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Bibi Khānoom Astarābādi^[1]^[2] (Persian: بی بی خانم استرآبادی)‎ (1858/59 – 1921) was a notable Iranian writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures in the women's movement of Iran.

Biography[edit]

Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi was born to the family of Mohammad Baqer Khan Astarabadi, one of the notable men of Astarabad (the present-day Gorgan), and Khadijeh Khanom (خديجه خانم), known as^[3] Mollah Bāji (ملاباجی), one of the companions of Shokuh ol-Saltaneh (شکوه السلطنه), wife to Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar. The title Mollah Bāji (see Mollah) is indicative that she must have been educated and in charge of more than the daily household chores of Shah's Court. Indeed, she has been in charge of the education of the children in the court of Nasser al-Din Shah.

At the age of 22, Bibi Khatoon married Musa Khan Vaziri who was a prominent official in the Persian Cossack Brigade. They had seven children, of whom the most distinguished are Colonel Ali-Naqi Vaziri (musicologist, composer, a celebrated player of the tar, and the founder of the Academy of Music of Iran as well of Iran's National Orchestra), Hasan Vaziri (an artistic painter) and the journalist, Khadijeh Afzal Vaziri.^[4] Dr Mahlaghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), founder and director of Iran's "Women's Society against Environmental Pollution" (founded in 1992 to educate children and mothers, as well as state's officials, about dangers of environmental pollution)^[5] was the maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi.^[6]

Career[edit]

Bibi Khatoon was one of the influential figures in the Iranian constitutional revolution in the late 19th and the early 20th century. She founded the first school for girls (named The School for Girls – دبستان دوشیزگان) in the modern history of Iran and wrote numerous articles in defence of the right of girls to receive universal education. Her articles appeared in such newspapers as Tamaddon (تمدن - Civilization), Habl al-Matin (حبل المتين - Firm Rope) and Majles (مجلس - Parliament). Bibi Khatoon is also known for her book Ma'ayeb al-Rejal (معايب الرجال - Failings of Men),^[7] which was a critical response to the pamphlet Ta'deeb al-Nesvan (تاديب النسوان - Edification of Women)^[8] by an anonymous author. Ma'ayeb al-Rejal was published in 1895, eleven years before the inauguration of Iran's system of constitutional monarchy in 1906 by the decree of Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar.^[9] This book is considered by some as the first declaration of women's rights in the recent history of Iran.

The School for Girls (دبستان دوشیزگان)[edit]

Founded in 1907 at the residential home of Bibi Khatoon in Tehran, many young girls and their mothers attended The School for Girls, as well as grandmothers. For some of the latter, it was a unique opportunity to obtain formal education. The school was equipped with such facilities (such as desks) as may be taken for granted from the present-day perspective; however, it should be borne in mind that this school provision was part of Bibi Khatoon's residential home and not part of a purpose-built educational facility.^[10] This clearly testifies to Bibi Khatoon's wholehearted dedication to the cause of women's education in Iran.

Advertisement
The School for Girls
A new school, named The School for Girls [دبستان دوشیزگان], has been opened near the old gate of Mahmmadieh, the Hāji Mohammad-Hossein market. This school consists of a large courtyard and numerous rooms equipped with all necessary school outfits.
For the opening of this school five female teachers [معلمه] have been appointed, each responsible for one subject, such as Nokhost-nameh^[11] [نخست نامه], Writing/Calligraphy [مشق قلم], History of Iran [تاریخ ایران], Reading [قرائت], Cookery book [کتاب طباخی], Law [قانون], Religion [مذهب], Geography [جغرافیا], Science of Arithmetic [علم حساب]. Teaching will be adapted to the learning ability of each girl or woman.
In addition, a location has been set aside for teaching in manual arts, such as knitting [کاموا دوزی], gold embroidery [زری دوزی], silk embroidery [خامه دوزی], sewing [خیاطی], etc., and all these teachers are womenfolk [طایفه اناثیه] and with the exception of an aged porter [پیرمرد قاپوچی], no other man will be in the School.
Students between the ages of seven and twelve will be accepted. Elementary class [اطاق ابتدائی] is for fifteen qeran per month, practical class [اطاق عملی] for twenty-five qeran per month. Discount is offered to those in reduced circumstances [فقرأ]. For every two students [from the same family] one will be accepted free of charge. It is hoped that thousands of schools such as this one are to be inaugurated in our dear motherland [وطن عزیز ما].
Signature: Bibi Khanom Astarabadi.^[12]^[13] (Published in the Majles daily newspaper of 28 March 1907).^[14]

The subjects taught at this school consisted of, in alphabetic order, Arabic language, Arithmetic, Cookery, Geography, History, Law, Music, Persian literature, and Religion, to name but some. It is relevant to point out that in 1936, almost thirty years after the establishment of The School for Girls, 12 women were for the first time admitted to University of Tehran, who entered all faculties.^[15] According to the official data provided by Iran's ministry of higher education, at the turn of the present century some 70% of all students in higher education were women; according to the same data, however, by the same time only 20% of the PhD positions at academic institutions were occupied by women.^[16]

The historical site of The School for Girls survived in its original form for some 22 years following the death of Bibi Khatoon in 1921; in 1943 this site was sold (for 25,000 Tumans) by the extant members of Bibi Khatoon's direct family.^[17]

Activities in support of the Constitutional Revolution[edit]

On Ta'deeb al-Nesvan (تاديب النسوان - Edification of Women)[edit]

According to Ebrahim Nabavi,^[18]^[19] Ta'deeb al-Nesvan, published in 1288 AH (1895), is a small booklet authored by one of the princes of the Qajar Court, "who must have feared his wife so greatly that he has not had the courage to put his name on it as its author" (in other words, the author of the book is an anonymous Prince). A short summary of the main recommendations in this book, aimed at the "edification" of women, is as follows:^[20]

Woman is a being who similar to a child must be educated by a man.
Salvation of woman is conditional upon her absolute obedience to her husband.
Woman must never ask a favour from her husband; it is up to husband to deign to confer favours to his wife.
The duty of woman at home is provision of conditions that are conducive to her husband's tranquility.
The aim of matrimony consists of gratification of the husband's sexual desires.
Woman must at all times be abashed, except in bed.
Woman must not speak during meals.
Woman must, like an ailing individual, walk slowly.

Etc.

The Vices of Men (Ma'ayib al-Rijal) (1887), a pungent satire, is in fact an answer to an earlier work entitled The Education of Women (Ta'dib al-Niswan (translated into English by E. Powys Mathers in his Eastern Love, vol. iii, London, 1904). The anonymous writer of the latter seems to be a chauvinistic prince, and following the medieval tradition that was not accepted by Shia Muslim clerics. Bibi Khanum's answers to such absurdities are scathingly indignant. She writes that "genius of the world and unique writer of our times" seems strangely bereft of his senses. "He should have first corrected his own vices and then given us advice. One who has no share of existence, how can he inspire life? ...He regards himself as 'Westernized' and 'civilized,' but in fact, he is not even 'half-civilized.'(سیویلیزه و نیم ویلیزه) Does he not know that Europeans treat their women like flowers, and women freely associate with men?" The indication that the author was westernised clearly indicates, he must have been from the so-called western influenced intellectuals. Strangely enough at the time women had very few rights in the west in comparison to Iran and only in some parts of the western world had been able to claim their rights to inheritance.

These two works were published by Hasan Javadi as Two Qajar Essays on Men and Women: Ta'dib al-Nivan and Ma'ayib al-Rijal in Washington in 1992. رویایی زن و مرد در عصر قاجار در عصر قاجار: دو رساله تادیب النسوان و معایب الرجال

Response of Bibi Khatoon: Ma'ayeb al-Rejal (معايب الرجال - Failings of Men)[edit]

According to Ebrahim Nabavi,^[21] Ma'ayeb al-Rejal consists of two main parts, in one of which Bibi Khatoon responds directly to the contents of Ta'deeb al-Nesvan, and in the other she describes the conditions prevailing in the men's social gatherings of her time. True to her usual style of writing, Bibi Khatoon's tone in this book is derisive. [To be extended at a later occasion.]

Notes and references[edit]

^ Bibi (بی بی) means Matron, "a married woman especially one characterized by dignity, staid discreet behaviour, and plump motherly appearance" (OED), Venerable lady or Grandmother. Khatoon (خاتون) is a variant of the word Khanoom (خانوم), or Khanom (خانم). Any one of these three words (in particular the latter one) is often added to a woman's name in token of respect; it therefore need not be part of the official name of a woman. The official use of Khatoon is rare, if not obsolete, in the present-day Iran, and of the remaining two, Khanom is formal and Khanoom rather colloquial. The words Khatoon, Khanoom and Khanom, the feminine forms of the word Khan, are of Mongolian origin.
^ Astarabadi (استرآبادی) refers to the people of Astarabad (استرآباد), the modern city of Gorgan and the capital of the Golestan Province of Iran.
^ Bāji means both Female servant, and Sister. In the latter case it is a variant of the word Ābji, Sister. The writer of these lines is not familiar with the etymology of these words, however it is disconcertingly plausible that at some point in history parents and/or brothers may have come to see their daughters and/or sisters respectively as female servants in the household. What is more likely, however, is that Bāji simply means Sister and that its meaning as Female servant may be attributable to the fact that through referring to a female servant as Bāji one has intended, and intends, to be familial and convey the implicit verbal assurance that she would not be subjected to sexual harassment by the male members of the family; it is rather common in Iran that one conveys a similar statement by addressing a member of the opposite sex as brother or sister, as the case may be (when used inappropriately or in excess, such use may be viewed as patronising however).
^ Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani), A short biography of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi (in Persian), containing some transcripted material from an interview by Deutsche Welle with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi (Shomaliha.com Archived 29 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine).
^ "The Iran Initiative, The Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) - For a World of Peace, Justice and Nonviolence, Report 6, May 2006". Forusa.org. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007.
^ For an interview, made in 2006 by Deutsche Welle, with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah, see External Links.
^ The extant translation of the title Ma'ayeb al-Rejal (معايب الرجال) as Vices of Men, or even The Vices of Men, is incorrect when the contents of the book are disregarded. The word Ma'ayeb (معايب), or Oyoub (عیوب), is the plural of the Persian (in fact Arabic) word Eyb (عیب), which refers to a shortcoming or a failing, rather than a vice per se. To clarify, according to OED, Failing means "A defect of character; a weakness", whereby Failings is seen to be an apt choice for Ma'ayeb. In contrast, according to the same dictionary, Vice means "Extreme moral corruption; depravity; evil; grossly immoral or degrading habits or conduct". The word Fesq (فسق) would be appropriately translated as Vice. Only through taking the contents of the book into account, can one consider Vices as an appropriate translation of Ma'ayeb. The books in section Further reading should be illuminating.
^ In general, Ta'deeb (تاديب) also means Disciplinary punishment, reflecting the implicit assumption that the latter would lead to edification.
^ Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani), ibid.
^ The School for Girls (مدرسه دوشيزگان). A programme celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran with an interview with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi, 11 August 2006 (Deutsche Welle). The date 1907, indicated above, is somewhat uncertain to the present writer; according to Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah, "This school was established before the Constitutional Revolution (انقلاب مشروط)", which took place between 1905 and 1911; the First Majlis was elected in 1906, to be made defunct through the coup d'état of Mohammad-Ali Shah Qajar in June 1908.
^ According to Ms Farnaz Seifi (private communication), Nokhost-nameh consisted of a series of books, written by Matavous Khan Mālekiāns, that were commonly used at elementary schools of the time in Iran. These books were further supplemented with manuals for teachers.
^ "Emshaspandan". Farnaaz.info. Archived from the original on 17 July 2007. For details concerning the word Emshās'pandān (امشاسپندان) see Masoud Partovi, The New Year's Haftsin and the Figure Seven in Persian History (Hamshahri, No. 2669, p. 15, 7 March 2002). (Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States of America Archived 12 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine.) Briefly, there have been seven Emshās'pandāns, namely, Ahurā Mazdā (or Ormazd) and its great Holy Angles known as Bahman, Ordi'behesht, Shahri'var, Es'fand, Khor'dād and Amor'dād.
^ Translation from Persian by --BF.
^ Ms Farnarz Seifi, private communication.
^ Massoume Price (2001). "History of Ancient Medicine in Mesopotamia and Iran". Iran Chamber Society.
^ These statements need to be verified, as the present writer is not in possession of the original reports containing these data and relies solely on secondary sources.
^ The School for Girls (مدرسه دوشيزگان), ibid.
^ Ebrahim Nabavi (26 July 2006). "Bibi Khanom and the Unknown Prince (بی بی خانم و شاهزاده گمنام)" (in Persian). Bbc.co.uk.
^ The present writer has consulted neither Ta'deeb al-Nesvan nor Ma'ayeb al-Rejal. Some familiarity with this genre of the literature of the time suggests however that Ta'deeb al-Nesvan may not have been more than a prank by a member of Iran's aristocracy of the time.
^ Ebrahim Nabavi, ibid.
^ Ebrahim Nabavi, ibid.

External links[edit]

Media related to Bibikhanom Astarabadi at Wikimedia Commons

Ebrahim Nabavi, Bibi Khanom and the Unknown Prince (بی بی خانم و شاهزاده گمنام), BBC Persian, Wednesday 26 July 2006.
"The School for Girls" (مدرسه دوشيزگان) at Deutsche Welle. A programme celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran with an interview with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi, 11 August 2006. At the time of interview, Dr Mallah was 90 years old.
"Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani)", a short biography of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi (in Persian), containing some transcribed material from the above-mentioned interview with Deutsche Welle of Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah. shomaliha.com.

[1] Bibi (بی بی) means Matron, "a married woman especially one characterized by dignity, staid discreet behaviour, and plump motherly appearance" (OED), Venerable lady or Grandmother. Khatoon (خاتون) is a variant of the word Khanoom (خانوم), or Khanom (خانم). Any one of these three words (in particular the latter one) is often added to a woman's name in token of respect; it therefore need not be part of the official name of a woman. The official use of Khatoon is rare, if not obsolete, in the present-day Iran, and of the remaining two, Khanom is formal and Khanoom rather colloquial. The words Khatoon, Khanoom and Khanom, the feminine forms of the word Khan, are of Mongolian origin.

[2] Astarabadi (استرآبادی) refers to the people of Astarabad (استرآباد), the modern city of Gorgan and the capital of the Golestan Province of Iran.

[3] Bāji means both Female servant, and Sister. In the latter case it is a variant of the word Ābji, Sister. The writer of these lines is not familiar with the etymology of these words, however it is disconcertingly plausible that at some point in history parents and/or brothers may have come to see their daughters and/or sisters respectively as female servants in the household. What is more likely, however, is that Bāji simply means Sister and that its meaning as Female servant may be attributable to the fact that through referring to a female servant as Bāji one has intended, and intends, to be familial and convey the implicit verbal assurance that she would not be subjected to sexual harassment by the male members of the family; it is rather common in Iran that one conveys a similar statement by addressing a member of the opposite sex as brother or sister, as the case may be (when used inappropriately or in excess, such use may be viewed as patronising however).

[4] Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani), A short biography of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi (in Persian), containing some transcripted material from an interview by Deutsche Welle with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi (Shomaliha.com Archived 29 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine).

[5] "The Iran Initiative, The Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) - For a World of Peace, Justice and Nonviolence, Report 6, May 2006". Forusa.org. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007.

[6] For an interview, made in 2006 by Deutsche Welle, with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah, see External Links.

[7] The extant translation of the title Ma'ayeb al-Rejal (معايب الرجال) as Vices of Men, or even The Vices of Men, is incorrect when the contents of the book are disregarded. The word Ma'ayeb (معايب), or Oyoub (عیوب), is the plural of the Persian (in fact Arabic) word Eyb (عیب), which refers to a shortcoming or a failing, rather than a vice per se. To clarify, according to OED, Failing means "A defect of character; a weakness", whereby Failings is seen to be an apt choice for Ma'ayeb. In contrast, according to the same dictionary, Vice means "Extreme moral corruption; depravity; evil; grossly immoral or degrading habits or conduct". The word Fesq (فسق) would be appropriately translated as Vice. Only through taking the contents of the book into account, can one consider Vices as an appropriate translation of Ma'ayeb. The books in section Further reading should be illuminating.

[8] In general, Ta'deeb (تاديب) also means Disciplinary punishment, reflecting the implicit assumption that the latter would lead to edification.

[9] Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani), ibid.

[10] The School for Girls (مدرسه دوشيزگان). A programme celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran with an interview with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi, 11 August 2006 (Deutsche Welle). The date 1907, indicated above, is somewhat uncertain to the present writer; according to Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah, "This school was established before the Constitutional Revolution (انقلاب مشروط)", which took place between 1905 and 1911; the First Majlis was elected in 1906, to be made defunct through the coup d'état of Mohammad-Ali Shah Qajar in June 1908.

[11] According to Ms Farnaz Seifi (private communication), Nokhost-nameh consisted of a series of books, written by Matavous Khan Mālekiāns, that were commonly used at elementary schools of the time in Iran. These books were further supplemented with manuals for teachers.

[12] "Emshaspandan". Farnaaz.info. Archived from the original on 17 July 2007. For details concerning the word Emshās'pandān (امشاسپندان) see Masoud Partovi, The New Year's Haftsin and the Figure Seven in Persian History (Hamshahri, No. 2669, p. 15, 7 March 2002). (Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States of America Archived 12 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine.) Briefly, there have been seven Emshās'pandāns, namely, Ahurā Mazdā (or Ormazd) and its great Holy Angles known as Bahman, Ordi'behesht, Shahri'var, Es'fand, Khor'dād and Amor'dād.

[13] Translation from Persian by --BF.

[14] Ms Farnarz Seifi, private communication.

[15] Massoume Price (2001). "History of Ancient Medicine in Mesopotamia and Iran". Iran Chamber Society.

[16] These statements need to be verified, as the present writer is not in possession of the original reports containing these data and relies solely on secondary sources.

[17] The School for Girls (مدرسه دوشيزگان), ibid.

[18] Ebrahim Nabavi (26 July 2006). "Bibi Khanom and the Unknown Prince (بی بی خانم و شاهزاده گمنام)" (in Persian). Bbc.co.uk.

[19] The present writer has consulted neither Ta'deeb al-Nesvan nor Ma'ayeb al-Rejal. Some familiarity with this genre of the literature of the time suggests however that Ta'deeb al-Nesvan may not have been more than a prank by a member of Iran's aristocracy of the time.

[20] Ebrahim Nabavi, ibid.

[21] Ebrahim Nabavi, ibid.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Iranian writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures in the women's movement of Iran.}}
-'''Bibi Khānoom Astarābādi'''<ref>''Bibi'' (بی بی) means Matron, "a married woman especially one characterized by dignity, staid discreet behaviour, and plump motherly appearance" (''[[OED]]''), Venerable lady or Grandmother. ''Khatoon'' (خاتون) is a variant of the word ''Khanoom'' (خانوم), or ''Khanom'' (خانم). Any one of these three words (in particular the latter one) is often added to a woman's name in token of respect; it therefore need not be part of the official name of a woman. The official use of ''Khatoon'' is rare, if not obsolete, in the present-day Iran, and of the remaining two, ''Khanom'' is formal and ''Khanoom'' rather colloquial. The words ''Khatoon'', ''Khanoom'' and ''Khanom'', the feminine forms of the word ''Khan'', are of [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] origin.</ref><ref>''Astarabadi'' (استرآبادی) refers to the people of ''Astarabad'' (استرآباد), the modern city of [[Gorgan]] and the capital of the [[Golestan Province]] of [[Iran]].</ref> ({{lang-fa|بی بی خانوم استرآبادی}})&lrm; (1858/9–1921) was a notable [[Demography of Iran|Iranian]] writer, [[satirist]], and one of the pioneering figures in the women's movement of Iran.
+{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
+[[File:BiBiXanum.jpg|thumb|right|Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi]]
+'''Bibi Khānoom Astarābādi'''<ref>''Bibi'' (بی بی) means Matron, "a married woman especially one characterized by dignity, staid discreet behaviour, and plump motherly appearance" (''[[OED]]''), Venerable lady or Grandmother. ''Khatoon'' (خاتون) is a variant of the word ''Khanoom'' (خانوم), or ''Khanom'' (خانم). Any one of these three words (in particular the latter one) is often added to a woman's name in token of respect; it therefore need not be part of the official name of a woman. The official use of ''Khatoon'' is rare, if not obsolete, in the present-day Iran, and of the remaining two, ''Khanom'' is formal and ''Khanoom'' rather colloquial. The words ''Khatoon'', ''Khanoom'' and ''Khanom'', the feminine forms of the word ''Khan'', are of [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] origin.</ref><ref>''Astarabadi'' (استرآبادی) refers to the people of ''Astarabad'' (استرآباد), the modern city of [[Gorgan]] and the capital of the [[Golestan Province]] of [[Iran]].</ref> ({{lang-fa|بی بی خانم استرآبادی}})&lrm; (1858/59 – 1921) was a notable [[Demography of Iran|Iranian]] writer, [[satirist]], and one of the pioneering figures in the women's movement of Iran.
+== Biography ==
-Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi was born to the family of ''Mohammad Baqer Khan Astarabadi'', one of the notable men of Astarabad (the present-day [[Gorgan]]), and ''Khadijeh Khanom'' (خديجه خانم), known as<ref>''Bāji'' means both Female servant, and Sister. In the latter case it is a variant of the word ''Ābji'', Sister. The writer of these lines is not familiar with the etymology of these words, however it is disconcertingly plausible that at some point in history parents and/or brothers may have come to see their daughters and/or sisters respectively as female servants in the household. What is more likely, however, is that ''Bāji'' simply means ''Sister'' and that its meaning as ''Female servant'' may be attributable to the fact that through referring to a female servant as ''Bāji'' one has intended, and intends, to be familial and convey the implicit verbal assurance that she would not be subjected to sexual harassment by the male members of the family; it is rather common in Iran that one conveys a similar statement by addressing a member of the opposite sex as ''brother'' or ''sister'', as the case may be (when used inappropriately or in excess, such use may be viewed as patronising however).</ref> ''Mollah Bāji'' (ملاباجی), one of the companions of ''Shokuh ol-Saltaneh'' (شکوه السلطنه), wife to [[Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar]]. The title ''Mollah Bāji'' (see ''[[Mullah|Mollah]]'') is indicative that she must have been educated and in charge of more than the daily household chores of Shah's Court. Indeed, she has been in charge of the education of the children in the court of Nasser al-Din Shah.
+Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi was born to the family of ''Mohammad Baqer Khan Astarabadi'', one of the notable men of Astarabad (the present-day [[Gorgan]]), and ''Khadijeh Khanom'' (خديجه خانم), known as<ref>''Bāji'' means both Female servant, and Sister. In the latter case it is a variant of the word ''Ābji'', Sister. The writer of these lines is not familiar with the etymology of these words, however it is disconcertingly plausible that at some point in history parents and/or brothers may have come to see their daughters and/or sisters respectively as female servants in the household. What is more likely, however, is that ''Bāji'' simply means ''Sister'' and that its meaning as ''Female servant'' may be attributable to the fact that through referring to a female servant as ''Bāji'' one has intended, and intends, to be familial and convey the implicit verbal assurance that she would not be subjected to sexual harassment by the male members of the family; it is rather common in Iran that one conveys a similar statement by addressing a member of the opposite sex as ''brother'' or ''sister'', as the case may be (when used inappropriately or in excess, such use may be viewed as patronising however).</ref> ''Mollah Bāji'' (ملاباجی), one of the companions of [[Shokuh ol-Saltaneh]] (شکوه السلطنه), wife to [[Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar]]. The title ''Mollah Bāji'' (see ''[[Mullah|Mollah]]'') is indicative that she must have been educated and in charge of more than the daily household chores of Shah's Court. Indeed, she has been in charge of the education of the children in the court of Nasser al-Din Shah.
-At the age of 22, Bibi Khatoon married ''Musa Khan Vaziri'' who was a prominent official in the ''[[Persian Cossack Brigade]]''. They had seven children, of whom the most distinguished are ''[[Ali-Naqi Vaziri|Colonel Ali-Naqi Vaziri]]'' (musicologist, composer, a celebrated player of the [[Tar (lute)|tar]], and the founder of the Academy of Music of Iran as well of Iran's National Orchestra), and ''Hasan Vaziri'' (an artistic painter).<ref>''Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani)'', A short biography of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi (in Persian), containing some transcripted material from an interview by ''Deutsche Welle'' with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi ([http://www.shomaliha.com/zanan/bibi.html Shomaliha.com]).</ref> Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), founder and director of Iran's "Women's Society against Environmental Pollution"  (founded in 1992 to educate children and mothers, as well as state's officials, about dangers of environmental pollution)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Iran Initiative'', The Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) - For a World of Peace, Justice and Nonviolence, Report 6, May 2006 |url=http://www.forusa.org/programs/iran/may06-6.htm |publisher=Forusa.org}}</ref> is the maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi.<ref>For an interview, made in 2006 by ''Deutsche Welle'', with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah, see External Links.</ref>
+At the age of 22, Bibi Khatoon married ''Musa Khan Vaziri'' who was a prominent official in the ''[[Persian Cossack Brigade]]''. They had seven children, of whom the most distinguished are ''[[Ali-Naqi Vaziri|Colonel Ali-Naqi Vaziri]]'' (musicologist, composer, a celebrated player of the [[Tar (lute)|tar]], and the founder of the Academy of Music of Iran as well of Iran's National Orchestra), ''Hasan Vaziri'' (an artistic painter) and the journalist, [[Khadijeh Afzal Vaziri]].<ref>''Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani)'', A short biography of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi (in Persian), containing some transcripted material from an interview by ''Deutsche Welle'' with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi ([http://www.shomaliha.com/zanan/bibi.html Shomaliha.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629232127/http://www.shomaliha.com/zanan/bibi.html |date=29 June 2007 }}).</ref> Dr [[Mahlagha Mallah|Mahlaghā Mallah]] (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), founder and director of Iran's "Women's Society against Environmental Pollution"  (founded in 1992 to educate children and mothers, as well as state's officials, about dangers of environmental pollution)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Iran Initiative'', The Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) - For a World of Peace, Justice and Nonviolence, Report 6, May 2006'' |url=http://www.forusa.org/programs/iran/may06-6.htm |publisher=Forusa.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711145614/https://www.forusa.org/programs/iran/may06-6.htm |archivedate=11 July 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> was the maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi.<ref>For an interview, made in 2006 by ''Deutsche Welle'', with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah, see External Links.</ref>
+== Career ==
-Bibi Khatoon was one of the influential figures in the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Iranian constitutional revolution]] in the late 19th and the early 20th century. She founded the first school for girls (named ''The School for Girls'' &mdash; دبستان دوشیزگان) in the modern history of Iran and wrote numerous articles in defence of the right of girls to receive universal education. Her articles appeared in such newspapers as ''Tamaddon'' (تمدن - Civilization), ''Habl al-Matin'' (حبل المتين - Firm Rope) and ''Majles'' (مجلس - Parliament). Bibi Khatoon is also known for her book ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal'' (معايب الرجال - Failings of Men),<ref>The extant translation of the title ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal'' (معايب الرجال) as ''Vices of Men'', or even ''The Vices of Men'', is incorrect when the contents of the book are disregarded. The word ''Ma'ayeb'' (معايب), or ''Oyoub'' (عیوب), is the plural of the Persian (in fact [[Arabic language|Arabic]]) word ''Eyb'' (عیب), which refers to a shortcoming or a failing, rather than a vice ''per se''. To clarify, according to ''OED'', ''Failing'' means "A defect of character; a weakness", whereby ''Failings'' is seen to be an apt choice for ''Ma'ayeb''. In contrast, according to the same dictionary, ''Vice'' means "Extreme moral corruption; depravity; evil; grossly immoral or degrading habits or conduct". The word ''Fesq'' (فسق) would be appropriately translated as ''Vice''. Only through taking the contents of the book into account, can one consider ''Vices'' as an appropriate translation of ''Ma'ayeb''. The books in section ''Further reading'' should be illuminating.</ref> which was a critical response to the pamphlet ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'' (تاديب النسوان - Edification of Women)<ref>In general, ''Ta'deeb'' (تاديب) also means ''Disciplinary punishement'', reflecting the implicit assumption that the latter would lead to edification.</ref> by an anonymous author. ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal'' was published in 1895, eleven years before the inauguration of Iran's system of constitutional monarchy in 1906 by the decree of [[Mozzafar al-Din Shah|Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar]].<ref>''Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani)'', ''ibid.''</ref> This book is considered by some as the first declaration of women's rights in the recent history of Iran.
+Bibi Khatoon was one of the influential figures in the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Iranian constitutional revolution]] in the late 19th and the early 20th century. She founded the first school for girls (named ''The School for Girls'' – دبستان دوشیزگان) in the modern history of Iran and wrote numerous articles in defence of the right of girls to receive universal education. Her articles appeared in such newspapers as ''Tamaddon'' (تمدن - Civilization), ''[[Habl al-Matin (magazine)|Habl al-Matin]]'' (حبل المتين - Firm Rope) and ''Majles'' (مجلس - Parliament). Bibi Khatoon is also known for her book ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal'' (معايب الرجال - Failings of Men),<ref>The extant translation of the title ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal'' (معايب الرجال) as ''Vices of Men'', or even ''The Vices of Men'', is incorrect when the contents of the book are disregarded. The word ''Ma'ayeb'' (معايب), or ''Oyoub'' (عیوب), is the plural of the Persian (in fact [[Arabic language|Arabic]]) word ''Eyb'' (عیب), which refers to a shortcoming or a failing, rather than a vice ''per se''. To clarify, according to ''OED'', ''Failing'' means "A defect of character; a weakness", whereby ''Failings'' is seen to be an apt choice for ''Ma'ayeb''. In contrast, according to the same dictionary, ''Vice'' means "Extreme moral corruption; depravity; evil; grossly immoral or degrading habits or conduct". The word ''Fesq'' (فسق) would be appropriately translated as ''Vice''. Only through taking the contents of the book into account, can one consider ''Vices'' as an appropriate translation of ''Ma'ayeb''. The books in section ''Further reading'' should be illuminating.</ref> which was a critical response to the pamphlet ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'' (تاديب النسوان - Edification of Women)<ref>In general, ''Ta'deeb'' (تاديب) also means ''Disciplinary punishment'', reflecting the implicit assumption that the latter would lead to edification.</ref> by an anonymous author. ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal'' was published in 1895, eleven years before the inauguration of Iran's system of constitutional monarchy in 1906 by the decree of [[Mozzafar al-Din Shah|Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar]].<ref>''Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani)'', ''ibid''.</ref> This book is considered by some as the first declaration of women's rights in the recent history of Iran.
 ==''The School for Girls'' (دبستان دوشیزگان)==
-Founded in 1907 at the residential home of Bibi Khatoon in [[Tehran]], it was attended both by young girls and their mothers as well as grandmothers, for some of the latter it may have been a unique opportunity for obtaining formal education for the first time in their lives. The school was equipped with such facilities as may be taken for granted from the present-day perspective (such as desks), however it should be borne in mind that this school provision was part of Bibi Khatoon's residential home and not part of a purpose-built educational facility.<ref>''The School for Girls'' (مدرسه دوشيزگان). A programme celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran with an interview with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi, 11 August 2006 ([http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2411784,00.html Deutsche Welle]). The date 1907, indicated above, is somewhat uncertain to the present writer; according to Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah, "This school was established before the [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution|Constitutional Revolution]] (انقلاب مشروط)", which took place between 1905 and 1911; the [[Majlis of Iran|First Majlis]] was elected in 1906, to be made defunct through the [[coup d'état]] of [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar|Mohammad-Ali Shah Qajar]] in June 1908.</ref> This clearly testifies to Bibi Khatoon's wholehearted dedication to the cause of women's education in Iran.
+Founded in 1907 at the residential home of Bibi Khatoon in [[Tehran]], many young girls and their mothers attended The School for Girls, as well as grandmothers. For some of the latter, it was a unique opportunity to obtain formal education. The school was equipped with such facilities (such as desks) as may be taken for granted from the present-day perspective; however, it should be borne in mind that this school provision was part of Bibi Khatoon's residential home and not part of a purpose-built educational facility.<ref>''The School for Girls'' (مدرسه دوشيزگان). A programme celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran with an interview with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi, 11 August 2006 ([http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2411784,00.html Deutsche Welle]). The date 1907, indicated above, is somewhat uncertain to the present writer; according to Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah, "This school was established before the [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution|Constitutional Revolution]] (انقلاب مشروط)", which took place between 1905 and 1911; the [[Majlis of Iran|First Majlis]] was elected in 1906, to be made defunct through the [[coup d'état]] of [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar|Mohammad-Ali Shah Qajar]] in June 1908.</ref> This clearly testifies to Bibi Khatoon's wholehearted dedication to the cause of women's education in Iran.
-<center>
+{{center|1=
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-<div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"></div>
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 ''The School for Girls''
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 A new school, named ''The School for Girls'' [دبستان دوشیزگان], has been opened near the old gate of Mahmmadieh, the Hāji Mohammad-Hossein market. This school consists of a large courtyard and numerous rooms equipped with all necessary school outfits.
-For the opening of this school five female teachers [معلمه] have been appointed, each  responsible for one subject, such as ''Nokhost-nameh''<ref>According to Ms Farnaz Seifi (private communication), ''Nokhost-nameh'' consisted of a series of books, written by Matavous Khan Mālekiāns, that were commonly used at elementary schools of the time in Iran. These books were further supplemented with manuals for teachers.</ref> [نخست نامه], Writing/Calligraphy [مشق قلم], History of Iran [تاریخ ایران], Reading [قرائت], Cookery book [کتاب طباخی], Law [قانون], Religion [مذهب], Geography [جغرافیا], Science of Arithmetic [علم حساب]. Teaching will be adapted to the learning ability of each girl or woman.
+For the opening of this school five female teachers [معلمه] have been appointed, each responsible for one subject, such as ''Nokhost-nameh''<ref>According to Ms Farnaz Seifi (private communication), ''Nokhost-nameh'' consisted of a series of books, written by Matavous Khan Mālekiāns, that were commonly used at elementary schools of the time in Iran. These books were further supplemented with manuals for teachers.</ref> [نخست نامه], Writing/Calligraphy [مشق قلم], History of Iran [تاریخ ایران], Reading [قرائت], Cookery book [کتاب طباخی], Law [قانون], Religion [مذهب], Geography [جغرافیا], Science of Arithmetic [علم حساب]. Teaching will be adapted to the learning ability of each girl or woman.
 In addition, a location has been set aside for teaching in manual arts, such as knitting [کاموا دوزی], gold embroidery [زری دوزی], silk embroidery [خامه دوزی], sewing [خیاطی], etc., and all these teachers are womenfolk [طایفه اناثیه] and with the exception of an aged porter [پیرمرد قاپوچی], no other man will be in the School.
@@ Line 24: / Line 28: @@
 Students between the ages of seven and twelve will be accepted. Elementary class [اطاق ابتدائی] is for fifteen ''[[Iranian qiran|qeran]]'' per month, practical class [اطاق عملی] for twenty-five ''qeran'' per month. Discount is offered to those in reduced circumstances [فقرأ]. For every two students [from the same family] one will be accepted free of charge. It is hoped that thousands of schools such as this one are to be inaugurated in our dear motherland [وطن عزیز ما].
-Signature: Bibi Khanom Astarabadi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emshaspandan |date=Monday 10 ''Ordi'behesht'' 1386 |url= http://www.farnaaz.info/herstory/003066.html |publisher=Farnaaz.info}} For details concerning the word ''Emshās'pandān'' (امشاسپندان) see  Masoud Partovi, ''The New Year's Haftsin and the Figure Seven'' in ''Persian History'' (''Hamshahri'', No. 2669, p. 15, 7 March 2002). ([http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~aoliai/historypage/thenewyearhaftsin.htm Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States of America].) Briefly, there have been seven ''Emshās'pandān''s, namely, ''Ahurā Mazdā'' (or ''Ormazd'') and its great Holy Angles known as ''Bahman'', ''Ordi'behesht'', ''Shahri'var'', ''Es'fand'', ''Khor'dād'' and ''Amor'dād''.</ref><ref>Translation from [[Persian language|Persian]] by --BF.</ref>
+Signature: Bibi Khanom Astarabadi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emshaspandan |url=http://www.farnaaz.info/herstory/003066.html |publisher=Farnaaz.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717115833/http://www.farnaaz.info/herstory/003066.html |archivedate=17 July 2007 |df=dmy }} For details concerning the word ''Emshās'pandān'' (امشاسپندان) see Masoud Partovi, ''The New Year's Haftsin and the Figure Seven'' in ''Persian History'' (''Hamshahri'', No. 2669, p. 15, 7 March 2002). ([http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~aoliai/historypage/thenewyearhaftsin.htm Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712211621/http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~aoliai/historypage/thenewyearhaftsin.htm |date=12 July 2007 }}.) Briefly, there have been seven ''Emshās'pandān''s, namely, ''Ahurā Mazdā'' (or ''Ormazd'') and its great Holy Angles known as ''Bahman'', ''Ordi'behesht'', ''Shahri'var'', ''Es'fand'', ''Khor'dād'' and ''Amor'dād''.</ref><ref>Translation from [[Persian language|Persian]] by --BF.</ref>
 (Published in the ''Majles'' daily newspaper of 28 March 1907).<ref>Ms Farnarz Seifi, private communication.</ref>
-</blockquote></center>
+</blockquote>
+}}
 The subjects taught at this school consisted of, in alphabetic order, [[Arabic language]], [[Arithmetic]], [[Cookery]], [[Geography]], [[History]], [[Law]], [[Music]], [[Persian literature]], and [[Religion]], to name but some. It is relevant to point out that in 1936, almost thirty years after the establishment of ''The School for Girls'', 12 women were for the first time admitted to [[University of Tehran]], who entered all faculties.<ref>{{cite web |author=Massoume Price |title=History of Ancient Medicine in Mesopotamia and Iran |publisher=Iran Chamber Society |year= 2001 |url= http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/ancient_medicine_mesopotamia_iran.php}}</ref>
 According to the official data provided by Iran's ministry of higher education, at the turn of the present century some 70% of all students in higher education were women; according to the same data, however, by the same time only 20% of the [[PhD]] positions at academic institutions were occupied by women.<ref>These statements need to be verified, as the present writer is not in possession of the original reports containing these data and relies solely on secondary sources.</ref>
-The historical site of ''The School for Girls''  survived in its original form for some 22 years following the death of Bibi Khatoon in 1921; in 1943 this site was sold (for 25,000 [[Iranian toman|Tumans]]) by the extant members of Bibi Khatoon's direct family.<ref>''The School for Girls'' (مدرسه دوشيزگان), ''ibid.''</ref>
+The historical site of ''The School for Girls''  survived in its original form for some 22 years following the death of Bibi Khatoon in 1921; in 1943 this site was sold (for 25,000 [[Iranian toman|Tumans]]) by the extant members of Bibi Khatoon's direct family.<ref>''The School for Girls'' (مدرسه دوشيزگان), ''ibid''.</ref>
 <!-- [To be extended - for instance on the subject of the public protests against Bibi Khatoon's school and her sufferings at the hands of those objecting to this school; for instance, the school was originally closed only after one month of its initial opening.] -->
@@ Line 36: / Line 42: @@
 ==Activities in support of the Constitutional Revolution==
+<!-- Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi’s name should deserve a special mention not only as one of the founding figures of the Iranian women’s movement but also as a major activist, who contributed to this constitutional revolution by her pen, also she was a notable Iranian writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures in the women’s movement in Iran. Founder of the girl’s school in Tehran in 1907. It was Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi’s love for education and the founding of the first school for girls that holds her in such high esteem so many decades later. Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi was one of the most known influential figures in the late 19th and early 20th century during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi’s articles appeared in many newspapers. The school for girls which was founded in 1907 in Tehran, which was visited most by young girls and several other older women. Many of her books that she wrote, the government during that time used her ideas that she wanted women to have education. “Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi’s name should deserve a special mention not only as one of the founding figures of the Iranian women’s movement but also as a major activist, who contributed to this constitutional revolution by her pen, also she was a notable Iranian writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures in the women’s movement in Iran. Founder of the girl’s school in Tehran in 1907. It was Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi’s love for education and the founding of the first school for girls that holds her in such high esteem so many decades later. Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi was one of the most known influential figures in the late 19th and early 20th century during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi’s articles appeared in many newspapers. The school for girls which was founded in 1907 in Tehran, which was visited most by young girls and several other older women. Many of her books that she wrote, the government during that time used her ideas that she wanted women to have education. “Modern school for boys had just been introduced to Iran under the reign of the new Qajar King, however girls on the other hand had no opportunities to obtain a formal education outside the confines of their homes. American missionaries had noticed and founded a school for the girls in Tehran and the cities of Tabriz and Urmia in the northwestern region of Azerbaijan. On the other hand, muslim girls were not allowed to attend these schools. In 1906, when Iran was overrun in the excitement and the tensions of the Constitutional Revolution, Bibi Khanoom succeeded in getting the consent of authorities for opening the school. The school for girls registered a number of girls between eight and 12 years of age. The importance of the school was not lost on the British ambassador to Tehran, Sir Charles Murray Marling. He praised Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi in a letter to Sir Edward Grey, the UK’s Foreign Secretary at that time. However, a short while after the school opened, Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri, a reactionary mullah who later sided with anti-Constitutionalists and was eventually hanged following a civil war, issued an order calling girls school to be against Islamic laws. In a move to protect the girls and avoid greater tensions, the Ministry of Culture Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi to close down the school. She accepted, but she did not give up. The following year she opened a new school for girls. In addition to that, Bibi Khanoom Astarabdi also founded an orphanage for girls and wrote articles advocating women’s rights for newspapers”.
-<!-- [To be written] -->
+					Work Cited
+https://iranwire.com/en/features/1374
+https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0770
+Abrahamian, Ervand. “The Causes of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 10, no. 3, 1979, pp. 381–414. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/162146. Accessed 11 Dec. 2020.
+ -->
 {{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
 ==On ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'' (تاديب النسوان - Edification of Women)==
-According to [[Ebrahim Nabavi]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Ebrahim Nabavi |title=Bibi Khanom and the Unknown Prince (بی بی خانم و شاهزاده گمنام) |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |language=Persian |date=26 July 2006 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/worldnews/story/2006/07/060722_mv-constitution-en-bibikhatun.shtml}}</ref><ref>The present writer has consulted neither ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'' nor ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal''. Some familiarity with this genre of the literature of the time suggests however that ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'' may not have been more than a prank by a member of Iran's aristocracy of the time.</ref> ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'', published in 1288 [[Hijri year|AH]] (1895), is a small booklet authored by one of the princes of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] Court, "who must have feared his wife so greatly that he has not had the courage to put his name on it as its author" (in other words, the author of the book is an anonymous Prince). A short summary of the main recommendations in this book, aimed at the "edification" of women, is as follows:<ref>Ebrahim Nabavi, ''ibid.''</ref>
+According to [[Ebrahim Nabavi]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Ebrahim Nabavi |title=Bibi Khanom and the Unknown Prince (بی بی خانم و شاهزاده گمنام) |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |language=Persian |date=26 July 2006 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/worldnews/story/2006/07/060722_mv-constitution-en-bibikhatun.shtml}}</ref><ref>The present writer has consulted neither ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'' nor ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal''. Some familiarity with this genre of the literature of the time suggests however that ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'' may not have been more than a prank by a member of Iran's aristocracy of the time.</ref> ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'', published in 1288 [[Hijri year|AH]] (1895), is a small booklet authored by one of the princes of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] Court, "who must have feared his wife so greatly that he has not had the courage to put his name on it as its author" (in other words, the author of the book is an anonymous Prince). A short summary of the main recommendations in this book, aimed at the "edification" of women, is as follows:<ref>Ebrahim Nabavi, ''ibid''.</ref>
 #Woman is a being who similar to a child must be educated by a man.
 #Salvation of woman is conditional upon her absolute obedience to her husband.
@@ Line 51: / Line 78: @@
 : Etc.
-The Vices of Men (Ma'ayib al-Rijal) (1887),a pungent satire, is in fact an answer to an earlier work entitled The Education of Women (Ta'dib al-Niswan (translated into English by E. Powys Mathers in his Eastern Love, vol.iii, London, 1904). The anonymous writer of the latter seems to be a chauvinistic prince, and following the medieval tradition that was not accepted by Shia Muslim clerics.  Bibi Khanum's answers to such absurdities are scathingly indignant. She writes that "genius of the world and unique writer of our times" seems strangely bereft of his senses. "He should have first corrected his own vices and then given us advice. One who has no share of existence, how can he inspire life? ...He regards himself as 'Westernized' and 'civilized,' but in fact, he is not even 'half-civilized.'(سیویلیزه و نیم ویلیزه) Does he not know that Europeans treat their women like flowers, and women freely associate with men?"  The indication that the author was westernised clearly indicates, he must have been from the so-called western influenced intellectuals.  Strangely enough at the time women had very few rights in the west in comparison to Iran and only in some parts of the western world had been able to claim their rights to inheritance.
+''The Vices of Men'' (Ma'ayib al-Rijal) (1887), a pungent satire, is in fact an answer to an earlier work entitled ''The Education of Women'' (Ta'dib al-Niswan (translated into English by E. Powys Mathers in his ''Eastern Love'', vol. iii, London, 1904). The anonymous writer of the latter seems to be a chauvinistic prince, and following the medieval tradition that was not accepted by Shia Muslim clerics.  Bibi Khanum's answers to such absurdities are scathingly indignant. She writes that "genius of the world and unique writer of our times" seems strangely bereft of his senses. "He should have first corrected his own vices and then given us advice. One who has no share of existence, how can he inspire life? ...He regards himself as 'Westernized' and 'civilized,' but in fact, he is not even 'half-civilized.'(سیویلیزه و نیم ویلیزه) Does he not know that Europeans treat their women like flowers, and women freely associate with men?"  The indication that the author was westernised clearly indicates, he must have been from the so-called western influenced intellectuals.  Strangely enough at the time women had very few rights in the west in comparison to Iran and only in some parts of the western world had been able to claim their rights to inheritance.
-These two works were published by Hasan Javadi as "Two Qajar Essays on Men and Women: Ta'dib al-Nivan and Ma'ayib al-Rijal" in Washington in 1992.
+These two works were published by Hasan Javadi as ''Two Qajar Essays on Men and Women: Ta'dib al-Nivan and Ma'ayib al-Rijal'' in Washington in 1992.
 رویایی زن و مرد در عصر قاجار در عصر قاجار: دو رساله تادیب النسوان و معایب الرجال
 ==Response of Bibi Khatoon: ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal'' (معايب الرجال - Failings of Men)==
-According to Ebrahim Nabavi,<ref>Ebrahim Nabavi, ''ibid.</ref> ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal'' consists of two main parts, in one of which Bibi Khatoon responds directly to the contents of ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'', and in the other she describes the conditions prevailing in the men's social gatherings of her time. True to her usual style of writing, Bibi Khatoon's tone in this book is derisive. [To be extended at a later occasion.]
+According to Ebrahim Nabavi,<ref>Ebrahim Nabavi, ''ibid.''</ref> ''Ma'ayeb al-Rejal'' consists of two main parts, in one of which Bibi Khatoon responds directly to the contents of ''Ta'deeb al-Nesvan'', and in the other she describes the conditions prevailing in the men's social gatherings of her time. True to her usual style of writing, Bibi Khatoon's tone in this book is derisive. [To be extended at a later occasion.]
 ==See also==
@@ Line 72: / Line 99: @@
 ==Further reading==
-* [[Afsaneh Najmabadi]], ''Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity'' (University of California Press, Berkeley, 2005). ISBN 0-520-24263-7
+* [[Afsaneh Najmabadi]], ''Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity'' (University of California Press, Berkeley, 2005). {{ISBN|0-520-24263-7}}
 * Afsaneh Najmabadi, editor, ''Bibi Khanum Astarabadi's Ma'ayib al-Rijal: Vices of Men'' (Midland Printers, Chicago, 1992).
 * Hasan Javadi, Manijeh Marashi, and Simin Shekrloo, editors, ''Ta'dib al-Nisvan va Ma'ayib al-Rijal'' [Disciplining of Women and Vices of Men] (Jahan Books, Maryland, 1992).
-* ''The education of women & the vices of men: two Qajar tracts'', transl. and introd. by Hasan Javadi and Willem Floor (Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse NY, 2010). ISBN 978-0-8156-3240-5
+* ''The education of women & the vices of men: two Qajar tracts'', transl. and introd. by Hasan Javadi and Willem Floor (Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse NY, 2010). {{ISBN|978-0-8156-3240-5}}
 * Jasmin Khosravie, ''Die Sünden der Männer – Konzepte von Weiblichkeit im Spiegel der Lebenswelt von Bibi Khanum Astarabadi (st. 1921)'', in: S. Conermann & S. von Hees (ed.): Islamwissenschaft als Kulturwissenschaft: Historische Anthropologie. Ansätze und Möglichkeiten (pp.&nbsp;235–262), (EB-Publishers, Hamburg 2007).
 ==External links==
-{{commons category|Bibikhanom Astarabadi}}
+{{commons category-inline}}
-* Ebrahim Nabavi, ''Bibi Khanom and the Unknown Prince'' (بی بی خانم و شاهزاده گمنام), BBC Persian, Wednesday 26 July 2006 ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/worldnews/story/2006/07/060722_mv-constitution-en-bibikhatun.shtml BBC Persian]).
+* [[Ebrahim Nabavi]], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/worldnews/story/2006/07/060722_mv-constitution-en-bibikhatun.shtml Bibi Khanom and the Unknown Prince (بی بی خانم و شاهزاده گمنام)], [[BBC Persian]], Wednesday 26 July 2006.
-* ''The School for Girls'' (مدرسه دوشيزگان). A programme celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran with an interview with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi, 11 August 2006 ([http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2411784,00.html Deutsche Welle]). At the time of interview, Dr Mallah is 90 years old.
+* [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2411784,00.html "The School for Girls" (مدرسه دوشيزگان)] at [[Deutsche Welle]]. A programme celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran with an interview with Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah (دكتر مه لقا ملاح), maternal granddaughter of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi, 11 August 2006. At the time of interview, Dr Mallah was 90 years old.
-* ''Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani)'', A short biography of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi (in Persian), containing some transcribed material from the above-mentioned interview with ''Deutsche Welle'' of Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah ([http://www.shomaliha.com/zanan/bibi.html Shomaliha.com]).
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629232127/http://www.shomaliha.com/zanan/bibi.html "Bibi Khanom Astarabadi (Gorgani)"], a short biography of Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi (in Persian), containing some transcribed material from the above-mentioned interview with ''Deutsche Welle'' of Dr Mah-Laghā Mallah. shomaliha.com.
 {{Persian Constitutional Revolution Persions}}
 {{Authority control}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Astarabadi, Bibi Khatoon}}
 [[Category:Iranian satirists]]
 [[Category:Iranian essayists]]
-[[Category:1858 births]]
+[[Category:1850s births]]
 [[Category:1921 deaths]]
 [[Category:Iranian women's rights activists]]
-[[Category:Iranian writers]]
-[[Category:Iranian women writers]]
 [[Category:Iranian democracy activists]]
 [[Category:People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution]]
 [[Category:Iranian women essayists]]
 [[Category:Women satirists]]
+[[Category:19th-century Iranian women writers]]
+[[Category:20th-century Iranian women writers]]
+[[Category:19th-century Iranian writers]]
+[[Category:20th-century Iranian writers]]
+[[Category:People from Gorgan]]
+[[Category:People of Qajar Iran]]
+[[Category:19th-century feminists]]

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