Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence and Bridge at the 2008 World Mind Sports Games: Difference between pages
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[[Contract bridge|Bridge]] at the 1st [[World Mind Sports Games]] |
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[[Image:SanLorenzodiFirenze01.jpg|thumb|Exterior from the Piazza San Lorenzo.]] |
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[[Image:SanLorenzodiFirenze02.jpg|thumb|right|Interior looking towards the high altar.]] |
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The '''Basilica di San Lorenzo''' ([[Basilica]] of [[St Lawrence]]) is one of the largest churches of [[Florence]], [[Italy]], situated at the centre of the city’s main market district, and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from [[Cosimo il Vecchio]] to [[Cosimo III]]. It is one of several churches that claim to be the oldest in Florence; when it was consecrated in [[393]]<ref>It was dedicated by [[Saint Ambrose]] of [[Milan]].</ref> it stood outside the city walls. For three hundred years it was the city's [[cathedral]] before the official seat of the bishop was transferred to [[Santa Reparata (Florence)|Santa Reparata]]. San Lorenzo was also the parish church of the [[Medici]] family. In 1419, [[Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici]] offered to finance a new church to replace the eleventh-century [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] rebuilding. [[Filippo Brunelleschi]], the leading [[Renaissance]] architect of the first half of the fifteenth century, was commissioned to design it, but the building, with alterations, was not completed until after his death. The church is part of a larger monastic complex that contains other important architectural works: the [[Sagresta Vecchia|Old Sacristy]] by Brunelleschi; the [[Laurentian Library]] by [[Michelangelo]]; the New Sacristy based on Michelangelo's designs; and the Medici Chapels by [[Matteo Nigetti]]. |
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== |
==Men's Individual== |
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Though considered a milestone in the development of [[Renaissance architecture]], S. Lorenzo has a complicated building history. Even though it was built – at least partially - under the direction of [[Filippo Brunelleschi]], it is not purely of his design. The project was begun around 1419, but lack of funding slowed down the construction and forced changes to the original design. By the early 1440s, only the sacristy (now called the Old Sacristy) had been worked on as that and not the church was being paid for by the [[Medici]]. In 1442, the Medici stepped in to take over financial responsibility of the church as well. Brunelleschi died, however, in 1446 and the job was handed over either to [[Antonio Manetti]] or to [[Michelozzo]], scholars are not certain. Though the building was “completed” in 1459 in time for a visit to Florence by [[Pius II]], the chapels along the right-hand aisles were still being built in the 1470s and 80s. |
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==Women's Individual== |
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By the time the building was done, many aspects of its layout, not to mention detailing, no longer corresponded to the original plan. The principal difference is that Brunelleschi had envisioned the chapels along the side aisles to be deeper, and to be much like the [[chapel]]s in the [[transept]], the only part of the building that is known to have been designed by Brunelleschi.<ref>Eugenio Battisti. ''Filippo Brunelleschi: The Complete Work''. (New York: Rizzoli, 1981) |
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*See also: Howard Saalman. ''Filippo Brunelleschi: The Buildings''. (London: Zwemmer, 1993).</ref> |
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==U21 Teams== |
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==The building in Renaissance architecture== |
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Despite its history, the building is seen as one of the great examples of the new style. Its features are: |
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{{Round8-with third |
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*the attempt to create a proportional relationship between nave and aisle (aisle bays are square whereas nave bays that are 2X1. |
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*the articulation of the structure in ''pietra serena'' (Italian: “dark stone”). |
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*the use an integrated system of column, arches, entablatures. |
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*a clear relationship between column and pilaster, the latter meant to be read as a type of embedded pier. |
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*the use of proper proportions for the height of the columns |
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*the use of spherical segments in the vaults of the side aisles. |
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==U26 Teams== |
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There are significant problems in the design, most, however, occur at the level of detail. Already [[Giorgio Vasari]] thought that the columns along the nave should have been elevated on plinths.<ref>Battisti. Ibid.</ref> That the pilasters along the wall of the side aisles rest on a floor that is three steps higher than the nave, is also considered an error. |
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S. Lorenzo is often compared with [[Santo Spirito di Firenze|Santo Spirito]],also in Florence. Santo Spirito, which Brunelleschi began somewhat later, is considered to have been constructed more or less in conformance with his ideas, even though Brunelleschi died before most of it was built. |
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==U28 Teams== |
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==The outer and inner facades== |
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The Medici pope [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]], gave Michelangelo the commission to design a façade in white [[Carrara]] marble in 1518. Michelangelo made a wooden model, which shows how he adjusted the classical proportions of the [[facade]], drawn to scale, after the ideal proportions of the human body, to the greater height of the nave. The work remained unbuilt. Michelangelo did, however, design and build the internal facade, seen from the [[nave]] looking back toward the entrances. It comprises three doors between two pilasters with garlands of oak and laurel and a balcony on two [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns. |
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The [[campanile]] dates from 1740. |
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== |
==Youth Pairs== |
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Opening off the north transept is the square, domed space, the ''[[Sagrestia Vecchia]]'', or Old [[Sacristy]], that was designed by Brunelleschi and that is the oldest part of the present church and the only part completed in Brunelleschi's lifetime; it contains the tombs of several members of the Medici family. |
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==Youth Individual== |
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[[Image:Medicibib.jpg|thumb|The cruciform basilica with the vast domed apsidal Medici Chapel; in the cloister is the [[Laurentian Library]].]] |
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==Open Teams== |
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Opposite it in the south transept is the ''Sagrestia Nuova'' (New Sacristy), begun in 1520 by Michelangelo, who also designed the Medici tombs within. The new sacristy was composed of three registers, the top most topped by a coffered pendantive dome. The articulation of the interior walls can be described as early examples of Renaissance Mannerism, see Michelangelo's Ricetto in the Laurentian Library. The combination of pietra serena pillasters on the lower register is carried through to the second facade; however, in Mannerist fashion, architectural elements 'seem impossible' creating a suspense and quality of tension that is evident in this example. Michelangelo's sculptural elements, to be used on the tombs themselves, was left undone. A difficult person to work with, Michelangelo refused to direct the completion of the new sacristy. |
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{{Round16 |
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==Cappelle Medicee==<!-- This section is linked from [[Medici Chapels]] and [[Matteo Nigetti]]--> |
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[[Image:Cappelle Medicee, sagrestia nuova tomba di giuliano 2.JPG|thumb|[[Michelangelo Buonarotti]]'s sculptures for the Tomb of Guiliano de Medici]] |
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The most celebrated and grandest part of San Lorenzo are the ''Cappelle Medicee'' (Medici Chapels) in the [[apse]]. The [[Medici]] were still paying for it when the last member of the family, [[Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici]], died in 1743. Almost fifty lesser members of the family are buried in the [[crypt]]. The final design (1603-1604) was by [[Bernardo Buontalenti]], base on models of [[Alessandro Pieroni]] and [[Matteo Nigetti]]. Above is the ''Cappella dei Principi'' (Chapel of the Princes), a great but awkwardly domed octagonal hall where the grand dukes themselves are buried. The style shows [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] eccentricities in its unusual shape, broken cornices, and asymmetrically sized windows. In the interior, the ambitious decoration with colored marbles overwhelms the attempts at novel design (Wittkower, R. p.126). At its centre was supposed to be the [[Holy Sepulchre]] itself, although attempts to buy and then steal it from [[Jerusalem]] failed. |
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||'''[[Italy]]''' {{Flagicon|Italy}}||[[India]] {{Flagicon|India}}| |
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||[[Israel]] {{Flagicon|Israel}}||'''[[Romania]]''' {{Flagicon|Romania}}| |
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||[[Norway]] {{Flagicon|Norway}}||'''[[Turkey]]''' {{Flagicon|Turkey}}| |
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||'''[[England]]''' {{Flagicon|England}}||[[Bulgaria]] {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}}| |
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||[[Poland]] {{Flagicon|Poland}}||'''[[United States of America]]''' {{Flagicon|USA}}| |
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||'''[[Germany]]''' {{Flagicon|Germany}}||[[Belgium]] {{Flagicon|Belgium}}| |
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== |
==Women's Teams== |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:SanLorenzodiFirenze04.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Donatello pulpit]] --> |
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*[[Bronzino]] ([[fresco]] of ''The Martyrdom of St Lawrence'' in the north aisle) |
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*[[Desiderio da Settignano]] (''Pala del Sacramento'', [[tabernacle]] in the south aisle) |
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*[[Donatello]] (two bronze pulpits, his last works; [[frieze]], [[relief]]s, [[tondo|tondi]] and bronze doors in the ''Sagrestia Vecchia'') |
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*[[Antonio del Pollaiuolo]] (wooden crucifix in the south transept chapel) |
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*[[Fra Filippo Lippi]] (altarpiece of the ''Annunciation'' in the north transept chapel) |
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*[[Rosso Fiorentino]] (''[[Marriage of the Virgin]]'' in one of the south aisle chapels) |
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*[[Verrocchio]] (tomb of Giovanni and Piero de Medici in the ''Sagrestia Vecchia'') |
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{{Round16 |
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==Funerary monuments== |
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<!--Date-Place/Team 1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --> |
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<!--round 16 --> |
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*[[Bernardo Cennini]] (goldsmith and printer) (south transept) |
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*[[Donatello]] (north transept) |
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*[[Francesco Landini]] (south aisle) |
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*[[Niccolò Martelli]] (north transept) |
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*[[Cosimo de' Medici]] (in front of the high altar) |
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*[[Cosimo I de' Medici]] (''Cappella dei Principi'') |
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*[[Cosimo II de' Medici]] (''Cappella dei Principi'') |
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*[[Cosimo III de' Medici]] (''Cappella dei Principi'') |
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*[[Ferdinando I de' Medici]] (''Cappella dei Principi'') |
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<!--round 8 --> |
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*[[Ferdinando II de' Medici]] (''Cappella dei Principi'') |
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*[[Ferdinando III de' Medici]] (crypt) |
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*[[Francesco I de' Medici]] (''Cappella dei Principi'') |
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*[[Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici]] (''Sagrestia Vecchia'') |
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*[[Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici]] (''Sagrestia Vecchia'') |
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<!-- Semi-Finals --> |
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*[[Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici]] (''Sagrestia Nuova'') |
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*[[Giuliano di Piero de' Medici]] (''Sagrestia Nuova'') |
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*[[Lorenzo I de' Medici]] (''Sagrestia Nuova'') |
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<!--final --> |
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*[[Lorenzo II de' Medici]] (''Sagrestia Nuova'') |
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*[[Piero di Cosimo de' Medici]] (''Sagrestia Vecchia'') |
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* [[Nicolas Steno]] |
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}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book|last=Brock|first=Maurice|title=Bronzino|location=Paris|publisher=Flammarion|year=2002|pages=pp. 20-24}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Luchinat|first=Cristina A.|title= The Medici, Michelangelo & the Art of Late Renaissance Florence|location=New Haven and London|publisher=Yale University Publishing|year=2002|pages=pp. 13-14}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Pilliod|first=Elizabeth|title=Bronzino's Household|journal=The Burlington Magazine|issue=134 |year=1992|pages=pp. 92–100}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Saalman|first=Howard|title=The New Sacristy of San Lorenzo Before Michelangelo|journal=The Art Bulletin|year=1985|pages=pp. 199–228|location=Colorado Springs|doi=10.2307/3050908|volume=67}} |
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*Vasari, Giorgio. Filippo Di Ser Brunelesco: Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari5.htm] |
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*"Church of San Lorenzo." Insecula. 31 Jan. 2007[http://www.insecula.com/us/salle/MS03586.html] |
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==External links== |
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{{commons|San Lorenzo (Firenze)}} |
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{{coord|43.774991|N|11.253659|E|type:landmark_region:IT|display=title}} |
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*{{cite book | first= Rudolf|last= Wittkower| year=1993| title= Art and Architecture Italy, 1600-1750| chapter= | editor= Pelican History of Art| others=1980 | pages= p126 | publisher= Penguin Books Ltd| id= | url= | authorlink= }} |
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*Touring Club Italiano, ''Guida d'Italia: Firenze e dintorni'' |
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<BR> |
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{{Florence landmarks}} |
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{{Michelangelo}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:San Lorenzo}} |
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[[Category:Basilica churches in Florence]] |
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[[Category:Renaissance architecture]] |
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[[ca:Basílica de San Lorenzo]] |
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[[cs:San Lorenzo (Florencie)]] |
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[[de:Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze]] |
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[[es:Basílica de San Lorenzo de Florencia]] |
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[[eu:San Lorenzo basilika (Florentzia)]] |
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[[fr:Basilique San Lorenzo de Florence]] |
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[[it:Basilica di San Lorenzo (Firenze)]] |
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[[nl:Sint-Laurensbasiliek (Florence)]] |
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[[pl:Bazylika San Lorenzo]] |
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[[pt:Basílica de São Lourenço]] |
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[[ru:Сан-Лоренцо (Флоренция)]] |
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[[fi:San Lorenzon kirkko]] |
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Revision as of 16:14, 10 October 2008
Bridge at the 1st World Mind Sports Games
Men's Individual
Women's Individual
U21 Teams
| Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Final | ||||||||
England  | ||||||||||
Norway  | ||||||||||
China  | ||||||||||
Bulgaria  | ||||||||||
Chinese Taipei  | ||||||||||
USA  | ||||||||||
| Third place | ||||||||||
France  | ||||||||||
Netherlands  | ||||||||||
U26 Teams
| Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Final | ||||||||
Poland  | ||||||||||
Canada  | ||||||||||
| Netherlands | ||||||||||
| USA | ||||||||||
Australia  | ||||||||||
| Norway | ||||||||||
| Third place | ||||||||||
Denmark  | ||||||||||
| Chinese Taipei | ||||||||||
U28 Teams
| Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Final | ||||||||
| Poland | ||||||||||
| Norway | ||||||||||
| China | ||||||||||
Israel  | ||||||||||
Belgium  | ||||||||||
| England | ||||||||||
| Third place | ||||||||||
| France | ||||||||||
| Chinese Taipei | ||||||||||
Youth Pairs
Youth Individual
Open Teams
| Round of 16 | Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Final | |||||||||||
Italy  | ||||||||||||||
India  | ||||||||||||||
| Netherlands | ||||||||||||||
Estonia  | ||||||||||||||
Brazil  | ||||||||||||||
| China | ||||||||||||||
| Israel | ||||||||||||||
Romania  | ||||||||||||||
| Norway | ||||||||||||||
Turkey  | ||||||||||||||
| England | ||||||||||||||
| Bulgaria | ||||||||||||||
| Third place | ||||||||||||||
| Poland | ||||||||||||||
| United States of America | ||||||||||||||
Germany  | ||||||||||||||
| Belgium | ||||||||||||||
Women's Teams
| Round of 16 | Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Final | |||||||||||
| Third place | ||||||||||||||