Electromagnetic coil

For other uses, see Electromagnetic coil (disambiguation).

"Winding" redirects here. For other uses, see Winding (disambiguation).

A coil is a series of loops. A coiled coil is a structure where the coil itself is in turn also looping.

General applications

A helical spring.

A coil is made up of materials, usually rigid, which can be fashioned into a spiral or helical shape. Flexible materials like wire, rope, hose, cable or paper can also be coiled into empty loops, or wound around a central drum or spindle.

Some common applications of coils include:

• A coil spring is the most common type of spring.
• A spiral staircase, a stairway fashioned in a coil shape.
• A Slinky is a coil-shaped toy.
• Evaporator coils are used in air conditioning and other refrigeration cycles.
• A boiler coil is an element in a water heater.
• An Alpine coil, one of several coil knots, is a method for carrying a rope.
• Quilling coils use shaped paper to create artistic designs.

Electromagnetic coils

Main article: Electromagnetic coil

Diagram of typical transformer configurations

An electromagnetic coil (or simply a "coil") is formed when a conductor (usually a solid copper wire) is wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. One loop of wire is usually referred to as a turn, and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic circuit, electrical connection terminals called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish and/or wrapped with insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil assembly with taps etc. is often called a winding. A transformer is an electromagnetic device that has a primary winding and a secondary winding that transfers energy from one electrical circuit to another by magnetic coupling without moving parts. The term tickler coil usually refers to a third coil placed in relation to a primary coil and secondary coil. A coil tap is a wiring feature found on some electrical transformers, inductors and coil pickups, all of which are sets of wire coils. The coil tap(s) are points in a wire coil where a conductive patch has been exposed (usually on a loop of wire that extends out of the main coil body). As self induction is larger for larger coil diameter the current in a thick wire tries to flow on the inside. The ideal use of copper is achieved by foils. Sometimes this means that a spiral is a better alternative. Multilayer coils have the problem of interlayer capacitance, so when multiple layers are needed the shape needs to be radically changed to a short coil with many layers so that the voltage between consecutive layers is smaller (making them more spiral like).

Analysis

The inductance of single-layer coils can be calculated to a reasonable degree of accuracy with the simplified formula

$\mathrm {\mu H} ={\frac {R^{2}N^{2}}{9R+10L}}$

where µH (microhenries) are units of inductance, R is the coil radius (measured in inches to the center of the conductor), N is the number of turns, and L is the length of the coil in inches. The online Coil Inductance Calculator calculates the inductance of any coil using this formula. Higher accuracy estimates of coil inductance require calculations of considerably greater complexity. A layperson's translation is:

$\,Inductance^{microhenries}=(radius^{2}*numberofturns^{2})/(9*radius+10*length)$

In calculating the distances, one centimeter is equal to 0.393700787 inches and one inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters. The inductance formula uses inches. The relationship between the radius and the circumference of a coil is $\,r=c/2\pi$, with r as the radius, c as the circumference, and π (the Greek letter pi) as the constant 3.141. The circumference of a coil can be calculated by $c=\pi \cdot d$, with d as the diameter of the coil and π as 3.141.

Coil examples

Nikola Tesla's flat spiral coil.

Some common electromagnetic coils include:

• A bifilar coil is a coil that employs two parallel windings.
• A Barker coil is used in low field NMR imaging.
• A Balun is set of transformer coils for transmission lines.
• A Braunbeck coil is used in geomagnetic research.
• A degaussing coil is used in the process of removing permanent magnetism (magnetic hysteresis) from an object.
• A choke coil (or choking coil) is low-resistance inductor used to block alternating current while passing direct current.
• A Flat coil is used in thin electric motor.
• A Garrett coil is used in metal detectors.
• A Helmholtz coil is a device for producing a region of nearly uniform magnetic field.
• A hybrid coil (or bridge transformer) is a single transformer that effectively has three windings.
• An induction coil (or ignition coil) is an electrical device in common use as the ignition system (ignition coil or spark coil) of internal-combustion engines.
• A loading coil is, in electronics, a coil (inductor) inserted in a circuit to increase its inductance. Archaically called Pupin coils.
• A multiple coil magnet is an electromagnet that has several coils of wire connected in parallel.
• A Maxwell coil is a device for producing almost a constant magnetic field.
• A Micro coil use in security devices.
• A Oudin coil is a disruptive discharge coil.
• The polyphase coils are connected together in a polyphase system such as a generator or motor.
• A relay coil is the copper winding part of a relay that produces a magnetic field that actuates the mechanism.
• A Repeating coil is a voice-frequency transformer.
• A Rogowski coil is an electrical device for measuring alternating current.
• A single coil is a type of pickup for the electric guitar.
• A solenoid is a mechanical device, based around a coil of wire, that usually converts energy into linear motion, however solenoids also come in a rotary motion (normally up to a turn of 90 degrees).
• A telephone cord is usually manufactured in a coiled fashion, as to allow maximum length while taking up minimum space when not in use.
• A Tesla coil is category of disruptive discharge coils, usually denoting a resonant transformer that generates very high voltages at radio frequencies.
• A voice coil which is mounted to the moving cone of a loudspeaker.

Other applications of coils exist in the field of electromagnetic devices. A coilgun is a type of cannon that uses a series of electromagnetic coils to accelerate a magnetic shell to very high velocities. The filament of an incandescent light bulb has usually the shape of a coiled coil, in order to fit the long filament in a small space.

Further reading

• Querfurth, William, "Coil winding; a description of coil winding procedures, winding machines and associated equipment for the electronic industry" (2d ed.). Chicago, G. Stevens Mfg. Co., 1958.
• Weymouth, F. Marten, "Drum armatures and commutators (theory and practice) : a complete treatise on the theory and construction of drum winding, and of commutators for closed-coil armatures, together with a full résumé of some of the principal points involved in their design; and an exposition of armature reactions and sparking". London, "The Electrician" Printing and Publishing Co., 1893.
• "Coil winding proceedings". International Coil Winding Association.
• Chandler, R. H., "Coil coating review, 1970-76". Braintree, R. H. Chandler Ltd, 1977.

External articles

• R. Clarke, "Producing wound components". Surrey.ac.uk, 2005 October 9.

Chemistry, biology and medicine

A chemistry coil is a tube of spiral form, used commonly to cool originating steam of the distillation and thus to condense them in liquid form. In the study of how molecules interact with each other, there are a few specific references to organic coils. During self-assembly, organic elements organize to form this structural pattern. Molecular self-assembly assembles the molecules, without guidance or management from an outside source, into these shapes.

Examples of these structural patterns include:

• A coiled coil is a structural motif found in many proteins.
• A random coil is a polymer conformation where the monomers are arranged at random.

As an acronym, COIL denotes the Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser.

In medicine, the Guglielmi Detachable Coil is a platinum coil commonly used in intracranial non-invasive surgery, for the occlusion of brain aneurysms.

In Ceramics (Fine Arts)

Coiling has been used to shape clay into useful beautiful vessels for many of thousands of years. It ranges from Africa to Greece and from China to New Mexico. They have used this method in a variety of ways. Using the coiling technique, it is possible to build thicker or taller walled vessels, which may not have been possible using earlier methods. The technique lets you control the walls as you build them up and allows you to build on top of the walls to make the vessel look bigger and bulge outward or narrow inward with less danger of collapsing. There are many different ways you can build ceramic objects using the coiling technique.

Coil Construction

1. Squeezing the clay into a coil or rolling between your hands are two different was to make coils. Using these techniques, it may prove very difficult to make a smooth preform due to the uneven pressure applied by your hands and fingers.
2. When rolling with your hands, use a smooth surface. By spreading your hands (to apply even pressure), gently roll the clay back and forth until you think the preform is of the right thickness.
3. The roll should be a little thicker than a pencil or pen. Now stack the coils on top of each other.
4. Now, for strength, force the clay together as hard as you can on the inside of the piece without messing the clay up. Use your fingers and scrape the top coil onto the coil underneath.
5. While smoothing the inside of the piece hold your other hand on the outside so you don’t damage what you have already done.
6. If you want a top level, gently turn your piece over and lightly tap it on a smooth surface.
7. Let it dry.

Slab pottery Construction

How to build it

1. Large flat pieces of clay are rolled out with a rolling pin. The slabs are cut for the base and walls and are attached together.
2. Slabs work goes fast but lots of care must be given to make sure that the seams won’t crack, break or pull apart during the drying process.

External links

• For the definition of Coil and words related to it, see Wiktionary.