Matsudaira clan
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 Matsudaira Katamori, a famed Matsudaira of the late Edo period. | |
| Pronunciation | Matsudaira |
|---|---|
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Japanese |
| Region of origin | Japanese |
| Other names | |
| Related names | Tokugawa |
The Matsudaira clan (松平氏, Matsudaira-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan that claimed descent from the Minamoto clan. It first originated in and took its name from Matsudaira county, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture). Over the course of its history, the clan produced many branches, most of which also centered around Mikawa Province. In the 16th century, the main Matsudaira line experienced a meteoric rise to success during the headship of Matsudaira Motoyasu, who changed his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu and became the first Tokugawa shogun. Ieyasu's line formed what became the Tokugawa clan; however, the branches retained the Matsudaira surname. Other branches were formed in the decades after Ieyasu, which bore the Matsudaira surname. Most of those branches were of daimyo status.
After the Meiji Restoration and the abolition of the han system, the Tokugawa and Matsudaira clans became part of the new nobility. Many Matsudaira family members remain significant in Japanese society today.
Origins
The Matsudaira clan originated in Mikawa Province.[1]
Sengoku period
Before the Edo period, there were 14 major branches of the Matsudaira clan: Takenoya (竹谷), Katanohara (形原), Ōgusa (大草), Nagasawa (長沢), Nōmi (能見), Goi (五井), Fukōzu (深溝), Ogyū (大給), Takiwaki (滝脇), Fukama (福釜), Sakurai (桜井), Tōjō (東条), Fujii (藤井), and Mitsugi (三木).
The Edo period and the Matsudaira surname
Pre-Edo branches
Several of the pre-Edo branch families survived into the Edo period; some of them became daimyo. The Takiwaki-Matsudaira family became daimyo of the Ojima Domain, and from 1868-1871, ruled the Sakurai Domain. The Nagasawa-Matsudaira, also known as the Ōkōchi-Matsudaira, had several branches, one of them ruled the Yoshida Domain of Mikawa Province.[2] The Fukōzu-Matsudaira ruled the Shimabara Domain.
Tokugawa branches and the Matsudaira surname
The Tokugawa surname was not granted to all of the sons of the shogun or the heads of the 6 main Tokugawa branches. Only the inheritor received the Tokugawa name, while all of his siblings would receive the Matsudaira surname.
Yūki-Matsudaira clan (Echizen)
The Yūki-Matsudaira clan was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu's son Yūki Hideyasu.[3] Several branches of the Yūki-Matsudaira came into existence during the Edo period. Though the Yūki-Matsudaira retained control of Kitanosho (later renamed Fukui), the main Yūki line was not there, but in Tsuyama instead.
Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan
The Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu's half-brother Hisamatsu Sadakatsu. The Hisamatsu-Matsudaira of the Kuwana Domain was a branch of this clan. Famous Hisamatsu-Matsudaira include the political reformer Matsudaira Sadanobu, the final Kyoto Shoshidai Matsudaira Sadaaki, and shogunate politican Itakura Katsukiyo. Branches of the family ruled the Kuwana, Imabari, and Iyo-Matsuyama domains.
Ochi-Matsudaira clan
The Ochi-Matsudaira clan was founded by Matsudaira Kiyotake, the younger brother of the 6th shogun Tokugawa Ienobu.[4] The Ochi-Matsudaira ruled the Hamada Domain.
Hoshina-Matsudaira clan (Aizu)
The Hoshina-Matsudaira clan was founded by Hoshina Masayuki. Masayuki, a son of the second shogun Tokugawa Hidetada, was adopted by Hoshina Masamitsu, the lord of the Takatō Domain. Masayuki was recognized as a relative of the Tokugawa family by his half-brother Tokugawa Iemitsu; after Iemitsu's death, Masayuki ran the shogunate, and served as a regent for his nephew, the underaged shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu. It was at this time that Masayuki received rulership of the fief of Aizu (with an income of 230,000 koku). Two generations later, during the reign of the 3rd lord Masakata, the family was allowed the use of the Matsudaira surname and crest. The family remained prominent in shogunate affairs and in security duty in Ezo (Hokkaido). In the Bakumatsu period, the 9th lord Matsudaira Katamori served as Kyoto Protector, but his clan was later defeated in the Boshin War. The Aizu-Matsudaira survived the Meiji Restoration, and were ennobled with the title of viscount. The family survives to the present day.
Matsudaira as an honorific
Over the course of the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate granted the use of the Matsudaira surname to certain families as an honorific. The Date clan of Sendai,[5] the Shimazu clan of Satsuma,[6] the Maeda clan of Kaga, the Yamanouchi clan of Tosa, and the Yanagisawa clan of Yamato[7] all had the use of the Matsudaira surname.
Key Genealogies
- Main line (Tokugawa shogun)
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- Hoshina-Matsudaira clan (Aizu)
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Notes
- ^ Thornton, Charisma and Community Formation in Medieval Japan, p. 148.
- ^ Totman, Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, p. 346.
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku," p. 165.
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku," p. 220.
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku," p. 184.
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku," p. 196.
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku," p. 183.
References
- Beasley, W.G. (1963). The modern history of Japan. (New York: Praeger).
- Borton, Hugh (1955). Japan's Modern Century. (New York: The Ronald Press Company).
- Griffis, William E. (1915). The Mikado: Institution and Person. (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
- Kobiyama Rokurō (2003). Matsudaira Katamori no shōgai. (Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha).
- Murray, David (1905). Japan. (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons).
- Onodera, Eikō (2005). Boshin nanboku sensō to Tōhoku seiken. Sendai: Kita no mori.
- Sasaki Suguru (1977). Boshin sensō. (Tokyo: Chūōkōron-shinsha).
- Sims, Richard L. (1998). French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan, 1854-95. (London: Routledge).
- Takano Kiyoshi 高野澄 (1997). Tokugawa Yoshinobu: kindai Nihon no enshutsusha 德川慶喜 : 近代日本の演出者. (Tokyo: Nihon Hōsō Shuppan Kyōkai 日本放送出版協会).
- Thornton, Sybil A. (1999). Charisma and Community Formation in Medieval Japan. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
- Tokugawa Munefusa 徳川宗英 (2004). Tokugawa Yonbyaku-nen no naisho-banashi 徳川四百年の内緒話 Vol. 1. (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju).
- Tokugawa Munefusa 徳川宗英 (2004). Tokugawa Yonbyaku-nen no naisho-banashi 徳川四百年の内緒話 Vol. 2: Raibaru tekishō hen. (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju).
- Tokugawa Yoshitomo 徳川慶朝 (2003). Tokugawa Yoshinobu-ke ni Youkoso: Waga ie ni tsutawaru aisubeki "Saigo no Shogun" no Yokogao 徳川慶喜家にようこそわがが家に伝わる愛すべき「最後の将軍」の横顔. (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju). ISBN 4-16-765680-9
- Totman, Conrad (1980). The Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862-1868. (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press)
- Treat, Payson J. (1921). Japan and the United States: 1853-1921. (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company).
- Yamakawa Kenjirō (1933). Aizu Boshin Senshi. (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai).
See also
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