Canarium australianum: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of plant in the family Burseraceae}}
{{nofootnotes|date=August 2009}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2024}}
{{taxobox
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
{{Speciesbox
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|name = Scrub turpentine
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|image = Canarium australianum fruit Kewarra 4240.jpg
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|image_caption = Fruit and foliage
|ordo = [[Sapindales]]
|status = LC
|familia = [[Burseraceae]]
|status_system = QLDNCA
|genus = ''[[Canarium]]''
|status_ref = {{R|DESQLD}}
⚫
|species = '''''C. australianum'''''
|binomial = ''Canarium australianum''
|genus = Canarium
⚫
|species = australianum
⚫
|binomial_authority = [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]<ref name=APNI>{{cite web |url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Canarium+australianum|title=''Canarium australianum'' |accessdate=20 July 2013 |work= [[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI), IBIS database|publisher = Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra}}</ref>
|authority = [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]{{R|APNI|POWO}}
⚫
|}}
|range_map =
|synonyms = *''Sonzaya australiana'' {{small|(F.Muell.) [[Nestor Léon Marchand|Marchand]]}}
|synonyms_ref = {{R|APNI|POWO}}
⚫
}}


'''''Canarium australianum''''' is a tree native to [[Australia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name=GRIN>{{cite web | url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?412127 | title=Taxon: ''Canarium australianum'' F. Muell. | accessdate=20 July 2013 | work=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area}}</ref><ref name=RFK6.1>{{RFK6.1 | name= Canarium australianum| url= http://keys.trin.org.au/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Canarium_australasicum.htm| accessdate= 18 July 2013}}</ref> Its [[flower]]s are white and its [[fruit]]s are smooth, blue in colour, and about 2 centimetres long. Torres Strait Pigeons eat them. Common names include '''mango bark''', '''scrub turpentine''', '''carrot wood''', '''parsnip wood''', '''Melville Island white beech''' and '''brown cudgerie'''.<ref name=APNI/>
'''''Canarium australianum''''', commonly known as '''scrub turpentine''', is a species of tree in the family [[Burseraceae]] native to [[Australia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. Other common names include '''mango bark''', '''carrot wood''', '''parsnip wood''', '''Melville Island white beech''' and '''brown cudgerie'''.<ref name=APNI/><ref name="RFK"/><ref name=COOPER2/>

==Description==
''Canarium australianum'' is a tree growing up to {{cvt|30|m}} tall. The trunk has a rough grey bark and it may be [[buttress roots|buttressed]]. The large [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade |compound]] leaves can reach {{cvt|37|cm}} in length with between 7 and 15 leaflets that usually measure about {{cvt|14|by|5|cm}}, sometimes larger. The leaflets are normally {{botanygloss|glabrous}}; the midrib and lateral veins are raised on the upper surface, and have a distinctive pale yellow colour.{{R|FOA|RFK|COOPER2}}

The inflorescences are [[panicle]]s about {{cvt|25-30|cm}} long produced from the {{botanygloss|axil|leaf axils}}. Flowers are fragrant and have 3 pale green or cream petals measuring about {{cvt|4-6|mm|2}} long. This species is [[Dioecy|dioecious]], meaning that {{botanygloss|pistillate flower|pistillate}} (functionally female) and {{botanygloss|staminate flower|staminate}} (functionally male) flowers are borne on separate plants.{{R|FOA|RFK|COOPER2}}

The fruit is a dark blue or grey, ovoid [[drupe]] measuring {{cvt|2-3|cm}} long and containing a single seed.{{R|FOA|RFK|COOPER2}}

==Taxonomy==
This species was first described by the [[Victoria (state)|Victorian]] state botanist [[Ferdinand von Mueller]], based on material supplied to him from the [[Burdekin River]] by [[Eugene Fitzalan]], and by Mr Henne who collected specimens from [[Sweers Island|Sweers]] and [[Bentinck Island]]s in the Gulf of Carpentaria. It was published in Mueller's book ''[[Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae|Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ]]'' in 1862.{{R|FRAGM}}

===Subspecies===
Three varieties are recognised:{{R|POWO}}
*''C. australianum'' var. ''australianum'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
*''C. australianum'' var. ''glabrum'' <small>[[Pieter Willem Leenhouts|Leenh.]]</small> — styptic tree, ''jalgir'' ([[Bardi language]]) — type specimen from [[Bickerton Island]] in the Gulf of Carpentaria{{R|APNI2}}
*''C. australianum'' var. ''velutinum'' <small>[[Helen Joan Hewson|Hewson]]</small> —''jalgir'' (Bardi language) — type specimen from [[Cape Domett, Western Australa|Cape Domett]], north of [[Kununurra, Western Australia]]{{R|APNI3}}

==Distribution and habitat==
The scrub turpentine is widely distributed across northern Australia from the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region of Western Australia, through the Northern Territory to eastern Queensland, where it is found from the [[Torres Strait Islands]] southwards almost as far as [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]].{{R|AVH}} It also occurs in New Guinea.{{R|RFK|FOA}} It inhabits rainforest, [[Seasonal tropical forest|monsoon forest]] and open forests at altitudes from near sea level to about {{cvt|700|m}}.{{R|RFK|COOPER2|FOA}}

All three varieties are found in Australia, while only the varieties ''C.a. australianum'' and ''C.a. glabrum'' occur in New Guinea.{{R|FOA|MALESIANA}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Canarium-australianum-SF22190-03.jpg|Seedling
File:Canarium-australianum-SF24117-02.jpg|Young sapling
File:Canarium-australianum-SF24117-05.jpg|Tree in Cairns Botanic Gardens
File:Canarium-australianum-SF24117-06.jpg|Foliage
File:Canarium-australianum-SF24117-09.jpg|Trunk
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|28em|refs=
{{reflist}}
<ref name="DESQLD">{{cite web |url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=17716 |title=Species profile—''Canarium australianum'' |year=2022 |website=Queensland Department of Environment and Science |publisher=[[Queensland Government]] |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>


⚫
<ref name="APNI">{{cite web |url=https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/105046 |title=''Canarium australianum'' |website=[[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]] |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>
⚫
==External links==
⚫
*[http://webapps.townsville.qld.gov.au/nad/_PlantDisplay.asp?pspecies=Canarium%20australianum&sTitle=Vegetation Natural Assets Database: ''Canarium australianum'']


<ref name="RFK">{{cite web |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |access-date=3 June 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Canarium_australianum.htm |title=''Canarium australianum'' |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Australian Government]]}}</ref>
⚫
[[Category:Canarium|Australianum]]

<ref name="COOPER2">{{Cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Wendy |last2=Cooper |first2=William T. |author-link2=William T. Cooper |date=June 2004 |title=Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest |publication-place=Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia |publisher=Nokomis Editions |isbn=978-0958174213 |url=https://www.nokomis.com.au/product/nokomis-published-books/fruits-australian-tropical-rainforest/ |page=96}}</ref>

<ref name="MALESIANA">{{cite book |last1=Leenhouts |first1=P.W. |editor1-last=Steenis |editor1-first=C.G.G.J. van |title=Burseraceae |date=1956 |publisher=Noordhoff-Kolff |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40228567 |location=Djakarta |volume=5 |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FRAGM">{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Ferdinand von |title=Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ |date=1862 |publisher=Joannis Ferres |location=Melbourne |page=15 |volume=3 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/759651 |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127280-1 |title=''Canarium australianum'' F.Muell. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="APNI2">{{cite web |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/105063 |title=''Canarium australianum'' var. ''glabrum'' |website=[[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]] |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="APNI3">{{cite web |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/105072 |title=''Canarium australianum'' var. ''velutinum'' |website=[[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]] |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FOA">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Canarium%20australianum |title=''Canarium australianum'' |last1=Hewson |first1=H.J. |year=2022 |editor-last1=Kodela |editor-first1=P.G. |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="AVH">{{cite web |title=Search: species: Canarium australianum {{!}} Occurrence records |url=https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Canarium%20australianum#tab_mapView |website=[[Australasian Virtual Herbarium]] |publisher=[[Australian Government]] |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

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==External links==
{{Commons-cat}}
⚫
*[http://webapps.townsville.qld.gov.au/nad/_PlantDisplay.asp?pspecies=Canarium%20australianum&sTitle=Vegetation Information about ''Canarium australianum''] from Townsville City Council's Natural Assets Database
* [https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Canarium+australiananum#tab_mapView View a map] of herbarium records of this species at the [[Australasian Virtual Herbarium]]
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?subview=map&taxon_id=369286 View observations] of this species on [[iNaturalist]]
* [https://flickriver.com/search/Canarium+australianum See images] of this species on Flickriver.com

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5031157}}

⚫
[[Category:Canarium|australianum]]
[[Category:Sapindales of Australia]]
[[Category:Sapindales of Australia]]
[[Category:Rosids of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Rosids of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Flora of New Guinea]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller]]

[[Category:Plants described in 1862]]

{{sapindales-stub}}
{{Australia-rosid-stub}}

Latest revision as of 08:37, 26 April 2024

Scrub turpentine
Fruit and foliage
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Burseraceae
Genus: Canarium
Species:
C. australianum
Binomial name
Canarium australianum
Synonyms[2][3]

Canarium australianum, commonly known as scrub turpentine, is a species of tree in the family Burseraceae native to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Other common names include mango bark, carrot wood, parsnip wood, Melville Island white beech and brown cudgerie.[2][4][5]

Description[edit]

Canarium australianum is a tree growing up to 30 m (98 ft) tall. The trunk has a rough grey bark and it may be buttressed. The large compound leaves can reach 37 cm (15 in) in length with between 7 and 15 leaflets that usually measure about 14 by 5 cm (5.5 by 2.0 in), sometimes larger. The leaflets are normally glabrous; the midrib and lateral veins are raised on the upper surface, and have a distinctive pale yellow colour.[6][4][5]

The inflorescences are panicles about 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) long produced from the leaf axils. Flowers are fragrant and have 3 pale green or cream petals measuring about 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long. This species is dioecious, meaning that pistillate (functionally female) and staminate (functionally male) flowers are borne on separate plants.[6][4][5]

The fruit is a dark blue or grey, ovoid drupe measuring 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) long and containing a single seed.[6][4][5]

Taxonomy[edit]

This species was first described by the Victorian state botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, based on material supplied to him from the Burdekin River by Eugene Fitzalan, and by Mr Henne who collected specimens from Sweers and Bentinck Islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria. It was published in Mueller's book Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ in 1862.[7]

Subspecies[edit]

Three varieties are recognised:[3]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The scrub turpentine is widely distributed across northern Australia from the Kimberley region of Western Australia, through the Northern Territory to eastern Queensland, where it is found from the Torres Strait Islands southwards almost as far as Mackay.[10] It also occurs in New Guinea.[4][6] It inhabits rainforest, monsoon forest and open forests at altitudes from near sea level to about 700 m (2,300 ft).[4][5][6]

All three varieties are found in Australia, while only the varieties C.a. australianum and C.a. glabrum occur in New Guinea.[6][11]

Gallery[edit]

  • Seedling
    Seedling
  • Young sapling
    Young sapling
  • Tree in Cairns Botanic Gardens
    Tree in Cairns Botanic Gardens
  • Foliage
    Foliage
  • Trunk
    Trunk

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Species profile—Canarium australianum". Queensland Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Canarium australianum". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Canarium australianum F.Muell". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Canarium australianum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 96. ISBN 978-0958174213.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Hewson, H.J. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Canarium australianum". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  7. ^ Mueller, Ferdinand von (1862). Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ. Vol. 3. Melbourne: Joannis Ferres. p. 15. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  8. ^ "Canarium australianum var. glabrum". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  9. ^ "Canarium australianum var. velutinum". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  10. ^ "Search: species: Canarium australianum | Occurrence records". Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Australian Government. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  11. ^ Leenhouts, P.W. (1956). Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (ed.). Burseraceae. Vol. 5. Djakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff. Retrieved 25 April 2024.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canarium australianum.
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