Balsam family

Balsam family
Somali frankincense ( Boswellia sacra ), illustration from Koehler's Medicinal Plants 1887
Systematics
Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Rosids Eurosiden II Order : Sapindales (Sapindales) Family : Balsam family
Scientific name
Burseraceae
Kunth

The balsam tree plants (Burseraceae) are a family of plants from the order of the soap tree-like (Sapindales). They are resinous, woody plants with a pantropical distribution. The myrrh bush ( Commiphora myrrha ) or the frankincense tree ( Boswellia sacra ) also belong to the balsam tree family. - They are not to be confused with the genus balsam trees ( Myroxylon ) from the legume family (Fabaceae).

description

Tribus Protieae: Illustration from Flore médicale des Antilles, ou, Traité des plantes usuelles, plate 209 from Tetragastris balsamifera

Tribus Bursereae: inflorescence of Somali frankincense ( Boswellia sacra )

Vegetative characteristics

These resinous, woody plants grow as trees or bushes .

The alternate or less frequent compared continuously arranged on the branches leaves are pinnate, sometimes three parts or rarely up to a sheet is reduced. The stomata are anomocytic. Stipules may be present or absent.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are arranged in racemose or spike-like inflorescences . The unisexual or hermaphrodite flowers are small and radially symmetrical . The three to six sepals are imbricat or valvat . The three to six petals are free or less often fused and also imbricat or valvat. Usually a conspicuous, ring- or cup-shaped disc is present. There are as many or twice as many stamens as petals; they start at the base or at the edge of the disc. The stamens are free or rarely grown together at their base. The anthers are dorsifix, more rarely adnat, have two counters and open with a longitudinal slit. The upper ovary is and usually two to five chambers . Per ovary chamber there are usually two, more rarely one mostly anatropic ovules . The simple stylus ends in an undivided or two to five-lobed stigma .

The fruits are mostly stone fruits , which contain two to five stone pits, rarely they are opening pseudo capsule fruits . The seeds have a membranous testa , and the embryo has two mostly membranous, rarely fleshy cotyledons and an upper radicle.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome numbers are x = 11, 13 or 23.

Tribus Protieae: fruits of Protium heptaphyllum

Tribus Protieae: flowers of Protium spruceanum

Tribus Bursereae: Habit of Boswellia sacra in Oman

Tribus Bursereae: Bursera fagaroides

Tribus Bursereae: Bursera microphylla in Arizona

Tribus Bursereae: Commiphora wightii

Tribus Bursereae: Garuga floribunda

Tribe Canarieae: Canarium australianum

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

The family Balsameaceae was established in 1824 by Karl Sigismund Kunth in Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) , 2, p. 346. The type genus is Bursera Jacq. ex L. The generic name Bursera honors the German-Danish doctor and botanist Joachim Burser . A synonym for Burseraceae Kunth nom. cons. is Balsameaceae Dumort.

A monograph was published in 1883 by Adolf Engler : Burseraceae in Alphonse de Candolles Monographiæ phanerogamarum , Volume 4, 1, Verlag G. Masson.

Within the order Sapindales , the Burseraceae family is most closely related to the Anacardiaceae and Kirkiaceae families .

The species of the Burseraceae family thrive in the tropical regions of both hemispheres .

The burseraceae comprise 18 genera and 550 species and in three tribes divided, the tribe Bursereae turn in two subtribes. The exact position of the genus Garuga was not completely clear within the family . Molecular genetic investigations largely confirmed the systematics presented here, but the results indicate that the two sub-tribes are not sister taxa.

• Tribe Protieae:
  • Crepidospermum Hook. f. : The roughly six species occur in tropical America.
  • Protium Burm. f. : The 90or sospecies thrive mainly in the Neotropics , but also in tropical Asia and Madagascar.
  • Tetragastris Gaertn. : The nine or so species occur in tropical America.

• Tribus Bursereae:
  • Subtribus Boswelliinae Daly
    • Aucoumea Pierre : There may only be one species:
      • Okoumé ( Aucoumea klaineana Pierre ): It occurs only in Gabon.
    • Boswellia Roxb. ex Colebr. : The more than seven species thrive in arid regions around the Horn of Africa , in Arabia and in India , for example:
      • Somali frankincense or Arabic frankincense ( Boswellia sacra Flueck. )
    • Beiselia Forman : It was set up in 1989 with only one species:
      • Beiselia mexicana Forman : This endemic occurs only in the Mexican state of Michoacán .
    • Garuga Roxb. : The fouror sospecies are found in tropical Asia, northern Oceania and some Pacific islands.
    • Triomma Hook. f. : With only one type:
      • Triomma malaccensis Hook. f. : It occurs in western Malesia.
  • Subtribe Burserinae:
    • Bursera Jacq. ex L .: The approximately 80 species thrive mainly in the Neotropic , including for example:
      • Bursera fagaroides (Kunth) Engl .: It occurs in Arizona and Mexico.
      • Bursera simaruba (L.) coffin. : It iswidespreadin Florida , from Mexico to Central America , on the Caribbean islands, in Colombia , Guyana , Venezuela and in Brazil .
    • Commiphora Jacq. : The approximately 185 species are distributed in India, western Pakistan , Arabia , tropical to southern Africa, including for example:
      • Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl . : Myrrh is obtainedfrom its resin.
      • Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Endl. : It occurs in tropical and southern Africa.
      • Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C.Chr. : It occurs in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman.
      • Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Syn .: Commiphora mukul (Hook. Ex Stocks) Engl. ): It occurs in India and Pakistan.

• Tribe Canarieae:
  • Ambilobea Thulin, Beier & Razafim. : It was set up in 2008 with only one species:
    • Ambilobea madagascariensis (Capuron) Thulin, Beier & Razafim. (Syn .: Boswellia madagascariensis Capuron ): It occurs in Madagascar .
  • Canarium L .: The approximately 75 species thrive mainly in tropical Africa, Asia to northeast Oceania and on Pacific islands, including for example:
    • Canarium luzonicum (flower) A.Gray : It occurs in the Philippines.
    • Canarium ovatum Engl .: It occurs in the Philippines .
  • Dacryodes Vahl : There are around 70 species in tropical forests in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the New World.
    • Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) HJLam. : From West and Central Africa
  • Haplolobus H.J.Lam : The approximately 22 species occur in Malesia and on islands in the Pacific.
  • Pseudodacryodes R.Pierlot : There is perhaps only one type:
    • Pseudodacryodes leonardiana R.Pierlot : It occurs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo .
  • Rosselia Forman, et al. : It was set up in 1994 with only one species:
    • Rosselia bracteata Forman : This endemic occurs only on the island of Rossel in the Louisiade archipelago , which belongs to Papua New Guinea .
  • Santiria flower : The approximately 24 species are found in the tropics of the Old World.
  • Scutinanthe Thwaites : There are about two species from Sri Lanka to Sulawesi.
  • Trattinnickia Willd. : The approximately 13 species are distributed from Costa Rica via the island of Trinidad to eastern Brazil.
    • Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd. : From northern South America

literature

• The family of Burseraceae in APWebsite. (Section systematics)
• The Burseraceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
• Peng Hua, Mats Thulin: Burseraceae , p. 106 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (editors): Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, April 18, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 . (Section description)

Individual evidence

Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under references; the following sources are also cited:

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Peng Hua, Mats Thulin: Burseraceae , p. 106 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (editors): Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, April 18, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 .
2. ↑ ^{a b} The Burseraceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz.
3. ↑ Burseraceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 6, 2017.
4. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, 2016, ISBN 978-3-946292-10-4 . doi : 10.3372 / epolist2016 full text PDF.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Burseraceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
6. ^ PF Stevens: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since]. 2001 ff. (Section Burseraceae) , accessed August 14, 2008.
7. ↑ MM Harley, DC Daly: Burseraceae Kunth, Protieae March. em. Engl. In: World Pollen and Spore Flora , Volume 20, pp. 1-44, 1995, quoted from: James J. Clarkson, Mark W. Chase, Madeline M. Harley: Phylogenetic Relationships in Burseraceae Based on Plastid rps16 Intron Sequences. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 57, 1, 2002, p. 186.
8. ↑ James J. Clarkson, Mark W. Chase, Madeline M. Harley: Phylogenetic Relationships in Burseraceae Based on Plastid rps16 Intron Sequences . In: Kew Bulletin , 57, 1, 2002, p. 186.
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
10. ↑ ^{a b} Mats Thulin, Björn-Axel Beier, Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Hannah I. Banks: Ambilobea, a new genus from Madagascar, the position of Aucoumea, and comments on the tribal classification of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae). In: Nordic Journal of Botany Volume 26, Issue 3-4, 2008, pp. 218-229. doi : 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2008.00245.x
11. ^ Jean Michel Onana: A Synoptic Revision of Dacryodes (Burseraceae) in Africa, with a New Species from Central Africa. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 63, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 385-400. JSTOR 20649573
12. ↑ LL Forman, RWJM van der Ham, MM Harley, TJ Lawrence: Rosselia, a New Genus of Burseraceae from the Louisiade Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 49, Issue 4, 1994, pp. 601-621. doi : 10.2307 / 4118063
13. ^ Douglas C. Daly: Notes on Trattinnickia, including a synopsis in eastern Brazil's Atlantic forest complex. Studies in neotropical Burseraceae IX. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 54, Issue 1, 1999, pp. 129-137. doi : 10.2307 / 4111029

Web links

Commons : Balsam Tree Family (Burseraceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Douglas C. Daly, 2010: Data Sheet - Neotropical Burseraceae. In: W. Milliken, B. Klitgård, A. Baracat: Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
• Datasheet at the Lexicon of Biology from Spektrum.de .
• Burseraceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Burseraceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Burseraceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Burseraceae at Tropicos.org. In: Bolivia Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Burseraceae at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Burseraceae at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

further reading

• A. Weeks, Douglas C. Daly, BB Simpson: The phylogenetic history and historical biogeography of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 35, 2005, pp. 85-101.