to feed on dragons/serpents,[3] just as Garuda is the bane of Nāgas. Only a dragon who possesses a Buddhist talisman, or one who has converted to the Buddhist teaching, can escape unharmed from the Karura.[citation needed] Shumisen or Mount Meru is said to be its habitat.[3]
Karura is one of the proselytized and converted creatures recruited to form a guardian unit called the Hachibushū (八部衆, "Devas of the Eight Classes").[4][5]
One famous example is the karura statue at Kōfukuji temple, Nara (amongst the eight deva statues presented at [[{{{1}}}]] dated to the year Tenpyō 6 or 734 AD, pictured top right).[4] This karura is depicted as wearing Chinese Tang dynasty style armor, and thus is seen wingless.
But more conventionally, the karura (garuda) is depicted as a winged being with human torso and avian head, as in the Vajra Hall (Kongō buin (金剛部院)) section of the Womb Realm mandala (Taizōkai mandara (胎蔵界曼荼羅)) and other iconographic books and scrolls.[1]
The Karura may be mistaken for the Hōō (鳳凰), or Phoenix.[by whom?]
Fine art
.jpg)
The karura (garuda) mask is one of the stock character masks worn by performers of the ancient Japanese courtly dance art of gigaku.[1][3]
The flaming nimbus or halo is known by the name "karura flame"[1] and typically seen adorning behind the statue of the Fudō-myōō (不動明王)).
The karura is also said to be the prototype of the depictions of the tengu[3] or karasutengu.[1]
See also
- Avalerion
- Garuda
- Karyobinga (kalavinka) - angel or harpy like creature in Buddhism
- Kinnara - another avian creature, sometimes included among one of eight devas.
- [[{{{1}}}]] (fr:Tianlong babu) - Also called Tenryū Hachibushū (天竜八部衆, "Devas and dragons of the Eight Classes"); the comprising list of eight creatures will depend on the source.
- List of avian humanoids
- Millennium mamodos
- Tengu
- Utawarerumono
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Shinchosha (1985). 新潮世界美術事典 (Shincho Encyclopedia of World Art). Shinchosha. ISBN 4-10-730206-7.
- ^ Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan By Saroj Kumar Chaudhuri p.151
- ^ a b c d e f Shinmura, Izuru (1976). 広辞苑(Kōjien). Iwanami.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help). Japanese dictionary, 2nd revised edition - ^ a b Murano, Takao (1997). 興福寺国宝展(Kōfukuji kokuhō ten)(exhibit catalog). Art Research Foundation.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help), Item #3-2, p.vii (English caption), 32-33 (photo), p.189 (text by Kaneko, Tomoaki(金子智明)) - ^ The multilexic Shinchosha 1985 dictionary does not give an English or any other language equivalent for this entry.
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