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'''''Tometes''''' is a [[genus]] of [[rheophilic]] [[fish]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Serrasalmidae]] found in northern [[South America]].<ref name=Andrade2013/> Three of the six [[species]] are restricted to river basins in the [[Guiana Shield]], while ''T. makue'' is from the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] and [[Orinoco]] basins. All members of this genus are [[phytophagous]]. The genus name ''Tometes'' was coined in 1850 by [[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]] in reference to the [[Incisor|incisiform]] teeth.<ref name=Andrade2016/>
'''''Tometes''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fish]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Serrasalmidae]] found in fast-flowing rivers in northern [[South America]].<ref name=Andrade2013/><ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Tometes| month = February | year = 2017}}</ref> Adults of all six members of this genus are [[phytophagous]], feeding primarily on plants in the [[Podostemaceae]] family.<ref name=Andrade2016/>


When the [[type species]] of the genus, ''T. trilobatus'', was described in 1850, it was placed in synonymy with ''Myleus setiger'', the type species of the genus ''[[Myleus]]'', which is why ''Tometes'' and ''Myleus'' were considered to be the same genus for a long time. It was just later that the two genera were revalitated and other specimen could be categorized in the genus ''Tometes''.<ref name="Jégu2002">{{cite journal | authors = Jégu, M., Dos Santos, G.M., Keith, P. & Le Bail, P.-Y. | year = 2002 | title = Supplementary description and rehabilitation of ''Tometes trilobatus'' Valenciennes, 1850, type-species of ''Tometes'' Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae) | journal = Cybium, | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–122 }}</ref>
The genus name ''Tometes'' was coined in 1850 by [[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]] in reference to the [[Incisor|incisiform]] teeth. When the [[type species]] of the genus, ''T. trilobatus'', was described in 1850, it was placed in [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] with ''Myleus setiger'', the type species of the genus ''[[Myleus]]'', which is why ''Tometes'' and ''Myleus'' were considered to be the same genus for a long time. It was just later that the two genera were revalitated and other specimen could be categorized in the genus ''Tometes''.<ref name="Jégu2002">{{cite journal | authors = Jégu, M., Dos Santos, G.M., Keith, P. & Le Bail, P.-Y. | year = 2002 | title = Supplementary description and rehabilitation of ''Tometes trilobatus'' Valenciennes, 1850, type-species of ''Tometes'' Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae) | journal = Cybium, | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–122 }}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Even today the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] classification of the [[Serrasalmidae]] is not an easy task. Many specimens are still placed in [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]] due to a lack of information and insufficient data bases. It was not long ago when it was discovered that ''Tometes'' and ''Myleus'' are two different genera but that ''Tometes'', ''Myleus'', ''[[Mylesinus]]'' and ''[[Ossubtus]]'' share a common ancestor. Typical characters of ''Tometes'' coincide with ''Mylesinus'' and ''Ossubtus'' specimen more than ''Myleus''.<ref name="Jégu2002"/> It is further known that specimen of ''Tometes'' live in sympatry with other [[Rheophile|reophilic]] Serrasalmidae.<ref name=Andrade2013/> ''Tometes'' species are also not to be mistaken with [[Pacu]]s, a vegetarian fish, which is often sold as a vegetarian piranha in the corresponding countries. One can easily distinguish one from another by their very different composition of their dentition.<ref name=Mitchell2013>{{cite web | author = Mitchell, E. | year = 2013 | url = https://answersingenesis.org/aquatic-animals/fish/vegetarian-piranhas-teeth-point-to-pre-fall-perfection/ | title = Vegetarian Piranhas’ Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection | website = Answers in Genesis }}</ref>
Even today the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] classification of the [[Serrasalmidae]] is not an easy task. Many specimens are still placed in [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]] due to a lack of information and insufficient data bases. It was not long ago when it was discovered that ''Tometes'' and ''[[Myleus]]'' are two different genera but that ''Tometes'', ''Myleus'', ''[[Mylesinus]]'' and ''[[Ossubtus]]'' share a common ancestor. Typical characters of ''Tometes'' coincide with ''Mylesinus'' and ''Ossubtus'' specimen more than ''Myleus''.<ref name="Jégu2002"/> It is further known that specimen of ''Tometes'' live in sympatry with other [[Rheophile|reophilic]] Serrasalmidae.<ref name=Andrade2013/> ''Tometes'' species are also not to be mistaken with [[pacu]]s, a vegetarian fish, which is often sold as a vegetarian piranha in the corresponding countries. One can easily distinguish one from another by their very different composition of their dentition.<ref name=Mitchell2013>{{cite web | author = Mitchell, E. | year = 2013 | url = https://answersingenesis.org/aquatic-animals/fish/vegetarian-piranhas-teeth-point-to-pre-fall-perfection/ | title = Vegetarian Piranhas’ Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection | website = Answers in Genesis }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
This genus is strictly [[herbivorous]] fishes from the Serrasalmidae family. They reach a length of around {{convert|50|cm|ft|abbr=on}} and a weight of up to {{convert|4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, although this can vary among species. The body color of these species is generally silver, showing a brighter color at the bottom side. Their name was given due to their incisiform teeth, which are thicker and lower than in the other related genera.<ref name="Jégu2002"/> Also the teeth are placed side by side, are weakly attached to the jaw and are primarily used for cutting leaves. Sexually mature male of ''Tometes'' differ from females by an additional [[Anal fin|anal-fin]] lobe, an elongated [[dorsal fin]] or a red pattern on the body.<ref name=Mol2012>{{cite book | title = The Freshwater Fishes of Suriname | authors = Mol, J.H.A. | publisher = Brill | year = 2012 | isbn = 9789004207660 | pages = 890 }}</ref>
Depending on the exact species, the maximum length of ''Tometes'' is between {{convert|28.3|and(-)|91.1|cm|ft|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=fishbase/> They can weigh more than {{convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=opefe>{{cite web |title=Tometes |url=https://www.opefe.com/tometes.html | publisher=OPEFE| accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref> The body color is generally gray or silvery, showing a brighter color at the bottom side. Their name was given due to their [[Incisor|incisiform]] teeth, which are thicker and lower than in the other related genera.<ref name="Jégu2002"/> Also the teeth are placed side by side, are weakly attached to the jaw and are primarily used for cutting leaves. Sexually mature male of ''Tometes'' differ from females by an additional [[Anal fin|anal-fin]] lobe, an elongated [[dorsal fin]] or a red pattern on the body.<ref name=Mol2012>{{cite book | title = The Freshwater Fishes of Suriname | authors = Mol, J.H.A. | publisher = Brill | year = 2012 | isbn = 9789004207660 | pages = 890 }}</ref>


==Habitat and ecology==
==Range, habitat and ecology==
''Tometes'' are found in the left-bank tributaries of the lower [[Amazon basin]] (with their source in the [[Brazilian Highlands|Brazilian Shield]]), coastal rivers of the [[Guiana Shield]], middle and upper [[Rio Negro]] and right-bank tributaries of the upper [[Orinoco]] River.<ref name=Andrade2016/> These species live in rapidly moving water with a rocky environment. A dense occurrence of ''Tometes'' larvae and juveniles in [[rapids]] around [[Podostemaceae]], the main food source of ''Tometes'', suggests that there is a positiv rheotrophism in the larval stage. This association to their food source is correlated with their hyperspecificity, which can be seen in their vulnerability of the loss of rapids by the introduction of [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dams. In a cultural aspect [[Rheophile|rheophilic]] [[Serrasalmidae|serrasalmids]] (''Tometes'', ''Myloplus'' and ''Mylesinus'') are important in the tradition of local communities.<ref name=Andrade2013/>
''T. ancylorhynchus'' and ''T. kranponhah'' are found in [[Clearwater river (river type)|clearwater rivers]] that originate in the [[Brazilian Highlands|Brazilian Shield]] ([[Xingu River|Xingu]] and [[Tocantins River|Tocantins]]—[[Araguaia River|Araguaia]] basins),<ref name=Andrade2016/> ''T. camunani'', ''T. lebaili'' and ''T. trilobatus'' are found in rivers of the eastern [[Guiana Shield]] ([[Trombetas River|Trombetas]], [[Commewijne River|Commewijne]], [[Mana River (Guyane)|Mana]], [[Maroni (river)|Maroni]], [[Oyapock]], [[Amapá Grande River|Amapá Grande]] and [[Araguari River (Amapá)|Araguari]] basins),<ref name=Andrade2013/><ref name="Jégu2002"/> and ''T. makue'' is from the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] and [[Orinoco]] basins.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Tometes| species=makue | month = February | year = 2017}}</ref> These species all live in rapidly moving water with a rocky environment. A dense occurrence of ''Tometes'' larvae and juveniles in [[rapids]] around [[Podostemaceae]], the main food source of adult ''Tometes'', suggests that there is a positiv [[Rheophile|rheotrophism]] (adaptability to fast-flowing water) in the larval stage.<ref name=Andrade2013/> Unlike the strictly [[phytophagous]] adults, juveniles also feed on [[invertebrate]]s.<ref name=opefe/> This association to their food source is correlated with their hyperspecificity, which makes them vulnerable to the loss of rapids by the introduction of [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dams. In a cultural aspect rheophilic [[Serrasalmidae|serrasalmids]] (notably ''Tometes'', ''[[Myloplus]]'' and ''[[Mylesinus]]'') are important in the tradition of local communities.<ref name=Andrade2013/>


==Species==
==Species==
There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:
There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:<ref name=fishbase/>
* ''[[Tometes ancylorhynchus]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]] & [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]], 2016</small> <ref name=Andrade2016>Andrade, M.C., Jégu, M. & Giarizzo, T. (2016): ''Tometes kranponhah'' and ''Tometes ancylorhynchus'' (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), two new phytophagous serrasalmids, and the first ''Tometes'' species described from the Brazilian Shield. ''Journal of Fish Biology, 89 (1): 467-494.''</ref>
* ''[[Tometes ancylorhynchus]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]] & [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]], 2016</small><ref name=Andrade2016>Andrade, M.C., Jégu, M. & Giarizzo, T. (2016): ''Tometes kranponhah'' and ''Tometes ancylorhynchus'' (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), two new phytophagous serrasalmids, and the first ''Tometes'' species described from the Brazilian Shield. ''Journal of Fish Biology, 89 (1): 467-494.''</ref>
* ''[[Tometes camunani]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]] & [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], 2013</small> <ref name=Andrade2013>Andrade, M.C., Giarizzo, T. & Jégu, M. (2013): ''Tometes camunani'' (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a new species of phytophagous fish from the Guiana Shield, rio Trombetas basin, Brazil. ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2): 297-306.''</ref>
* ''[[Tometes camunani]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]] & [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], 2013</small><ref name=Andrade2013>Andrade, M.C., Giarizzo, T. & Jégu, M. (2013): ''Tometes camunani'' (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a new species of phytophagous fish from the Guiana Shield, rio Trombetas basin, Brazil. ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2): 297-306.''</ref>
* ''[[Tometes kranponhah]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]] & [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]], 2016</small> <ref name=Andrade2016/>
* ''[[Tometes kranponhah]]'' <small>[[Marcelo Costa Andrade|M. C. Andrade]], [[Michel Jégu|Jégu]] & [[Tommaso Giarizzo|Giarizzo]], 2016</small><ref name=Andrade2016/>
* ''[[Tometes lebaili]]'' <small>[[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], [[Philippe Keith|Keith]] & [[Elizabeth Belmont-Jégu|Belmont-Jégu]], 2002</small> <ref name="Jégu2005">{{cite journal | authors = Jégu, M. & Keith, P. | year = 2005 | title = Threatened fishes of the world: ''Tometes lebaili'' (Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 2002) (Characidae: Serrasalminae) | journal = Environmental Biology of Fishes, | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 378-378 }}</ref>
* ''[[Tometes lebaili]]'' <small>[[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], [[Philippe Keith|Keith]] & [[Elizabeth Belmont-Jégu|Belmont-Jégu]], 2002</small><ref name="Jégu2005">{{cite journal | authors = Jégu, M. & Keith, P. | year = 2005 | title = Threatened fishes of the world: ''Tometes lebaili'' (Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 2002) (Characidae: Serrasalminae) | journal = Environmental Biology of Fishes, | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 378-378 }}</ref>
* ''[[Tometes makue]]'' <small>[[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], [[Geraldo Mendes dos Santos|G. M. Santos]] & [[Elizabeth Belmont-Jégu|Belmont-Jégu]], 2002</small>
* ''[[Tometes makue]]'' <small>[[Michel Jégu|Jégu]], [[Geraldo Mendes dos Santos|G. M. Santos]] & [[Elizabeth Belmont-Jégu|Belmont-Jégu]], 2002</small>
* ''[[Tometes trilobatus]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1850</small>
* ''[[Tometes trilobatus]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1850</small>

Revision as of 22:16, 24 February 2017

Tometes
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Characiformes
Family:
Serrasalmidae
Genus:
Tometes

Type species
Tometes trilobatus
Valenciennes, 1850

Tometes is a genus of fish in the family Serrasalmidae found in fast-flowing rivers in northern South America.[1][2] Adults of all six members of this genus are phytophagous, feeding primarily on plants in the Podostemaceae family.[3]

The genus name Tometes was coined in 1850 by Valenciennes in reference to the incisiform teeth. When the type species of the genus, T. trilobatus, was described in 1850, it was placed in synonym with Myleus setiger, the type species of the genus Myleus, which is why Tometes and Myleus were considered to be the same genus for a long time. It was just later that the two genera were revalitated and other specimen could be categorized in the genus Tometes.[4]

Taxonomy

Even today the taxonomic classification of the Serrasalmidae is not an easy task. Many specimens are still placed in synonymy due to a lack of information and insufficient data bases. It was not long ago when it was discovered that Tometes and Myleus are two different genera but that Tometes, Myleus, Mylesinus and Ossubtus share a common ancestor. Typical characters of Tometes coincide with Mylesinus and Ossubtus specimen more than Myleus.[4] It is further known that specimen of Tometes live in sympatry with other reophilic Serrasalmidae.[1] Tometes species are also not to be mistaken with pacus, a vegetarian fish, which is often sold as a vegetarian piranha in the corresponding countries. One can easily distinguish one from another by their very different composition of their dentition.[5]

Description

Depending on the exact species, the maximum length of Tometes is between 28.3 and 91.1 cm (0.9–3.0 ft).[2] They can weigh more than 5 kg (11 lb).[6] The body color is generally gray or silvery, showing a brighter color at the bottom side. Their name was given due to their incisiform teeth, which are thicker and lower than in the other related genera.[4] Also the teeth are placed side by side, are weakly attached to the jaw and are primarily used for cutting leaves. Sexually mature male of Tometes differ from females by an additional anal-fin lobe, an elongated dorsal fin or a red pattern on the body.[7]

Range, habitat and ecology

T. ancylorhynchus and T. kranponhah are found in clearwater rivers that originate in the Brazilian Shield (Xingu and Tocantins—Araguaia basins),[3] T. camunani, T. lebaili and T. trilobatus are found in rivers of the eastern Guiana Shield (Trombetas, Commewijne, Mana, Maroni, Oyapock, Amapá Grande and Araguari basins),[1][4] and T. makue is from the Rio Negro and Orinoco basins.[8] These species all live in rapidly moving water with a rocky environment. A dense occurrence of Tometes larvae and juveniles in rapids around Podostemaceae, the main food source of adult Tometes, suggests that there is a positiv rheotrophism (adaptability to fast-flowing water) in the larval stage.[1] Unlike the strictly phytophagous adults, juveniles also feed on invertebrates.[6] This association to their food source is correlated with their hyperspecificity, which makes them vulnerable to the loss of rapids by the introduction of hydroelectric dams. In a cultural aspect rheophilic serrasalmids (notably Tometes, Myloplus and Mylesinus) are important in the tradition of local communities.[1]

Species

There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Andrade, M.C., Giarizzo, T. & Jégu, M. (2013): Tometes camunani (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a new species of phytophagous fish from the Guiana Shield, rio Trombetas basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2): 297-306.
  2. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Tometes in FishBase. February 2017 version.
  3. ^ a b c d Andrade, M.C., Jégu, M. & Giarizzo, T. (2016): Tometes kranponhah and Tometes ancylorhynchus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), two new phytophagous serrasalmids, and the first Tometes species described from the Brazilian Shield. Journal of Fish Biology, 89 (1): 467-494.
  4. ^ a b c d "Supplementary description and rehabilitation of Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850, type-species of Tometes Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae)". Cybium,. 26 (2): 99–122. 2002. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  5. ^ Mitchell, E. (2013). "Vegetarian Piranhas' Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection". Answers in Genesis.
  6. ^ a b "Tometes". OPEFE. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  7. ^ The Freshwater Fishes of Suriname. Brill. 2012. p. 890. ISBN 9789004207660. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  8. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Tometes makue" in FishBase. February 2017 version.
  9. ^ "Threatened fishes of the world: Tometes lebaili (Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 2002) (Characidae: Serrasalminae)". Environmental Biology of Fishes,. 72 (4): 378–378. 2005. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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