Oryza glaberrima: Difference between revisions
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'''''Oryza glaberrima''''', commonly known as '''African rice''', is a domesticated [[rice]] species. It is believed to have been domesticated 2000–3000 years ago in the [[Inner Niger Delta|inland delta]] of the Upper [[Niger River]], in what is now [[Mali]].<ref>Linares 2002, [http://www.pnas.org/content/99/25/16360.full African rice (''Oryza glaberrima''): History and future potential]. PNAS 99:16360-16365</ref> Its wild ancestor, which still grows wild in [[Africa]], is ''[[Oryza barthii]]''. |
'''''Oryza glaberrima''''', commonly known as '''African rice''', is a domesticated [[rice]] species. It is believed to have been domesticated 2000–3000 years ago in the [[Inner Niger Delta|inland delta]] of the Upper [[Niger River]], in what is now [[Mali]].<ref>Linares 2002, [http://www.pnas.org/content/99/25/16360.full African rice (''Oryza glaberrima''): History and future potential]. PNAS 99:16360-16365</ref> Its wild ancestor, which still grows wild in [[Africa]], is ''[[Oryza barthii]]''. |
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Oryza Glaberrima is domesticated by harvesting "when it is needed" and fried directly with fire "known as puff rice", fresh rice are fried and is |
Oryza Glaberrima is domesticated by harvesting "when it is needed" and fried directly with fire "known as puff rice", fresh rice are fried and is eaten. Through its number rice seeds are replanted again. Fried rice have browny color when fried this is because of the husk that is green in color when heated turns brown. |
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This species is grown in West Africa. African rice often shows more tolerance to fluctuations in water depth, iron toxicity, infertile soils, severe climatic conditions, and human neglect, and exhibits better resistance to various pests and diseases, such as [[nematode]]s (''[[Heterodera sacchari]]'' and ''[[Meloidogyne]]'' spp.), [[Cecidomyiidae|African rice gall midge (''Orseolia oryzivora'')]], [[Benyvirus|rice stripe necrosis virus]], [[rice yellow mottle virus]], and the parasitic plants ''[[Striga (plant)|Striga]]''. The species shows several negative characteristics with respect to the Asian rice species ''[[Oryza sativa|O. sativa]]'', such as brittle grain and cracking during industrial polishing.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books/about/Black_Rice.html?id=YXWkwXHFWf0C Carney 2009]</ref> More importantly, it consistently shows lower yields than ''O. sativa'', which is due to its tendency to shatter grains easily.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Yield loss of Oryza glaberrima caused by grain shattering under rainfed upland conditions|url = http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/92412|journal = International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences|date = 2013-01-01|issn = 1997-342X|pages = 535–543|volume = 7|issue = 2|doi = 10.4314/ijbcs.v7i2.10|language = en|first = D.|last = Montcho|first2 = K.|last2 = Futakuchi|first3 = C.|last3 = Agbangla|first4 = M.|last4 = Fofana|first5 = I.|last5 = Dieng}}</ref> |
This species is grown in West Africa. African rice often shows more tolerance to fluctuations in water depth, iron toxicity, infertile soils, severe climatic conditions, and human neglect, and exhibits better resistance to various pests and diseases, such as [[nematode]]s (''[[Heterodera sacchari]]'' and ''[[Meloidogyne]]'' spp.), [[Cecidomyiidae|African rice gall midge (''Orseolia oryzivora'')]], [[Benyvirus|rice stripe necrosis virus]], [[rice yellow mottle virus]], and the parasitic plants ''[[Striga (plant)|Striga]]''. The species shows several negative characteristics with respect to the Asian rice species ''[[Oryza sativa|O. sativa]]'', such as brittle grain and cracking during industrial polishing.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books/about/Black_Rice.html?id=YXWkwXHFWf0C Carney 2009]</ref> More importantly, it consistently shows lower yields than ''O. sativa'', which is due to its tendency to shatter grains easily.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Yield loss of Oryza glaberrima caused by grain shattering under rainfed upland conditions|url = http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/92412|journal = International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences|date = 2013-01-01|issn = 1997-342X|pages = 535–543|volume = 7|issue = 2|doi = 10.4314/ijbcs.v7i2.10|language = en|first = D.|last = Montcho|first2 = K.|last2 = Futakuchi|first3 = C.|last3 = Agbangla|first4 = M.|last4 = Fofana|first5 = I.|last5 = Dieng}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 00:37, 6 August 2016
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Oryza glaberrima, commonly known as African rice, is a domesticated rice species. It is believed to have been domesticated 2000–3000 years ago in the inland delta of the Upper Niger River, in what is now Mali.[1] Its wild ancestor, which still grows wild in Africa, is Oryza barthii.
Oryza Glaberrima is domesticated by harvesting "when it is needed" and fried directly with fire "known as puff rice", fresh rice are fried and is eaten. Through its number rice seeds are replanted again. Fried rice have browny color when fried this is because of the husk that is green in color when heated turns brown.
This species is grown in West Africa. African rice often shows more tolerance to fluctuations in water depth, iron toxicity, infertile soils, severe climatic conditions, and human neglect, and exhibits better resistance to various pests and diseases, such as nematodes (Heterodera sacchari and Meloidogyne spp.), African rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzivora), rice stripe necrosis virus, rice yellow mottle virus, and the parasitic plants Striga. The species shows several negative characteristics with respect to the Asian rice species O. sativa, such as brittle grain and cracking during industrial polishing.[2] More importantly, it consistently shows lower yields than O. sativa, which is due to its tendency to shatter grains easily.[3]
Scientists from the Africa Rice Center managed to cross-breed African rice with Asian rice varieties to produce a group of interspecific cultivars called New Rice for Africa (NERICA).[4]
The genome of O. glaberrima has been sequenced, and was published in 2014.[5]
References
- ^ Linares 2002, African rice (Oryza glaberrima): History and future potential. PNAS 99:16360-16365
- ^ Carney 2009
- ^ Montcho, D.; Futakuchi, K.; Agbangla, C.; Fofana, M.; Dieng, I. (2013-01-01). "Yield loss of Oryza glaberrima caused by grain shattering under rainfed upland conditions". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 7 (2): 535–543. doi:10.4314/ijbcs.v7i2.10. ISSN 1997-342X.
- ^ Jones, Monty P.; Dingkuhn, Michael; Aluko/snm>, Gabriel K.; Semon, Mandé (1997-03-01). "Interspecific Oryza Sativa L. X O. Glaberrima Steud. progenies in upland rice improvement". Euphytica. 94 (2): 237–246. doi:10.1023/A:1002969932224. ISSN 0014-2336.
- ^ Zhang, QJ.; Zhu, T.; Xia, EH.; Shi, C.; Liu, YL.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, WK.; et al. (Nov 2014). "Rapid diversification of five Oryza AA genomes associated with rice adaptation". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111 (46): E4954–E4962. doi:10.1073/pnas.1418307111. PMID 25368197.
Further reading
- Oryza glaberrima: A source for the improvement of Oryza sativa
- Carolina Gold
- Identification of a rice stripe necrosis virus resistance locus and yield component QTLs using Oryza sativa × O. glaberrima introgression lines
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