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'''''Xylocopa darwini''''', the '''Galápagos carpenter bee''', is one of only three species of bees found in the [[Galápagos Islands]], to which it is [[Endemism|endemic]].<ref name=Nich14p62/><ref name=GSC_Xd/> The [[Megachile timberlakei|leaf-cutter bee]] and the [[Anthidium vigintiduopunctatum|wool carder bee]] are introduced, making the Galápagos carpenter bee the only native species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Author)|first=Claus Rasmussen (corresponding|last2=Carríon|first2=Ana L.|last3=Castro-Urgal|first3=Rocío|last4=Chamorro|first4=Susana|last5=Gonzalez|first5=Victor H.|last6=Griswold|first6=Terry L.|last7=Herrera|first7=Henri W.|last8=McMullen|first8=Conley K.|last9=Olesen|first9=Jens M.|last10=Traveset|first10=Anna|date=2012/07|title=Megachile timberlakei Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Yet another adventive bee species to the Galápagos Archipelago|url=https://bioone.org/journals/The-Pan-Pacific-Entomologist/volume-88/issue-1/2012-04.1/Megachile-timberlakei-Cockerell-Hymenoptera--Megachilidae--Yet-another-adventive/10.3956/2012-04.1.full|journal=The Pan-Pacific Entomologist|volume=88|issue=1|pages=98–102|doi=10.3956/2012-04.1|issn=0031-0603}}</ref> The female is all black, whereas the male has a black abdomen and is yellow-brown elsewhere.<ref name=Bowm66/>
'''''Xylocopa darwini''''', the '''Galápagos carpenter bee''', is one of only three species of bees found in the [[Galápagos Islands]], to which it is [[Endemism|endemic]].<ref name=Nich14p62/><ref name=GSC_Xd/> The [[Megachile timberlakei|leaf-cutter bee]] and the [[Anthidium vigintiduopunctatum|wool carder bee]] are introduced, making the Galápagos carpenter bee the only native species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Author)|first=Claus Rasmussen (corresponding|last2=Carríon|first2=Ana L.|last3=Castro-Urgal|first3=Rocío|last4=Chamorro|first4=Susana|last5=Gonzalez|first5=Victor H.|last6=Griswold|first6=Terry L.|last7=Herrera|first7=Henri W.|last8=McMullen|first8=Conley K.|last9=Olesen|first9=Jens M.|last10=Traveset|first10=Anna|date=July 2012|title=Megachile timberlakei Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Yet another adventive bee species to the Galápagos Archipelago|url=https://bioone.org/journals/The-Pan-Pacific-Entomologist/volume-88/issue-1/2012-04.1/Megachile-timberlakei-Cockerell-Hymenoptera--Megachilidae--Yet-another-adventive/10.3956/2012-04.1.full|journal=The Pan-Pacific Entomologist|volume=88|issue=1|pages=98–102|doi=10.3956/2012-04.1|issn=0031-0603}}</ref> The female is all black, whereas the male has a black abdomen and is yellow-brown elsewhere.<ref name=Bowm66/>


These insects serve an important role as the predominant pollinators of native and introduced plants on the islands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chamorro|first=Susana|last2=Heleno|first2=Ruben|last3=Olesen|first3=Jens M.|last4=McMullen|first4=Conley K.|last5=Traveset|first5=Anna|date=2012-11-01|title=Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galápagos: a review|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/110/7/1489/334143|journal=Annals of Botany|language=en|volume=110|issue=7|pages=1489–1501|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs132|issn=0305-7364}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Philipp|first=Marianne|last2=Böcher|first2=Jens|last3=Siegismund|first3=Hans R.|last4=Nielsen|first4=Lene R.|date=2006|title=Structure of a plant-pollinator network on a pahoehoe lava desert of the Galápagos Islands|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04546.x|journal=Ecography|language=en|volume=29|issue=4|pages=531–540|doi=10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04546.x|issn=1600-0587}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Schluter|first=Dolph|date=1986|title=Character Displacement between Distantly Related Taxa? Finches and Bees in the Galapagos|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2461650|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=127|issue=1|pages=95–102|issn=0003-0147}}</ref>They compete for food with other pollinators including birds, lizards, and other insects.<ref name=":0" /> They are the most generalized pollinators in the Galápagos ecosystem, meaning that they consume nectar and pollen from the widest array of different flowers, adding up to at least 84 flowering species.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />Their niche as pollinators is vital to the stability of plant populations, even though most well documented plant species on the archipelago are capable of [[self-pollination]].<ref name=":0" />
These insects serve an important role as the predominant pollinators of native and introduced plants on the islands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chamorro|first=Susana|last2=Heleno|first2=Ruben|last3=Olesen|first3=Jens M.|last4=McMullen|first4=Conley K.|last5=Traveset|first5=Anna|date=2012-11-01|title=Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galápagos: a review|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/110/7/1489/334143|journal=Annals of Botany|language=en|volume=110|issue=7|pages=1489–1501|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs132|issn=0305-7364}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Philipp|first=Marianne|last2=Böcher|first2=Jens|last3=Siegismund|first3=Hans R.|last4=Nielsen|first4=Lene R.|date=2006|title=Structure of a plant-pollinator network on a pahoehoe lava desert of the Galápagos Islands|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04546.x|journal=Ecography|language=en|volume=29|issue=4|pages=531–540|doi=10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04546.x|issn=1600-0587}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Schluter|first=Dolph|date=1986|title=Character Displacement between Distantly Related Taxa? Finches and Bees in the Galapagos|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2461650|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=127|issue=1|pages=95–102|issn=0003-0147}}</ref> They compete for food with other pollinators including birds, lizards, and other insects.<ref name=":0" /> They are the most generalized pollinators in the Galápagos ecosystem, meaning that they consume nectar and pollen from the widest array of different flowers, adding up to at least 84 flowering species.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Their niche as pollinators is vital to the stability of plant populations, even though most well documented plant species on the archipelago are capable of [[self-pollination]].<ref name=":0" />


Galapagos carpenter bees can be found on 9 out of the 12 largest islands, but not all of the islands in the archipelago. These include Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Fe, and Española.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Vargas|first=Pablo|last2=Rumeu|first2=Beatriz|last3=Heleno|first3=Ruben H.|last4=Traveset|first4=Anna|last5=Nogales|first5=Manuel|date=2015-03-25|title=Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0120597|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=e0120597|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0120597|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC4373804|pmid=25807496}}</ref> Females form nests by boring holes into the branches and trunks of trees. <ref name=":2" />
Galapagos carpenter bees can be found on 9 out of the 12 largest islands, but not all of the islands in the archipelago. These include Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Fe, and Española.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Vargas|first=Pablo|last2=Rumeu|first2=Beatriz|last3=Heleno|first3=Ruben H.|last4=Traveset|first4=Anna|last5=Nogales|first5=Manuel|date=2015-03-25|title=Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0120597|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=e0120597|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0120597|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4373804|pmid=25807496}}</ref> Females form nests by boring holes into the branches and trunks of trees.<ref name=":2" />


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 01:47, 17 February 2020

Galapágos carpenter bee
Female, on Bastardia viscosa (viscid mallow), Santa Cruz Island
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Apidae
Genus: Xylocopa
Species:
X. darwini
Binomial name
Xylocopa darwini
Cockerell, 1926[1]

Xylocopa darwini, the Galápagos carpenter bee, is one of only three species of bees found in the Galápagos Islands, to which it is endemic.[2][3] The leaf-cutter bee and the wool carder bee are introduced, making the Galápagos carpenter bee the only native species.[4] The female is all black, whereas the male has a black abdomen and is yellow-brown elsewhere.[5]

These insects serve an important role as the predominant pollinators of native and introduced plants on the islands.[6][7][8] They compete for food with other pollinators including birds, lizards, and other insects.[6] They are the most generalized pollinators in the Galápagos ecosystem, meaning that they consume nectar and pollen from the widest array of different flowers, adding up to at least 84 flowering species.[6][8] Their niche as pollinators is vital to the stability of plant populations, even though most well documented plant species on the archipelago are capable of self-pollination.[6]

Galapagos carpenter bees can be found on 9 out of the 12 largest islands, but not all of the islands in the archipelago. These include Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Fe, and Española.[9] Females form nests by boring holes into the branches and trunks of trees.[9]

References

  1. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Xylocopa darwini", Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), retrieved 2015-06-19
  2. ^ Nicholls, Henry (2014), The Galápagos : A Natural History, New York: Basic Books, pp. 62–63, ISBN 978-0-465-03597-7
  3. ^ "Xylocopa darwini", Galapagos Species Checklist, Charles Darwin Foundation, retrieved 2015-06-19
  4. ^ Author), Claus Rasmussen (corresponding; Carríon, Ana L.; Castro-Urgal, Rocío; Chamorro, Susana; Gonzalez, Victor H.; Griswold, Terry L.; Herrera, Henri W.; McMullen, Conley K.; Olesen, Jens M.; Traveset, Anna (July 2012). "Megachile timberlakei Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Yet another adventive bee species to the Galápagos Archipelago". The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 88 (1): 98–102. doi:10.3956/2012-04.1. ISSN 0031-0603. {{cite journal}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ Bowman, Robert I., ed. (1966), The Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galápagos International Scientific Project, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 64, OCLC 752923272, retrieved 2015-06-19
  6. ^ a b c d Chamorro, Susana; Heleno, Ruben; Olesen, Jens M.; McMullen, Conley K.; Traveset, Anna (2012-11-01). "Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galápagos: a review". Annals of Botany. 110 (7): 1489–1501. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs132. ISSN 0305-7364.
  7. ^ Philipp, Marianne; Böcher, Jens; Siegismund, Hans R.; Nielsen, Lene R. (2006). "Structure of a plant-pollinator network on a pahoehoe lava desert of the Galápagos Islands". Ecography. 29 (4): 531–540. doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04546.x. ISSN 1600-0587.
  8. ^ a b Schluter, Dolph (1986). "Character Displacement between Distantly Related Taxa? Finches and Bees in the Galapagos". The American Naturalist. 127 (1): 95–102. ISSN 0003-0147.
  9. ^ a b Vargas, Pablo; Rumeu, Beatriz; Heleno, Ruben H.; Traveset, Anna; Nogales, Manuel (2015-03-25). "Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0120597. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120597. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4373804. PMID 25807496.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Bibliography

  • Vargas, Pablo; Rumeu, Beatriz; Heleno, Ruben H.; Traveset, Anna; Nogales, Manuel (2015-03-25), "Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude", PLoS ONE, 10 (3): e0120597, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020597V, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120597, PMC 4373804, PMID 25807496 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)


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