McClellan saddle
The McClellan saddle was a riding saddle designed by George B. McClellan, a career Army officer in the U.S. Army, after his tour of Europe as the member of a military commission charged with studying the latest developments in engineer and cavalry forces including field equipment. Based on his observations, McClellan proposed a design that was adopted by the Army in 1859. The McClellan saddle was a long-lasting success and continued in use, in various forms, from the period of its adoption until the U.S. Army's last horse cavalry and horse artillery was dismounted in World War Two. Today, the McClellan saddle continues to be used by ceremonial mounted units in the U.S. Army. The saddle also saw use by several other nations, including Rhodesia and Mexico, and even to a degree by the British in the Boer War.
Origin and development
In April 1855, only six years before the start of the Civil War, then-Captain George B. McClellan sailed to Europe as part of a military commission to study the latest developments in European tactics, weaponry, and logistics. McClellan's focus was the organization of engineer troops and cavalry. After the one-year tour, during which time McClellan observed several battles of the Crimean War, McClellan brought back almost 100 books and manuals. These he read before writing his report, which concluded with his proposed manual for American cavalry adapted from existing Russian cavalry regulations. He also proposed a cavalry saddle that he claimed was a modification of a Hungarian model used in the Prussian service. The saddle was almost certainly a modification of the Spanish tree saddle in common use in Mexico during this period, and which had become common in some parts of the United States.
Under the leadership of U.S. Secretary of War, the brilliant, energetic, but erratic Jefferson Davis, the McClellan saddle was adopted by the U.S. War Department in 1859 and remained standard issue, in various models, for the remaining history of the horse cavalry. The original M1859 version was the form used during the Civil War, and the design saw subsequent modifications thereafter. Still, the saddle always remained recognizable as McClellan's design, which included cavalry and artillery models. In addition, a model for packers was introduced as the M1913.
Confederate variants in the Civil War
During the American Civil War, many Confederate cavalrymen provided their own horses and civilian saddles. In time, the Confederacy issued the Jenifer saddle. But when Southerners' horses grew thin because of the inadequate food supply, the Jenifer saddle became painful to the bony withers of the horses. In 1863, the Confederate army issued the lighter and better-contoured McClellan saddle to its cavalry. Because leather was scarce in the South during the Civil War, many of the McClellan saddles had skirts of painted canvas. The Confederate Army also made use of some quantities of British saddles as well.
Influences on McClellan's design
The design was based on the Spanish tree saddles in wide use in the United States at the time, and which had seen U.S. Army use, although McClellan famously claimed that it was based on Hussar saddles he'd observed in use in the Crimean War. While McClellan did go overseas and observe the Crimean War for the United States, the saddle does not closely duplicate any pattern in use by the armies in that conflict, but is very close to the widely used Spanish tree saddle, which was originally a saddle in common use in Mexico. The design underwent modifications over time, although in many ways it remained remarkably unchanged. The saddle was simple and less expensive than existing saddles, light enough not to burden the horse, but sturdy enough to give good support to the rider and his gear. It supported a rawhide-covered open seat, a thick leather skirt, wooden stirrups, and a girth strap made of woolen yarn. Added accessories to the saddle sometimed included a nose bag for horse feed, a curry comb to groom the horse, a picket pin and lariat to tether the horse while grazing, saddlebags, and a "thimble" that held the muzzle of the cavalryman's carbine. The McClellan saddle was placed on top of a saddlecloth, shabrack, or saddle blanket.
Service and rivals in the U.S. Army
As noted above, the McClellan saddle served, and continues to serve, for an extraordinarly long time in the U.S. Army. The saddle has had unbroken use since 1859.
Still, the saddle did see some modification over time. The modifications were never so great as to keep an observer from recognizing the saddle as a McClellan saddle, but they did occur. Perhaps the most significant alterations to the saddle occurred in the 20th Century, when the rigging was changed twice. The first time, an adjustable rigging was adopted leading to the M1904 McClellan. That pattern is the most common of all McClellan saddles, and continued in use throughout World War One and World War Two.
However, increased emphasis on equitation in the U.S. Army also lead to the M1928, which was a M1904 with English rigging and fenders. This variant, the final one in U.S. service, fit closer than other McClellan saddles, and is still used by the U.S. Army in ceremonial uses.
The saddle, while passing the test of time, was not without its rivals or critics. The first significant challenger was the Whitman saddle, designed by a former U.S. Army officer by that name. The Whitman had many McClellan features and is often mistaken for the McClellan. While not supplanting it, it was approved for use by officers and remained an approved officers' saddle throughout World War One. In later years, it incorporated so many McClellan features that it is known as the "Whitman-McClellan."
In the 20th Century, a serious effort was made to replace the McClellan through tests of the U.S. Army's M1912 equipments. The M1912 saddle would prove to be unsuccessful in the Punitive Expedition, but it demonstrated a very great departure from the McClellan design, resembling in some ways the British Universal Pattern saddle. Subsequently, the Army tested the M1917 saddle, which was not adopted.
Enormous quantities of M1904 McClellans were purchased by the U.S. Army in World War One, effectively preventing any new saddle from being adopted for general use for decades. The U.S. Army, however, did approve a saddle of the English saddle type prior to WWI for officers, and after the war approved another one with the adoption of the Philip's saddle for officers.
Use and service outside the United States
The saddle also saw considerable civilian use, and was made for civilian sales by a variety of manufacturers. It also was widely used in the United States by mounted policemen. It was adopted by Mexico, in a Mexican made version, for their army. At least some were sold to the Dominion forces in the Boer War, and the Northwest Mounted Police in Canada obtained at least a few for test purposes. The saddle was adopted by Rhodesia in the 1970s for use by the Greys Scouts. South Africa used some quantities for mounted game wardens in the 1980s in South West Africa.
Legacy and continued use
While the McClellan saddle was not perfect, and had its critics, it was one of the most enduring military saddles of all time, rivaled only by the British Universal Pattern saddle in its longevity. The saddle was used by every branch of the U.S. Army, as well as by the U.S. Marine Corps, and was very widely used by police departments throughout the United States.
The McClellan saddle continues to be made in the United States and was used by endurance riders at one time. Presently, it is made for use as a pleasure saddle for those few who like to use it for that purpose, and as a saddle for reenactors.