Ḥarsusi language: Difference between revisions

Harsusi
Harsusi
Harsiyyet
Pronunciation	[ħʌrsiːjət]
Native to	Oman
Region	Jiddat al-Harasis, Dhofar Province
Native speakers	600 (2011)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic West Semitic South Semitic Modern South Arabian Harsusi; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	hss
Glottolog	hars1241
ELP	Ḥarsusi

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Ḥarsūsī (Arabic: لغة حرسوسية) or Ḥersīyet^[3] (pronunciation in Harsusi: [ħʌrsiːjət]^[4]) is a Semitic language of Oman, spoken by the Harasis people. It is classified as a moribund language,^[5] with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in Jiddat al-Harasis, a stony desert in south-central Oman. It is closely related to Mehri.^[6]

General information[edit]

Harsusi first came to the attention of outside scholars in 1937, when it was mentioned by Bertram Thomas in his book Four Strange Tongues of South Arabia.^[5] While certain scholars have claimed that Harsusi is a dialect of the more widely spoken Mehri language,^[7] most maintain that they are mutually intelligible but separate languages.^[6] Harsusi, like all the Modern South Arabian languages, is unwritten,^[5] though there have been recent efforts to create a written form using an Arabic-based script.^[8]

Because the Harasis people were for centuries the only human inhabitants of Jiddat al-Harasis, the language developed in relative isolation.^[9] However, as most Harasis children now attend Arabic-language schools and are literate in Arabic, Harsusi is spoken less in the home, meaning that it is not being passed down to future generations.^[5] Though the discovery of oil in the area and the conservation project for the re-introduced oryx herd have provided many job opportunities for Harsusi men,^[6] these factors have also caused many Harasis to speak Arabic and Mehri in addition to or in place of Harsusi. These pressures led one researcher to conclude in 1981 that "within a few generations Harsusi will be replaced by Arabic, more specifically by the Omani Arabic standard dialect"^[10] though this has not yet materialized.

UNESCO has categorised Harsusi as a language that is "definitely endangered".^[11]

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

Harsusi consonants
		Labial	Dental		Lateral	Post- alveolar	Velar	Pharyngeal	Glottal
		Labial	central	sibilant	Lateral	Post- alveolar	Velar	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		m				n
Plosive	voiceless		t				k		ʔ
	voiced	b	d				ɡ
	glottalized		tʼ				kʼ
Fricative	voiceless	f	θ	s	ɬ	ʃ	x	ħ	h
	voiced		ð	z	ɮ		ɣ	(ʕ)
	glottalized		ðʼ	sʼ		ʃʼ
Rhotic			r
Semivowel					l	j	w

The pharyngeal consonant /ʕ/ only exists possibly because of the influence of Omani Arabic.

Vowels[edit]

Harsusi vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Mid	e eː	ə	o oː
Open	a aː

In prominent open syllables or after a guttural (such as /h/, /ħ/, /x/ and /ɣ/), /ə/ is realized as /ʌ/. After a glottalized or lateral fricative consonant, /ə/ is realized as /ä/.^[4]

Diphthongs may be realized as ay /æj/ and aw /ɑw/.

References[edit]

^ Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude. "Mehri and Hobyot Spoken in Oman and Yemen". Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
^ Harsusi at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
^ Johnstone 1977, p. 61.
^ ^a ^b Johnstone 1977, p. xv.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Morris, M. 2007. "The pre-literate, non-Arabic languages of Oman and Yemen. Archived 2015-03-08 at the Wayback Machine" Lecture conducted from Anglo-Omani and British-Yemeni Societies.
^ ^a ^b ^c Peterson, J.E. "Oman's Diverse Society: Southern Oman. Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine" In: Middle East Journal 58.2, 254-269.
^ Maisel, S., and Shoup, J. 2009. Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States. ^{[permanent dead link]} Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
^ Eades, D. "The documentation and ethnolinguistic analysis of Modern South Arabian: Harsusi. Archived 2015-07-07 at the Wayback Machine" Endangered Languages Archive.
^ Chatty, D. 2013. “Negotiating Authenticity and Translocality in Oman: The 'Desertscapes' of the Harasiis Tribe. Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine” In S. Wippel (ed.). Regionalizing Oman 6, 129-145. Springer Netherlands.
^ Swiggers, P. 1981. “A Phonological Analysis of the Ḥarsūsi Consonants.” In: Arabica 28.2/3, 358-361.
^ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger", 2010.

External links[edit]

Ethnologue
ELAR archive of Harsusi language documentation materials

[1] Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude. "Mehri and Hobyot Spoken in Oman and Yemen". Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2023-10-12.

[e19-2] Harsusi at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)

[FOOTNOTEJohnstone197761-3] Johnstone 1977, p. 61.

[FOOTNOTEJohnstone1977xv-4] Johnstone 1977, p. xv.

[morris-5] Morris, M. 2007. "The pre-literate, non-Arabic languages of Oman and Yemen. Archived 2015-03-08 at the Wayback Machine" Lecture conducted from Anglo-Omani and British-Yemeni Societies.

[peterson-6] Peterson, J.E. "Oman's Diverse Society: Southern Oman. Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine" In: Middle East Journal 58.2, 254-269.

[7] Maisel, S., and Shoup, J. 2009. Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States. ^{[permanent dead link]} Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

[eades-8] Eades, D. "The documentation and ethnolinguistic analysis of Modern South Arabian: Harsusi. Archived 2015-07-07 at the Wayback Machine" Endangered Languages Archive.

[9] Chatty, D. 2013. “Negotiating Authenticity and Translocality in Oman: The 'Desertscapes' of the Harasiis Tribe. Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine” In S. Wippel (ed.). Regionalizing Oman 6, 129-145. Springer Netherlands.

[10] Swiggers, P. 1981. “A Phonological Analysis of the Ḥarsūsi Consonants.” In: Arabica 28.2/3, 358-361.

[11] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger", 2010.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Semitic language spoken in Oman}}
 {{Infobox language
 |name=Harsusi
 |nativename=''Harsiyyet''
+|pronunciation={{IPA|[ħʌrsiːjət]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/5170551 |title=Mehri and Hobyot Spoken in Oman and Yemen |last1=Simeone-Senelle |first1=Marie-Claude |access-date=2023-10-12 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015063440/https://www.academia.edu/5170551 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|pronunciation={{IPA|[ħarsuːsi]}}<ref>[http://www.academia.edu/5170551/MEHRI_AND_HOBYOT_SPOKEN_IN_OMAN_AND_YEMEN]</ref>
 |states=[[Oman]]
 |region=Jiddat al-Harasis, [[Dhofar|Dhofar Province]]
-|speakers=600–1,000
+|speakers=600
-|date=2003–2010
+|date=2011
+|ref=e19
-|ref=<ref name=eades>Eades, D. "[http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0314 The documentation and ethnolinguistic analysis of Modern South Arabian: Harsusi.]" ''Endangered Languages Archive''.</ref>
 |familycolor=Afroasiatic
 |fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
-|fam3=[[South Semitic languages|South Semitic]]
+|fam3= [[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]
-|fam4=[[Modern South Arabian languages|Modern South Arabian]]
+|fam4=[[South Semitic languages|South Semitic]]
+|fam5=[[Modern South Arabian languages|Modern South Arabian]]
 |iso3=hss
 |glotto=hars1241
@@ Line 18: / Line 20: @@
 }}
-'''Harsusi''' (also known as 	Ḥarsūsī, Harsiyyet, Hersyet, or Harsi `Aforit) is a [[Semitic language]] of [[Oman]], spoken by the [[Harasis]] people. It is classified as a moribund language,<ref name=morris>Morris, M. 2007. "[http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/morris07.htm The pre-literate, non-Arabic languages of Oman and Yemen.]" Lecture conducted from Anglo-Omani and British-Yemeni Societies.</ref> with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in [[Jiddat al-Harasis]], a stony desert in south-central [[Oman]]. It is closely related to [[Mehri]].<ref name=peterson>Peterson, J.E. "[http://jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Oman_Diverse_Society_Southern_Oman.pdf Oman's Diverse Society: Southern Oman.]" In: ''Middle East Journal'' 58.2, 254-269.</ref>
+'''Ḥarsūsī''' ({{lang-ar|لغة حرسوسية}}) or '''Ḥersīyet'''{{sfn|Johnstone|1977|p=61}} (pronunciation in Harsusi: {{IPA|[ħʌrsiːjət]}}{{sfn|Johnstone|1977|p=xv}}) is a [[Semitic language]] of [[Oman]], spoken by the [[Harasis]] people. It is classified as a [[moribund language]],<ref name=morris>Morris, M. 2007. "[http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/morris07.htm The pre-literate, non-Arabic languages of Oman and Yemen.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308095916/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/morris07.htm |date=2015-03-08 }}" Lecture conducted from Anglo-Omani and British-Yemeni Societies.</ref> with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in [[Jiddat al-Harasis]], a stony desert in south-central [[Oman]]. It is closely related to [[Mehri language|Mehri]].<ref name=peterson>Peterson, J.E. "[http://jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Oman_Diverse_Society_Southern_Oman.pdf Oman's Diverse Society: Southern Oman.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051830/http://jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Oman_Diverse_Society_Southern_Oman.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}" In: ''Middle East Journal'' 58.2, 254-269.</ref>
 ==General information==
-Harsusi first came to the attention of outside scholars in 1937, when it was mentioned by [[Bertram Thomas]] in his book ''Four Strange Tongues of South Arabia.''<ref name=morris /> While certain scholars have claimed that Harsusi is a dialect of the more widely-spoken Mehri language,<ref>Maisel, S., and Shoup, J. 2009. ''[http://122.129.75.35/articles/0313344426.pdf Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States.]'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.</ref> most maintain that they are mutually intelligible but separate languages .<ref name=peterson /> Harsusi, like all  the Modern South Arabian languages, is unwritten,<ref name=morris /> though there have been recent efforts to create a written form using an [[Arabic]]-based script.<ref name=eades />
+Harsusi first came to the attention of outside scholars in 1937, when it was mentioned by [[Bertram Thomas]] in his book ''Four Strange Tongues of South Arabia.''<ref name=morris /> While certain scholars have claimed that Harsusi is a dialect of the more widely spoken Mehri language,<ref>Maisel, S., and Shoup, J. 2009. ''[http://122.129.75.35/articles/0313344426.pdf Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States.] {{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.</ref> most maintain that they are mutually intelligible but separate languages.<ref name=peterson /> Harsusi, like all  the Modern South Arabian languages, is unwritten,<ref name=morris /> though there have been recent efforts to create a written form using an [[Arabic]]-based script.<ref name=eades>Eades, D. "[http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0314 The documentation and ethnolinguistic analysis of Modern South Arabian: Harsusi.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707060909/http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0314 |date=2015-07-07 }}" ''Endangered Languages Archive''.</ref>
-Because the Harasis people were for centuries the only human inhabitants of Jiddat al-Harasis, the language developed in relative isolation.<ref>Chatty, D. 2013. “[http://www.nomadsinoman.com/nomadic-life/articles/articles/negotiating-authenticity-and-translocality-in-oman-2013 Negotiating Authenticity and Translocality in Oman: The 'Desertscapes' of the Harasiis Tribe.]” In S. Wippel (ed.). ''Regionalizing Oman'' 6, 129-145. Springer Netherlands.</ref> However, as most Harasis children now attend Arabic-language schools and are literate in Arabic, Harsusi is spoken less in the home, meaning that it is not being passed down to future generations.<ref name=morris /> Though the discovery of oil in the area and the conservation project for the re-introduced [[oryx]] herd have provided many job opportunities for Harsusi men,<ref name=peterson /> these factors have also caused many Harasis to speak Arabic and Mehri in addition to or in place of Harsusi. These pressures led one researcher to conclude in 1981 that "within a few generations Harsusi will be replaced by Arabic, more specifically by the Omani Arabic standard dialect"<ref>Swiggers, P. 1981. “A Phonological Analysis of the Ḥarsūsi Consonants.” In: ''Arabica''  28.2/3, 358-361.</ref> though this has not yet materialized.
+Because the Harasis people were for centuries the only human inhabitants of Jiddat al-Harasis, the language developed in relative isolation.<ref>Chatty, D. 2013. “[http://www.nomadsinoman.com/nomadic-life/articles/articles/negotiating-authenticity-and-translocality-in-oman-2013 Negotiating Authenticity and Translocality in Oman: The 'Desertscapes' of the Harasiis Tribe.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129172603/http://www.nomadsinoman.com/nomadic-life/articles/articles/negotiating-authenticity-and-translocality-in-oman-2013 |date=2014-11-29 }}” In S. Wippel (ed.). ''Regionalizing Oman'' 6, 129-145. Springer Netherlands.</ref> However, as most Harasis children now attend Arabic-language schools and are literate in Arabic, Harsusi is spoken less in the home, meaning that it is not being passed down to future generations.<ref name=morris /> Though the discovery of oil in the area and the conservation project for the re-introduced [[oryx]] herd have provided many job opportunities for Harsusi men,<ref name=peterson /> these factors have also caused many Harasis to speak Arabic and Mehri in addition to or in place of Harsusi. These pressures led one researcher to conclude in 1981 that "within a few generations Harsusi will be replaced by Arabic, more specifically by the Omani Arabic standard dialect"<ref>Swiggers, P. 1981. “A Phonological Analysis of the Ḥarsūsi Consonants.” In: ''Arabica''  28.2/3, 358-361.</ref> though this has not yet materialized.
 [[UNESCO]] has categorised Harsusi as a language that is "definitely endangered".<ref>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), "[http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1950.html Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]", 2010.</ref>
-==References==
+== Phonology ==
-{{Reflist}}
-==Further reading==
-{{cite journal|last1=Chatty|first1=Dawn|title=Adapting to Multinational Oil Exploration: The Mobile Pastoralists of Oman|journal=Differenz und Integration|date=2001|volume=1|issue=2|pages=1-19|url=http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~diffint/index.php/diffint/article/view/18/15}}
-{{cite book|last1=Johnstone|first1=Thomas M.|title=Ḥarsūsi Lexicon and English-Ḥarsūsi word-list|date=1977|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London}}
-{{cite journal|last1=Simeone-Senelle|first1=Marie-Claude|title=The Modern South Arabian Languages|journal=The Semitic Languages|date=1997|pages=378-423|url=http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/PDF/Publications/Senelle/SAMLanguages.pdf}}
-{{cite book|last1=Stroomer|first1=Harry|title=Harsusi Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T. M. Johnstone|date=2004|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=3447050977}}
-{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Bertram|title=Four Strange Tongues from South Arabia: The Hadara Group|date=1937|publisher=H. Milford}}
+=== Consonants ===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
+|+Harsusi consonants
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
+! rowspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
+! colspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
+! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
+! rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
+! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
+! rowspan="2" |[[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
+! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
+|-
+!<small>[[Central consonant|central]]</small>
+!<small>[[sibilant]]</small>
+|-
+! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+|{{IPAlink|m}}|| ||  ||  ||{{IPAlink|n}}
+|  ||  ||
+|-
+! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]
+!<small>[[voiceless consonant|voiceless]]</small>
+|  ||{{IPAlink|t}}||  ||  ||  ||{{IPAlink|k}}||  ||{{IPAlink|ʔ}}
+|-
+!<small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
+|{{IPAlink|b}}||{{IPAlink|d}}||  ||  ||  ||{{IPAlink|ɡ}}||  ||
+|-
+!<small>[[Glottalization|glottalized]]</small>
+|  ||{{IPAlink|tʼ}}||  ||  ||  ||{{IPAlink|kʼ}}||  ||
+|-
+! rowspan="3" |[[Fricative]]
+!<small>[[voiceless consonant|voiceless]]</small>
+|{{IPAlink|f}}||{{IPAlink|θ}}||{{IPAlink|s}}||{{IPAlink|ɬ}}||{{IPAlink|ʃ}}||{{IPAlink|x}}
+|{{IPAlink|ħ}}||{{IPAlink|h}}
+|-
+!<small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
+|  ||{{IPAlink|ð}}||{{IPAlink|z}}||{{IPAlink|ɮ}}
+|  ||{{IPAlink|ɣ}}
+|({{IPAlink|ʕ}})||
+|-
+!<small>[[Glottalization|glottalized]]</small>
+|  ||{{IPAlink|ðʼ}}
+|{{IPAlink|sʼ}}|| ||{{IPAlink|ʃʼ}}||  ||  ||
+|-
+! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
+|  ||{{IPAlink|r}}||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
+|-
+! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
+|  ||  ||  ||{{IPAlink|l}}
+|{{IPAlink|j}}
+|{{IPAlink|w}}
+|  ||
+|}
+The pharyngeal consonant /{{IPA|ʕ}}/ only exists possibly because of the influence of Omani Arabic.
+=== Vowels ===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
+|+Harsusi vowels
+!
+![[Front vowel|Front]]
+![[Central vowel|Central]]
+![[Back vowel|Back]]
+|-
+![[Close vowel|Close]]
+|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}}
+|
+|{{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}}
+|-
+![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
+|{{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|eː}}
+|{{IPAlink|ə}}
+|{{IPAlink|o}} {{IPAlink|oː}}
+|-
+![[Open vowel|Open]]
+|{{IPAlink|a}} {{IPAlink|aː}}
+|
+|
+|}
+In [[stress (linguistics)|prominent]] open syllables or after a [[guttural]] (such as /{{IPA|h}}/, /{{IPA|ħ}}/, /{{IPA|x}}/ and /{{IPA|ɣ}}/), /{{IPA|ə}}/ is realized as /{{IPA|ʌ}}/. After a glottalized or lateral fricative consonant, /{{IPA|ə}}/ is realized as /{{IPA|ä}}/.{{sfn|Johnstone|1977|p=xv}}
+Diphthongs may be realized as ''ay'' /{{IPA|æj}}/ and  ''aw'' /{{IPA|ɑw}}/.
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+* {{Cite conference |last=Chatty |first=Dawn |date=2001 |title=Adapting to Multinational Oil Exploration: The Mobile Pastoralists of Oman |url=https://www.nomadsed.de/publikationen/leseecke/text/adapting-to-multinational-oil-exploration/ |book-title=Mitteilungen des SFB Differenz und Integration: Nomadismus aus der Perspektiveder Begrifflichkeit |pages=1–19 |authorlink=Dawn Chatty |editor-first1=Stefan |editor-last1=Leder |editor-first2=Bernhard |editor-last2=Streck |publisher=Centre for Oriental Studies (OWZ), Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Johnstone |first=Thomas M. |title=Ḥarsūsi Lexicon and English-Ḥarsūsi word-list |date=1977 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/harsusilexiconen00john/page/n5/mode/2up |isbn=0-19-713580-3}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Simeone-Senelle |first=Marie-Claude |date=1997 |chapter=The Modern South Arabian Languages |url=http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/PDF/Publications/Senelle/SAMLanguages.pdf |title=The Semitic Languages |pages=378–423 |editor-last=Hetzron |editor-first=R. |location=London |publisher=Routledge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805141224/http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/PDF/Publications/Senelle/SAMLanguages.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-05}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Harsusi Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T. M. Johnstone |date=2004 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-05097-5|location=Wiesbaden}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Bertram |title=Four Strange Tongues from South Arabia: The Hadara Group |date=1937 |publisher=H. Milford |series=Proceedings of the British Academy |volume=23 |location=London}}
 ==External links==
+* [http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hss Ethnologue]
+* ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0314 Harsusi language documentation materials]
+{{Languages of Oman}}
-[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hss Ethnologue]
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Languages of Oman}}
-[[Category:Afro-Asiatic languages]]
-[[Category:Semitic languages]]
 [[Category:Languages of Oman]]
-[[Category:Endangered Afro-Asiatic languages]]
+[[Category:Endangered Afroasiatic languages]]
-[[Category:Endangered Semitic languages]]
+[[Category:Modern South Arabian languages]]

v t e Languages of Oman
Official language	Arabic	Oman portal
Main foreign language	English
Minority languages	Balochi Baṭḥari Ḥarsusi Hobyót Kumzari Luwati Mehri Shehri Swahili
Varieties of Arabic	Bahrani Arabic Omani Arabic Dhofari Shihhi
Sign languages	Omani Sign Language