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{{short description|Species of grasshopper}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Brown locust
| image = LPA_Serratia.JPG
| image = Locustana-pardalina.jpg
| image_caption = Brown locust nymphs, killed by ''[[Serratia]]''
| image_caption = Brown locust (Locustana pardalina)
| display_parents = 3
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| parent_authority = Uvarov, 1921
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
⚫
| taxon = Locustana pardalina
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| authority = [[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1870
| ordo = [[Orthoptera]]
| familia = [[Acrididae]]
| subfamilia = [[Oedipodinae]]
| genus = ''[[Locustana]]''
| species = '''''L. pardalina'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Locustana pardalina''
| binomial_authority = Walker, 1870
| range_map = Lpa_di~1.jpg
| range_map = Lpa_di~1.jpg
| range_map_caption = Red: outbreak area; yellow: invasion area
| range_map_caption = Red: outbreak area; yellow: invasion area
| synonyms = * ''Locustana capensis'' <small>(Saussure, 1884)</small>
* ''Locustana sulcicollis'' <small>(Stål, 1876)</small>
}}
}}

The '''brown locust''', '''''Locustana pardalina''''', is a medium-sized small [[locust]] species found in [[Southern Africa]] and shows classic gregarious behaviour with phase [[Polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]]) on crowding.<ref>{{cite book|last=Uvarov|first=B.P.|date=1966|title=Grasshoppers and Locusts (Vol. 1)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter=Phase polymorphism}}</ref>
The '''brown locust''' (''Locustana pardalina'')<ref>Walker F (1870) ''Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum'' 4: 725</ref> is a medium-sized small [[locust]] species in the [[monotypic genus]] '''''Locustana'''''.<ref>Uvarov BP (1921) ''Trans. Entomol. Soc. London'' 7: 162</ref><ref>[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1103185 OSF: ''Locustana'' (retrieved 2 February 2018)]</ref> It is found in [[Southern Africa]] and shows classic [[gregarious behaviour]] with phase [[Polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]] on crowding.<ref>{{cite book|last=Uvarov|first=B.P.|year=1966|title=Grasshoppers and Locusts (Vol. 1)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter=Phase polymorphism}}</ref>


==Biology==
==Biology==
"With its drought-resistant egg stage, short life cycle with 2–4 generations per year, high fecundity and highly gregarious behaviour, the brown locust regularly produces intense outbreaks. Eggs are usually laid in dry soil and during the summer months will hatch approximately 10 days after {{convert|15|-|25|mm|1}} of rain has fallen. Under drought conditions, eggs enter various states of diapause and quiescence and can remain viable for up to 3 years.
{{quote|text="With its drought-resistant egg stage, short life cycle with 2–4 generations per year, high fecundity and highly gregarious behaviour, the brown locust regularly produces intense outbreaks. Eggs are usually laid in dry soil and during the summer months will hatch approximately 10 days after {{convert|15|-|25|mm|1}} of rain has fallen. Under drought conditions, eggs enter various states of diapause and quiescence and can remain viable for up to 3 years.


Incipient outbreaks generally arise following the end of droughts and are characterised by the dramatic increase in the density of the solitary phase adult population over wide areas of the Karoo. Hatching hoppers then aggregate and develop into thousands of small, discrete, highly gregarious hopper bands. For example, over 250,000 hopper bands and 40,000 fledging adult swarms were controlled in the massive 1985–86 upsurge. Swarming populations can then perpetuate themselves for a number of years, requiring an intense control effort, before gradually dying out during another drought cycle." <ref>R. E. Price and H. D. Brown (2000) A Century of Locust Control in South Africa. Ch 4. Workshop on Research Priorities for Migrant Pests of Agriculture in Southern Africa,Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, 24–26 March 1999.R. A. Cheke, L. J. Rosenberg and M. E. Kieser (eds) (2000) Natural Resources Institute,Chatham, UK.</ref>
Incipient outbreaks generally arise following the end of droughts and are characterised by the dramatic increase in the density of the solitary phase adult population over wide areas of the Karoo. Hatching hoppers then aggregate and develop into thousands of small, discrete, highly gregarious hopper bands. For example, over 250,000 hopper bands and 40,000 fledging adult swarms were controlled in the massive 1985–86 upsurge. Swarming populations can then perpetuate themselves for a number of years, requiring an intense control effort, before gradually dying out during another drought cycle."|source=R. E. Price and H. D. Brown (2000) A Century of Locust Control in South Africa. Ch 4. Workshop on Research Priorities for Migrant Pests of Agriculture in Southern Africa, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, 24–26 March 1999.R. A. Cheke, L. J. Rosenberg and M. E. Kieser (eds) (2000) Natural Resources Institute,Chatham, UK.}}
[[File:LPA_Serratia.JPG|thumb|left|Brown locust nymphs, killed by the pathogen ''[[Serratia]]'']]


==Control==
==Control==
Hopper band outbreaks are frequent in the [[Karoo]] and are controlled by farmers with [[insecticide]] spray operations: usually [[deltamethrin]] with motorised mistblowers set for [[ultra-low volume]] application (subsidised by the Government).
Hopper band outbreaks are frequent in the [[Karoo]] and are controlled by farmers with [[insecticide]] spray operations: usually [[deltamethrin]] with motorised mistblowers set for [[ultra-low volume]] application (subsidised by the government).


Because of the environmental sensitivity of the Karoo [[biome]] and concerns about toxicity to grazing sheep, a [[biological pesticide]] product called 'Green Muscle', based on the [[entomopathogenic fungus]] (''[[Metarhizium acridum]]''), was tested by the [[LUBILOSA]] Programme in collaboration with the South African Plant Protection Institute: using novel application technique to compensate for the slow speed of kill<ref>Price, R.E., Bateman, R.P., Brown, H.D., Butler, E.T. and Müller, E.J. (1997) Aerial spray trials against brown locust (''Locustana pardalina'', Walker) nymphs in South Africa using oil-based formulations of ''Metarhizium flavoviride''. Crop Protection, 16, 345-351</ref>.
Because of the environmental sensitivity of the Karoo [[biome]] and concerns about toxicity to grazing sheep, a [[biological pesticide]] product called 'Green Muscle', based on the [[entomopathogenic fungus]] (''[[Metarhizium acridum]]''), was tested by the [[LUBILOSA]] Programme in collaboration with the South African Plant Protection Institute: using novel application technique to compensate for the slow speed of kill.<ref>Price, R.E., Bateman, R.P., Brown, H.D., Butler, E.T. and Müller, E.J. (1997) Aerial spray trials against brown locust (''Locustana pardalina'', Walker) nymphs in South Africa using oil-based formulations of ''Metarhizium flavoviride''. Crop Protection, 16, 345-351</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q4976390}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Locust}}
[[Category:Locusts]]
[[Category:Locusts]]
[[Category:Insects of Africa]]
[[Category:Orthoptera of Africa]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1870]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1870]]
[[Category:Agricultural pest insects]]
[[Category:Monotypic Orthoptera genera]]
[[Category:Oedipodinae]]

Latest revision as of 01:46, 21 June 2023

Brown locust
Brown locust (Locustana pardalina)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Caelifera
Family: Acrididae
Subfamily: Oedipodinae
Tribe: Locustini
Genus: Locustana
Uvarov, 1921
Species:
L. pardalina
Binomial name
Locustana pardalina
Walker, 1870
Red: outbreak area; yellow: invasion area
Synonyms
  • Locustana capensis (Saussure, 1884)
  • Locustana sulcicollis (Stål, 1876)

The brown locust (Locustana pardalina)[1] is a medium-sized small locust species in the monotypic genus Locustana.[2][3] It is found in Southern Africa and shows classic gregarious behaviour with phase polymorphism on crowding.[4]

Biology[edit]

"With its drought-resistant egg stage, short life cycle with 2–4 generations per year, high fecundity and highly gregarious behaviour, the brown locust regularly produces intense outbreaks. Eggs are usually laid in dry soil and during the summer months will hatch approximately 10 days after 15–25 millimetres (0.6–1.0 in) of rain has fallen. Under drought conditions, eggs enter various states of diapause and quiescence and can remain viable for up to 3 years. Incipient outbreaks generally arise following the end of droughts and are characterised by the dramatic increase in the density of the solitary phase adult population over wide areas of the Karoo. Hatching hoppers then aggregate and develop into thousands of small, discrete, highly gregarious hopper bands. For example, over 250,000 hopper bands and 40,000 fledging adult swarms were controlled in the massive 1985–86 upsurge. Swarming populations can then perpetuate themselves for a number of years, requiring an intense control effort, before gradually dying out during another drought cycle."

— R. E. Price and H. D. Brown (2000) A Century of Locust Control in South Africa. Ch 4. Workshop on Research Priorities for Migrant Pests of Agriculture in Southern Africa, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, 24–26 March 1999.R. A. Cheke, L. J. Rosenberg and M. E. Kieser (eds) (2000) Natural Resources Institute,Chatham, UK.
Brown locust nymphs, killed by the pathogen Serratia

Control[edit]

Hopper band outbreaks are frequent in the Karoo and are controlled by farmers with insecticide spray operations: usually deltamethrin with motorised mistblowers set for ultra-low volume application (subsidised by the government).

Because of the environmental sensitivity of the Karoo biome and concerns about toxicity to grazing sheep, a biological pesticide product called 'Green Muscle', based on the entomopathogenic fungus (Metarhizium acridum), was tested by the LUBILOSA Programme in collaboration with the South African Plant Protection Institute: using novel application technique to compensate for the slow speed of kill.[5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Walker F (1870) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum 4: 725
  2. ^ Uvarov BP (1921) Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 7: 162
  3. ^ OSF: Locustana (retrieved 2 February 2018)
  4. ^ Uvarov, B.P. (1966). "Phase polymorphism". Grasshoppers and Locusts (Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press.
  5. ^ Price, R.E., Bateman, R.P., Brown, H.D., Butler, E.T. and Müller, E.J. (1997) Aerial spray trials against brown locust (Locustana pardalina, Walker) nymphs in South Africa using oil-based formulations of Metarhizium flavoviride. Crop Protection, 16, 345-351
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