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{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
| name = '''''Tometes'''''
| name = ''Tometes''
| image =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
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'''''Tometes''''' is a [[genus]] of [[rheophilic]] [[serrasalmid]]s found in northern [[South America]].<ref name="Andrade2013" /> Three of the six [[species]] are restricted to river basins in the [[Guiana Shield]], while ''T. makue'' is from the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] and [[Orinoco]] basins. All members of this genus are [[phytophagous]]. Valenciennes, 1850 proposed the term ''Tometes'' in order of their incisiform teeth.<ref name="Andrade2016" />
'''''Tometes''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fish]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Serrasalmidae]] found in northern [[South America]].<ref name=Andrade2013/> Three of the six [[species]] are restricted to river basins in the [[Guiana Shield]], while ''T. makue'' is from the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] and [[Orinoco River|Orinoco basin]]s. All members of this genus are [[phytophagous]]. In 1850 [[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]] proposed the term ''Tometes'' in order of their incisiform teeth.<ref name=Andrade2016/> When ''T. trilobatus'' [[type species]] of the genus, was described in 1850, it was placed in synonymy with ''Myleus setiger'', type-species of the genus ''[[Myleus]]'', which is why ''Tometes'' and ''[[Myleus]]'' were considered to be the same genus for a long time. It was just later that the two genera were revalitated and other specimen could be categorized in the genus ''Tometes''.<ref name=Jégu2002>{{cite journal | authors = Jégu, M., Dos Santos, G.M., Keith, P. & Le Bail, P.-Y. | year = 2002 | title = Supplementary description and rehabilitation of ''Tometes trilobatus'' Valenciennes, 1850, type-species of ''Tometes'' Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae) | journal = Cybium, | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 99-122 }}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
When ''[[Tometes trilobatus]]'', type species of the ''Tometes'' genus, was described in 1850, it was placed in synonymy with ''[[Myleus setiger]]'', type-species of the ''[[Myleus]]'' genus, which is why ''Tometes'' and ''[[Myleus]]'' were considered to be the same genus for a long time. It was just later that the two genera were revalitated and other specimen could be categorized in the genus of ''Tometes''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last = Jégu, Dos Santos, Keith, Le Bail|first =|date = June 2002|title = Supplementary description and rehabilitation of Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850, type-species of Tometes Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae)|url =|journal = Journal of Ichthylogy|doi =|pmid =|access-date =}}</ref>
⚫
Even today the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] classification of the [[Serrasalmidae]] is not an easy task. Many specimens are still placed in [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]] due to a lack of information and insufficient data bases. It was not long ago when it was discovered that ''Tometes'' and ''Myleus'' are two different genera but that ''Tometes'', ''Myleus'', ''[[Mylesinus]]'' and ''[[Ossubtus]]'' share a common ancestor. Typical characters of ''Tometes'' coincide with ''[[Mylesinus]]'' and ''[[Ossubtus]]'' specimen more than ''Myleus''.<ref name=Jégu2002/> Its is further known that specimen of ''Tometes'' live in sympatry with other [[Rheophile|reophilic]] Serrasalmidae.<ref name=Andrade2013/> ''Tometes'' species are also not to be mistaken with [[Pacu]]s, a vegeterian fish, which is often sold as a vegetarian piranha in the corresponding countries. One can easily distinguish one from another by their very different composition of their dentition.<ref name=Mitchell2013>{{cite web | author = Mitchell, E. | year = 2013 | url = https://answersingenesis.org/aquatic-animals/fish/vegetarian-piranhas-teeth-point-to-pre-fall-perfection/ | title = Vegetarian Piranhas’ Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection | website = Answers in Genesis }}</ref>


== Taxonomy ==
==Description==
⚫
This genus is strictly [[herbivorous]] fishes from the Serrasalmidae family. They reach a length of around 500&nbsp;mm and a weight of up to 4&nbsp;kg, although this can vary among species. The body color of these species is generally silver, showing a brighter color at the bottom side. Their name was given due to their incisiform teeth, which are thicker and lower than in the other related genera.<ref name=Jégu2002/> Also the teeth are placed side by side, are weakly attached to the jaw and are primarily used for cutting leaves. Sexually mature male of ''Tometes'' differ from females by an additional [[Anal fin|anal-fin]] lobe, an elongated [[dorsal fin]] or a red pattern on the body.<ref name=Mol2012>{{cite book | title = The Freshwater Fishes of Suriname | authors = Mol, J.H.A. | publisher = Brill | year = 2012 | isbn = 9789004207660 | pages = 890 }}</ref>
⚫
Even today the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] classification of the [[serrasalmidae]] is not an easy task. Many specimens are still placed in synonymy due to a lack of information and insufficient data bases. It was not long ago when it was discovered that ''Tometes'' and ''[[Myleus]]'' are two different genera but that ''Tometes'', ''[[Myleus]]'', ''[[Mylesinus]]'' and ''[[Ossubtus]]'' share a common ancestor. Typical characters of ''Tometes'' coincide with ''[[Mylesinus]]'' and ''[[Ossubtus]]'' specimen more than ''[[Myleus]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Its is further known that specimen of ''Tometes'' live in sympatry with other [[Rheophile|reophilic]] [[serrasalmidae]] (e.g., ''[[Myleus stetiger]]'').<ref name="Andrade2013" /> Tometes species are also not to be mistaken with [[Pacu]]s, a vegeterian fish, which is often sold as a vegetarian piranha in the corresponding countries. One can easily distinguish one from another by their very different composition of their dentition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://answersingenesis.org/aquatic-animals/fish/vegetarian-piranhas-teeth-point-to-pre-fall-perfection/|title=Vegetarian Piranhas’ Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection|website=Answers in Genesis|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-07}}</ref>


⚫
==Habitat and Ecology==
== Description ==
⚫
Many valid species of ''Tometes'' were found in the left-bank tributaries of the lower [[Amazon basin]], northeastern coastal rivers of the [[Guiana Shield]], middle and upper Rio Negro and right-bank tributaries of the upper Rio [[Orinoco]] but ''T. ancylorhynchus'' and ''T. kranponhah'' are found in the coastal rivers of the [[Brazilian Shield]].<ref name=Andrade2016/> These species live in rapidly moving water with a rocky environment. A dense occurrence of ''Tometes'' larvae and juveniles in [[rapids]] around [[Podostemaceae|Podostemacae]], the main food source of ''Tometes'', suggests that there is a positiv rheotrophism in the larval stage. This association to their food source is correlated with their hyperspecificity, which can be seen in their vulnerability of the loss of [[rapids]] by the introduction of [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dams. In a cultural aspect [[Rheophile|rheophilic]] [[Serrasalmidae|serrasalmids]] (''Tometes'', ''Myloplus'' and ''Mylesinus'') are important in the tradition of local communities.<ref name=Andrade2013/>
⚫
''Tometes'' are strictly [[herbivorous]] fishes from the serrasalmidae family. They reach a length of around 500&nbsp;mm and a weight of up to 4&nbsp;kg, although this can vary among species. The body color of ''Tometes'' species is generally silver, showing a brighter color at the bottom side. Their name was given due to their [[incisiform]] teeth, which are thicker and lower than in the other related genera.<ref name=":0" /> Also the teeth are placed side by side, are weakly attached to the jaw and are primarily used for cutting leaves. Sexually mature male of ''Tometes'' differ from females by an additional [[Anal fin|anal-fin]] lobe, an elongated [[dorsal fin]] or a red pattern on the body.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Freshwater Fishes of Surinam|last=H.A. Mol|first=Jan|publisher=|year=2012|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

⚫
== Habitat and Ecology ==
All valid species of ''Tomete''s were found in the left-bank tributaries of the lower [[Amazon basin]], northeastern coastal rivers of the [[Guiana Shield]], middle and upper Rio Negro, and right-bank tributaries of the upper Rio [[Orinoco]].<ref name=":0" />

⚫
''Tometes'' species live in rapidly moving water with a rocky environment. A dense occurrence of ''Tometes'' larvae and juveniles in [[rapids]] around [[Podostemaceae|Podostemacae]], the main food source of ''Tometes'', suggests that there is a positiv [[rheotrophism]] in the larval stage. This association to their food source is correlated with their hyperspecificity, which can be seen in their vulnerability of the loss of [[rapids]] by the introduction of [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dams. In a cultural aspect [[Rheophile|rheophilic]] [[Serrasalmidae|serrasalmids]] (''e.g.'', species of ''Tometes'', ''Myloplus'', and ''Mylesinus'') are important in the tradition of local communities.<ref name="Andrade2013" />


==Species==
==Species==
There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:
There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:
* ''[[Tometes ancylorhynchus]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]] & [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]], 2016</small> <ref name=Andrade2016>Andrade, M.C., Jégu, M. & Giarizzo, T. (2016): ''Tometes kranponhah'' and ''Tometes ancylorhynchus'' (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), two new phytophagous serrasalmids, and the first ''Tometes'' species described from the Brazilian Shield. ''Journal of Fish Biology, Published online: 04 Jan 2016.''</ref>
* ''[[Tometes ancylorhynchus]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]] & [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]], 2016</small> <ref name=Andrade2016>Andrade, M.C., Jégu, M. & Giarizzo, T. (2016): ''Tometes kranponhah'' and ''Tometes ancylorhynchus'' (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), two new phytophagous serrasalmids, and the first ''Tometes'' species described from the Brazilian Shield. ''Journal of Fish Biology, 89 (1): 467-494.''</ref>
* ''[[Tometes camunani]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]] & [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], 2013</small> <ref name=Andrade2013>Andrade, M.C., Giarrizzo, T. & Jégu, M. (2013): ''Tometes camunani'' (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a new species of phytophagous fish from the Guiana Shield, rio Trombetas basin, Brazil. ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2): 297-306.''</ref>
* ''[[Tometes camunani]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]] & [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], 2013</small> <ref name=Andrade2013>Andrade, M.C., Giarizzo, T. & Jégu, M. (2013): ''Tometes camunani'' (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a new species of phytophagous fish from the Guiana Shield, rio Trombetas basin, Brazil. ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2): 297-306.''</ref>
* ''[[Tometes kranponhah]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]] & [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]], 2016</small> <ref name=Andrade2016/>
* ''[[Tometes kranponhah]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]] & [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]], 2016</small> <ref name=Andrade2016/>
* ''[[Tometes lebaili]]'' <small>[[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], [[Philippe Keith|Keith]] & [[Elizabeth Belmont-Jégu|Belmont-Jégu]], 2002</small><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jégu & Keith|first=|date=March 2005|title=Threatened fishes of the world: Tometes lebaili (Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 2002) (Characidae: Serrasalminae)|url=|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref>
* ''[[Tometes lebaili]]'' <small>[[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], [[Philippe Keith|Keith]] & [[Elizabeth Belmont-Jégu|Belmont-Jégu]], 2002</small> <ref name=Jégu2005>{{cite journal | authors = Jégu, M. & Keith, P. | year = 2005 | title = Threatened fishes of the world: ''Tometes lebaili'' (Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 2002) (Characidae: Serrasalminae) | journal = Environmental Biology of Fishes, | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 378-378 }}</ref>
* ''[[Tometes makue]]'' <small>[[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], [[Geraldo Mendes dos Santos|G. M. Santos]] & [[Elizabeth Belmont-Jégu|Belmont-Jégu]], 2002</small><ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Tometes makue]]'' <small>[[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], [[Geraldo Mendes dos Santos|G. M. Santos]] & [[Elizabeth Belmont-Jégu|Belmont-Jégu]], 2002</small>
* ''[[Tometes trilobatus]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1850</small><ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Tometes trilobatus]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1850</small>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:45, 16 July 2016

Tometes
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Characiformes
Family:
Serrasalmidae
Genus:
Tometes

Type species
Tometes trilobatus
Valenciennes, 1850

Tometes is a genus of fish in the family Serrasalmidae found in northern South America.[1] Three of the six species are restricted to river basins in the Guiana Shield, while T. makue is from the Rio Negro and Orinoco basins. All members of this genus are phytophagous. In 1850 Valenciennes proposed the term Tometes in order of their incisiform teeth.[2] When T. trilobatus type species of the genus, was described in 1850, it was placed in synonymy with Myleus setiger, type-species of the genus Myleus, which is why Tometes and Myleus were considered to be the same genus for a long time. It was just later that the two genera were revalitated and other specimen could be categorized in the genus Tometes.[3]

Taxonomy

Even today the taxonomic classification of the Serrasalmidae is not an easy task. Many specimens are still placed in synonymy due to a lack of information and insufficient data bases. It was not long ago when it was discovered that Tometes and Myleus are two different genera but that Tometes, Myleus, Mylesinus and Ossubtus share a common ancestor. Typical characters of Tometes coincide with Mylesinus and Ossubtus specimen more than Myleus.[3] Its is further known that specimen of Tometes live in sympatry with other reophilic Serrasalmidae.[1] Tometes species are also not to be mistaken with Pacus, a vegeterian fish, which is often sold as a vegetarian piranha in the corresponding countries. One can easily distinguish one from another by their very different composition of their dentition.[4]

Description

This genus is strictly herbivorous fishes from the Serrasalmidae family. They reach a length of around 500 mm and a weight of up to 4 kg, although this can vary among species. The body color of these species is generally silver, showing a brighter color at the bottom side. Their name was given due to their incisiform teeth, which are thicker and lower than in the other related genera.[3] Also the teeth are placed side by side, are weakly attached to the jaw and are primarily used for cutting leaves. Sexually mature male of Tometes differ from females by an additional anal-fin lobe, an elongated dorsal fin or a red pattern on the body.[5]

Habitat and Ecology

Many valid species of Tometes were found in the left-bank tributaries of the lower Amazon basin, northeastern coastal rivers of the Guiana Shield, middle and upper Rio Negro and right-bank tributaries of the upper Rio Orinoco but T. ancylorhynchus and T. kranponhah are found in the coastal rivers of the Brazilian Shield.[2] These species live in rapidly moving water with a rocky environment. A dense occurrence of Tometes larvae and juveniles in rapids around Podostemacae, the main food source of Tometes, suggests that there is a positiv rheotrophism in the larval stage. This association to their food source is correlated with their hyperspecificity, which can be seen in their vulnerability of the loss of rapids by the introduction of hydroelectric dams. In a cultural aspect rheophilic serrasalmids (Tometes, Myloplus and Mylesinus) are important in the tradition of local communities.[1]

Species

There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:

References

  1. ^ a b c d Andrade, M.C., Giarizzo, T. & Jégu, M. (2013): Tometes camunani (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a new species of phytophagous fish from the Guiana Shield, rio Trombetas basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2): 297-306.
  2. ^ a b c d Andrade, M.C., Jégu, M. & Giarizzo, T. (2016): Tometes kranponhah and Tometes ancylorhynchus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), two new phytophagous serrasalmids, and the first Tometes species described from the Brazilian Shield. Journal of Fish Biology, 89 (1): 467-494.
  3. ^ a b c "Supplementary description and rehabilitation of Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850, type-species of Tometes Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae)". Cybium,. 26 (2): 99–122. 2002. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  4. ^ Mitchell, E. (2013). "Vegetarian Piranhas' Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection". Answers in Genesis.
  5. ^ The Freshwater Fishes of Suriname. Brill. 2012. p. 890. ISBN 9789004207660. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  6. ^ "Threatened fishes of the world: Tometes lebaili (Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 2002) (Characidae: Serrasalminae)". Environmental Biology of Fishes,. 72 (4): 378–378. 2005. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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