Podostemaceae

Podostemaceae
	Rhyncholacis penicillata
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family :	Podostemaceae
Scientific name
	Podostemaceae
	Rich. ex Kunth

The Podostemaceae are a plant family in the order of the Malpighia-like (Malpighiales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). The kormus- like shape with often strongly receded plant parts is an adaptation to their location on stones in flowing waters. Many species are reminiscent of liverworts in their habitus and can only be clearly recognized as flowering plants for the layperson when they are in bloom.

description

Illustration of Apinagia fucoides

Illustration of Mourera fluviatilis

They are annual or perennial herbaceous plants . It is the most species-rich family of flowering plants (Magnoliopsida) with only submerged, i.e. submerged, aquatic plants that usually thrive in fast-flowing river sections and even in waterfalls. The mostly flattened, thalloid or thread-like roots anchor the plants to stones or wood. The leaves , arranged in two rows on the stems, are scattered or scale-shaped, with a flat leaf base and smooth or divided leaf margin.

The flowers can be solitary by a spathaähnlichen bract be wrapped. The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry or zygomorphic . The two to five bracts are free to more or less fused. There are one to four stamens with free or partially overgrown stamens. Two to three pistils have become a top permanent ovary grown, many ovules includes a central placentation. There are two or three free pens available.

Septicidal capsule fruits with many seeds are formed. The tiny seeds have no endosperm .

Subfamily Tristichoideae: Tristicha trifaria

Subfamily Podostemoideae: flowers of Apinagia longifolia

Subfamily Podostemoideae: habit and flowers of Apinagia longifolia

Subfamily Podostemoideae: Macarenia clavigera

Subfamily Podostemoideae: flowers and fruits of Mourera fluviatilis

Systematics and distribution

The Podostemaceae family has a pantropical distribution overall, but many of the species and even genera are only native to narrowly defined areas. In the Neotropic there are about 21 genera with about 135 species.

The Podostemaceae family was first published in 1816 by Louis Claude Marie Richard in Karl Sigismund Kunth : Nova Genera et Species Plantarum , 4th edition, 1, p. 246 under the name "Podostemeae" and another publication by him took place in Aphor. Bot. , 125, 19, 1822. The type genus is Podostemum Michx. Synonyms are for Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth are: Marathraceae Dumort. , Philocrenaceae Bong. , Tristichaceae Willis .

The Podostemaceae family is divided into three subfamilies with a total of 48 to 52 genera and around 270 species, many (41%) genera are monotypical (distribution of the genera and species numbers as of 2011):

Subfamily Weddellinoideae Engl .: It contains only one genus:

Weddellina Tul. : It contains only one type:
- Weddellina squamulosa Tul. : It is common from northern to central South America.

Subfamily Tristichoideae Engl. (Syn .: Philocrenaceae Bong. , Tristichaceae Willis ): It contains three to six genera with four to more than ten species:

Dalzellia R.Wight non C.Cusset & G.Cusset (Syn .: Lawia Griffith ex Tulasne nom. Illeg., Tulasnea R.Wight nom. Illeg., Terniola Tulasne , Mnianthus Walpers ): The four to species are in southern Asia and common in Southeast Asia.
Heterotristicha Tobler : It contains only one species:
- Heterotristicha schroederi Tobler : It was described from Uruguay.
Indodalzellia Koi & M.Kato : This genus, newly established in 2009, contains only one species:
- Indodalzellia gracilis (CJMathew, Jäger-Zürn & Nileena) Koi & M.Kato : It only thrives in the southern areas of the Western Ghats in the Indian state of Kerala in the districts of Idukki, Malappuram, Kottayam, Thrissur, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta and Kasaragode.
Indotristicha P.Royen : The only two species occur only in southern India:
- Indotristicha ramosissima (P.Wight) P.Royen
- Indotristicha tirunelveliana Sharma, Karthikeyan & Shetty
Malaccotristicha C.Cusset & G.Cusset : It contains only one species:
- Malaccotristicha australis (C.Cusset & G.Cusset) M.Kato, Y.Kita & Koi : It was described from Australia.
Terniopsis H.C. Chao : It contains only one species:
- Terniopsis malayana (J.Dransf. & Whitmore) M.Kato (Syn .: Indotristicha malayana J.Dransf. & Whitmore ): It was described from Malesia.
Tristicha Thouars : It contains only one species:
- Tristicha alternifolia (Willd.) Tul. : They are widespread in the Neotropics from Mexico to central South America.

Subfamily Podostemoideae Engl. (Syn .: Marathraceae Dumort. ): It contains about 45 genera and about 260 species with pantropical distribution:

Angolaea Wedd. : It contains only one type:
Angolaea fluitans Wedd. : It occurs in Angola.

Apinagia Tul. ( Blandowia Willd. , Ligea Poit. Ex Tul. , Neolacis Wedd. , Oenone Tul. ): The approximately 51 species are distributed from northern South America to northern Argentina.

Autana C.Philbrick : This genus was established in 2011 and contains only one species:
Autana andersonii C.Philbrick : It occurs in the Orinoco catchment areain Venezuela .

Butumia G.Taylor : It contains only one species:
Butumia marginalis G.Taylor : It occurs in tropical West Africa.

Castelnavia Tul. & Wedd. : The five or so species are common in central Brazil.

Ceratolacis (Tul.) Wedd. : The only two types are common in southeastern Brazil.

Cipoia Philbrick et al. : The only two types are common in southeastern Brazil.

Cladopus H.Möller : The four or so species are common in Asia.

Diamantina Novelo, CTPhilbrick & Irgang : It contains only one type:
Diamantina lombardii Novelo, CTPhilbrick & Irgang : It is common in southeastern Brazil.

Dicraeanthus Engl .: It contains about four species that occur in West Africa.

Diplobryum C.Cusset : it contains about three species are found in Laos and Vietnam before.

Djinga C.Cusset : It contains only one species:
Djinga felicis C.Cusset : This endemic thrives only on Mount Djinga and near Mount Oku in northwestern Cameroon .

Endocaulos C.Cusset : It contains only one species:
Endocaulos mangorense (Perr.) C. Cusset: It occurs in Madagaksr.

Farmeria Willis ex Trimen : It contains only one species:
Farmeria metzgerioides (Trimen) Willis ex Hook. f. : It occurs in Sri Lanka.

Hanseniella C. Cusset : The only two species occur only in northern Thailand:

Hanseniella heterophylla C. Cusset

Hanseniella smitinandii M. Kato

Hydrobryum Endl. (Syn .: Euhydrobryum Koidzumi , Hydroanzia Koidzumi , Synstylis C.Cusset , Polypleurella Engl. Pro parte): The about four species are common in Asia.

Jenmaniella Engl .: The approximately seven species distributed in northern South America.

Ledermanniella Engl .: The approximately 45 species occur in tropical Africa.

Leiothylax Warm. : The three or so species occur in tropical Africa.

Letestuella G.Taylor : It contains only one species:
Letestuella tisserantii G.Taylor ; It occurs in southwest Africa.

Lonchostephus Tul. : It contains only one type:
Lonchostephus elegans Tul. : It is common from northern to central Brazil.

Lophogyne Tul. : It contains only one type:
Lophogyne lacunosa (Gardner) CPBove & CTPhilbrick : It is common in southeastern Brazil.

Macarenia P.Royen : It contains only one species:
Macarenia clavigera P.Royen : It occurs in Colombia.

Macropodiella Engl .: The six or so species occur in tropical West Africa.

Maferria C.Cusset : It contains only one species:
Maferria indica (Willis) C. Cusset : It occurs in southwestern India.

Marathrum Humb. & Bonpl. : The nine or so species are widespread in the Neotropics from Mexico to Argentina.

Monostylis Tul. : It contains only one type:
Monostylis capillacea Tul. : It is common in central Brazil.

Mourera Aubl. : The approximately six species are distributed from northern South America to northern Argentina.

Oserya Tul. & Wedd. : The seven or so species are widespread in the Neotropics from Mexico to northern Brazil.

Paleodicraeia C.Cusset : It contains only one species:
Paleodicraeia imbricata (Tul.) C. Cusset : It occurs in Madagascar.

Podostemum Michx. : The eleven or so species are widespread from North America to southeastern South America.

Polypleurum (Tul.) Warm. : The four or so species occur in India and Sri Lanka.

Rhyncholacis Tul. : The approximately 22 species are distributed in northern South America.

Saxicolella Engl. (Syn .: Pohliella Engl. , Aulea C. Cusset ex Lebrun & Stork nom. Illeg.): The approximately five species are distributed in tropical West Africa from Angola to Nigeria.

Sphaerothylax Bish. ex C. Krauss ( Anastrophea Weddell ): The two or perhaps more species are common in Madagascar and in northern tropical and southern Africa.

Stonesia G.Taylor : The four or so species occur in tropical West Africa in a relatively small region in Guinea and Sierra Leone.

Thawatchaia M.Kato, Koi & Y.Kita : It was set up in 2004 and contains only one species:
Thawatchaia trilobata M.Kato, Koi & Y.Kita : It occurs only in northern Thailand.

Thelethylax C.Cusset : The only two species occur only in Madagascar:

Thelethylax isalensis (Perrier) C. Cusset

Thelethylax minutiflora (Tulasne) C.Cusset

Torrenticola Domin (Syn .: Cladopus H.Möller ): It contains only one species:
Torrenticola queenslandica (Domin) Domin ex Steenis : It occurs in southeastern New Guinea (Port Moresby region) and in Queensland.

Tulasneantha P. Royen : It contains only one species:
Tulasneantha monadelpha (Bongard) P.Royen : It occurs in central Brazil.

Vanroyenella A. Novelo & Philbrick : It contains only one species:
Vanroyenella plumosa Novelo & Philbrick : It occurs only in the Mexican states of Jalisco and Oaxaca.

Wettsteiniola Suess. : The only three species are distributed from southern Brazil to northern Argentina.

Willisia Warm. (Syn .: Mniopsis Mart. Nom. Illeg. Pro parte): The only two species occur only in southwestern India:

Willisia arekaliana Shivamurthy & Sadanand

Willisia selaginoides (Beddome) Warming ex Willis

Winklerella Engl .: It contains only one species:
Winklerella dichotoma Engl .: This local endemic only thrives at the Sanaga waterfalls in Edéa in Cameroon . The habitat is smaller than 1 km².

Zehnderia C.Cusset : It contains only one species:
Zehnderia microgyna C.Cusset : This local endemic only thrives at the Sanaga waterfalls in Edéa in Cameroon . The habitat is smaller than 200 m².

Zeylanidium (Tul.) Engl. (Syn .: Hydrobryopsis Engl. , Podostemum auct. Non A.Michaux ): The five or six species are distributed from Sri Lanka through southern, western and northeastern India to Myanmar.

swell

The family of podostemaceae in APWebsite. (Section systematics)
Family description at DELTA. (Section description)
R. Rutishauser, E. Pfeifer, V. Grob, A. Bernhard, 2007: Podostemaceae of Africa and Madagascar: Keys to genera and species, including genera descriptions, illustrations to all species known, synonyms, and literature list. Version 20-07-2007. (Section systematics)
Huaxing Qiu, C. Thomas Philbrick: Podostemaceae , p. 190 with the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 5 - Ulmaceae through Basellaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003. ISBN 1-930723-27-X (Description section)
C. Thomas Philbrick, Claudia P. Bove, Hannah I. Stevens: Endemism in Neotropical Podostemaceae. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 97, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 425-456. doi: 10.3417 / 2008087
Nicholas P. Tippery, C. Thomas Philbrick, Claudia P. Bove, Donald H. Les: Systematics and phylogeny of Neotropical riverweeds (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae). In: Systematic Botany , Volume 36, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 105-118. doi: 10.1600 / 036364411X553180
Search for "Podostemaceae" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . (Section systematics)
Helen I. Aston: Entry in Flora of Australia Online .
PM Moline, M. Thiv, Gabriel K. Ameka, Jean-Paul Ghogue, Evelin Pfeifer, Rolf Rutishauser: Comparative morphology and molecular systematics of African Podostemaceae-Podostemoideae, with emphasis on Dicraeanthus and Ledermanniella from Cameroon. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 168, 2007, pp. 159-180.
David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^from Nicholas P. Tippery, C. Thomas Philbrick, Claudia P. Bove, Donald H. Les: Systematics and phylogeny of Neotropical riverweeds (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae). In: Systematic Botany , Volume 36, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 105-118. doi: 10.1600 / 036364411X553180
↑ Podostemaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b ^c The International Plant Names Index. [1]
^ S. Koi, Rolf Rutishauser, M. Kato: Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of Dalzellia gracilis (Podostemaceae, subfamily Tristichoideae) with proposal of a new genus. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 170, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 237-246.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
^ C. Thomas Philbrick, Jacqueline Malecki: A New Genus of Podostemaceae from Venezuela. In: Novon , Volume 21, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 475-480. doi: 10.3417 / 2010051
Jump up ↑ Jean-Paul Ghogue, Gabriel K. Ameka, Valentin Grob, Konrada Huber, Evelin Pfeifer, Rolf Rutishauser: Enigmatic morphology of Djinga felicis (Podostemaceae - Podostemoideae), a badly known endemic from northwestern Cameroon. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 160, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 64-81. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00961.x
↑ M. Kato, Koi, Y. Kita: A New Foliose-rooted Genus of Podostemaceae from Thailand with a Note on Root Evolution. In: Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica , Volume 55, 2004, pp. 65-73.

Web links

Commons : Podostemaceae - collection of images, videos and audio files

[Tippery2011-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^from Nicholas P. Tippery, C. Thomas Philbrick, Claudia P. Bove, Donald H. Les: Systematics and phylogeny of Neotropical riverweeds (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae). In: Systematic Botany , Volume 36, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 105-118. doi: 10.1600 / 036364411X553180

[GRIN-2] Podostemaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[IPNI-3] The International Plant Names Index. [1]

[Koi2009-4] S. Koi, Rolf Rutishauser, M. Kato: Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of Dalzellia gracilis (Podostemaceae, subfamily Tristichoideae) with proposal of a new genus. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 170, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 237-246.

[Mabberley2008-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4

[Philbrick2011-6] C. Thomas Philbrick, Jacqueline Malecki: A New Genus of Podostemaceae from Venezuela. In: Novon , Volume 21, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 475-480. doi: 10.3417 / 2010051

[Ghogue2009-7] Jump up ↑ Jean-Paul Ghogue, Gabriel K. Ameka, Valentin Grob, Konrada Huber, Evelin Pfeifer, Rolf Rutishauser: Enigmatic morphology of Djinga felicis (Podostemaceae - Podostemoideae), a badly known endemic from northwestern Cameroon. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 160, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 64-81. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00961.x

[Kato2004-8] M. Kato, Koi, Y. Kita: A New Foliose-rooted Genus of Podostemaceae from Thailand with a Note on Root Evolution. In: Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica , Volume 55, 2004, pp. 65-73.