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A flower bouquet is a collection of flowers in a creative arrangement. Flower bouquets can be arranged for the decor of homes or public buildings or may be handheld. Several popular shapes and styles classify handheld bouquets, including nosegay, crescent, and cascading bouquets. Flower bouquets are often given for special occasions such as birthdays, anniversaries or funerals. They are also used extensively in weddings and at the Olympic Medal Ceremonies. Bouquets arranged in vases or planters for home decor can be placed in traditional or modern styles. According to the culture, symbolism may be attached to the types of flowers used.

History[edit]

The arrangement of flowers for home or building decor has a long history worldwide. The oldest evidence of formal arranging of bouquets in vases comes from ancient Egypt, and depictions of flower arrangements date to the Old Kingdom (~2500 BCE). The sacred lotus, as were herbs, palms, irises, anemones, and narcissus, were often used.^[1]

In some cultures, ancient practises still survive today; for example, in ikebana, the art of flower-arranging arranging comes from Japan. The oldest known book on flower arranging is Japanese and dates from 1445. Simplicity and linear form are core features of ikebana, which has had a significant influence on Western flower arranging since the late 19th century^[1]

Flower arranging as an art form was brought to Japan by Buddhist monks who learned it while in China. In ancient China, flower arranging developed into a highly refined art form based on the principle that life is sacred, including the life of plants. Therefore, cut flowers were used sparingly in carefully planned arrangements. Flowers were a traditional ritual offering among Buddhists, however, and remain so.^[1]

In Europe, flower arranging as a formal art was first documented among the Dutch, who "in particular, painted wonderful informal arrangements of flowers. In the 18th century, arrangements were used to decorate the houses of the wealthy families and the aristocracy."^[2]

Flower symbolism is common in many cultures and can be complex. In China, certain flowers symbolize seasons: white plum blossoms represent winter, peach and cherry blossoms represent spring, lotus represent summer, and chrysanthemums the fall.^[1]

Nosegay[edit]

The term "tussie-mussie" is sometimes used interchangeably with nosegay. A nosegay was also known as a "talking bouquet" or "flower poesy" during the Victorian era when they became a popular gift.^[3] Traditionally, brides will also carry a small nosegay. Tussie mussies were introduced to England in the early 18th century and were a fashionable accessory for young women by the early 19th century.^[4] A tussie mussie is a small circular bouquet like a nosegay but carries symbolic meaning based upon the language of flowers, where particular flowers represent specific sentiments. They were commonly exchanged by lovers, who sent messages to one another based on the flowers used in the bouquet. Traditionally, tussie mussies are arranged in a cone- or cornucopia-shaped container made of tin or silver, with a chain attached for carrying the bouquet.^[5]

Language of Flowers[edit]

Flower symbolism originated in Asia and the Middle East, where certain flowers, such as the lotus, were considered sacred or at least to be associated with spiritual themes. This was often reflected in artwork, for example, the use of bamboo in Chinese art to represent longevity and eternity. The language of flowers was introduced to England in the early 18th century by Mary Wortley, Lady Montague, whose husband was Ambassador to Turkey. By the Victorian era, almost every flower had a specific meaning. Small nosegay or "tussie mussie" bouquets might include chamomile flowers, which a woman might send to a romantic interest to tell him "Patience"; goldenrod represented indecision.^[6]

Wedding Bouquets[edit]

Traditionally, the bride holds the bouquet, and the maid of honor holds it during the ceremony. After the wedding, the bride tosses it over her shoulder, and it is believed that whoever catches the bouquet is the next in line to be married.^[7] This practice may be related to the myth of the Golden Apple of Discord.

Wedding Bouquet Shapes[edit]

There are many different bridal bouquet styles from which to select. Brides typically choose the shape of their bouquets according to popular trends at the time of their wedding; however, some choose bouquets which evoke another period. While the language of flowers can contribute to a message about the couple, the shapes are a personal preference.

The Posy bouquet is typically round and is thought of as modern due to the small size and relative simplicity of the arrangement. It is also popular for the ease of carrying and passing off during the ceremony. It can be composed of an expensive flower, such as a rose, or a sampling of country flowers.

The Cascading bouquet is usually a large arrangement which tapers near the bottom. It was popularized as the arrangement of choice for the 1980s at the wedding of Lady Diana Spencer and the Prince of Wales at Westminster Abbey. It can, and is often, made up of many kind of flowers and is enhanced with Baby's Breath and different types of greenery, such as ivy. This bouquet became less popular as bridal trends shifted towards simplicity; however, it has found a resurgence in recent years.

The Presentation bouquet grew in popularity at the turn of the twentieth century. It is most frequently composed of a long-stemmed bud, such as the Calla Lily, and is cradled in the bride's arms rather than carried by the stems.

There is a new trend of Ramo Buchon for bridal bouquets. Ramo Buchon is a rose bouquet that is dome-shaped, tightly packed, decorated, and wrapped in fancy paper. This bouquet is the perfect blend of style and substance.^[8]

The following gallery shows popular bride's bouquet shapes, including cascading, hand-tied, nosegay, pomander, flower spray and Biedermeier.^[9]

A modern arrangement.
A cascading bouquet shape, with long-stemmed flowers trailing down from the main bouquet.
A pomander bouquet, shaped completely round and worn by a ribbon on the wrist.
A nosegay bouquet, a round shape and roughly a foot in diameter.
A bride holding a hand-tied bouquet, consisting of long-stemmed flowers.
A "flower spray" bouquet attached as decor to a pillar.
A sketch of a Biedermeier-style bouquet, with concentric rings of flower types and colours.
White tulips

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Belcher, Betty (1993). Creative flower arranging: floral design for home and flower show. Timber Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-88192-247-9.
^ Hillier, Malcolm (1990). Flower Arranging. The Reader's Digest Association. pp. 8. ISBN 9780895773579.
^ Laufer, Geraldine Adamich; Starr Ockenga; Chipp Jamison (2000). Tussie-Mussies: The Language of Flowers. Workman Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7611-2066-7.
^ Laufer et al. p 44
^ Laufer et al. p 48
^ Early American Society (1990). Early American life, Volume 21. Madison: University of Wisconsin. p. 209.
^ Pearce, Cindi. "Garter and bouquet tossing as tradition". Catalogs.com. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ Ali, Dr. Zoha. "Inspiring Ramo Buchon Ideas for Every Occasion to Impress Your Loved Ones". hortifloral.com.
^ Rye, Terry L. (2000). Creative Wedding Florals You Can Make. North Light Books. pp. 9. ISBN 978-1-55870-560-9.

[Belcher-1] Belcher, Betty (1993). Creative flower arranging: floral design for home and flower show. Timber Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-88192-247-9.

[2] Hillier, Malcolm (1990). Flower Arranging. The Reader's Digest Association. pp. 8. ISBN 9780895773579.

[3] Laufer, Geraldine Adamich; Starr Ockenga; Chipp Jamison (2000). Tussie-Mussies: The Language of Flowers. Workman Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7611-2066-7.

[4] Laufer et al. p 44

[5] Laufer et al. p 48

[6] Early American Society (1990). Early American life, Volume 21. Madison: University of Wisconsin. p. 209.

[7] Pearce, Cindi. "Garter and bouquet tossing as tradition". Catalogs.com. Retrieved 29 June 2012.

[8] Ali, Dr. Zoha. "Inspiring Ramo Buchon Ideas for Every Occasion to Impress Your Loved Ones". hortifloral.com.

[9] Rye, Terry L. (2000). Creative Wedding Florals You Can Make. North Light Books. pp. 9. ISBN 978-1-55870-560-9.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Collection of flowers in a creative arrangement}}
-[[File:Lebouquetdesaens.png|thumb|Le Bouquet, by [[Marc Saint-Saëns]] 1951 is among the best and most representative French tapestries of the fifties. It is a tribute to Saint-Saens’s predilection for scenes from nature and rustic life.<ref>HENG, Michèle (1989), Marc Saint-Saens décorateur mural et peintre cartonnier de tapisserie, 1964 pages.</ref>]]
-A '''flower bouquet''' is a collection of [[flower]]s in a creative arrangement.  Flower bouquets can be arranged for the decor of homes or public buildings, or may be handheld.  Handheld bouquets are classified by several different popular shapes and styles, including [[nosegay]], crescent, and cascading bouquets. Flower bouquets are often given for special occasions such as [[birthday]]s, [[anniversary|anniversaries]] or [[funeral]]s. They are also used extensively in [[wedding]]s as well as [[Olympics]] Medal Ceremonies. Bouquets arranged in vases or planters for home decor can be arranged in either traditional or modern styles. Symbolism may be attached to the types of flowers used, according to the culture.
+A '''flower bouquet''' is a collection of [[Flower|flowers]] in a creative arrangement. Flower bouquets can be arranged for the decor of homes or public buildings or may be handheld. Several popular shapes and styles classify handheld bouquets, including nosegay, crescent, and cascading bouquets. Flower bouquets are often given for special occasions such as [[Birthday|birthdays]], [[Anniversary|anniversaries]] or [[Funeral|funerals]]. They are also used extensively in [[Wedding|weddings]] and at [[Olympics|the Olympic]] Medal Ceremonies. Bouquets arranged in vases or planters for home decor can be placed in traditional or modern styles. According to the culture, symbolism may be attached to the types of flowers used.
 ==History==
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 [[File:Ikebana - Yoshiko Nakamura 01B.jpg|thumb|A Japanese [[ikebana]] flower bouquet in a vase.]]
 [[File:Beach Wedding Bouquet.jpg|alt=This beach wedding bouquet includes roses, eucalyptus, and tuberose.|thumb|Beach Wedding Bouquet]]
-The arrangement of flowers for home or building decor has a long history throughout the world. The oldest evidence of formal arranging of bouquets in vases comes from [[ancient Egypt]], and depictions of flower arrangements date to the [[Old Kingdom]] (~2500 BCE). The sacred lotus was often used, as were herbs, palms, irises, anemones, and narcissus.<ref name="Belcher">{{cite book|last=Belcher|first=Betty|title=Creative flower arranging: floral design for home and flower show|url=https://archive.org/details/creativeflowerar00belc|url-access=limited|year=1993|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-0-88192-247-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/creativeflowerar00belc/page/n17 16]–17}}</ref>
+The arrangement of flowers for home or building decor has a long history worldwide. The oldest evidence of formal arranging of bouquets in vases comes from [[ancient Egypt]], and depictions of flower arrangements date to the [[Old Kingdom]] (~2500 BCE). The sacred lotus, as were herbs, palms, irises, anemones, and narcissus, were often used.<ref name="Belcher">{{cite book|last=Belcher|first=Betty|title=Creative flower arranging: floral design for home and flower show|url=https://archive.org/details/creativeflowerar00belc|url-access=limited|year=1993|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-0-88192-247-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/creativeflowerar00belc/page/n17 16]–17}}</ref>
-In some cultures, ancient practises still survive today, for example in [[ikebana]], the art of flower-arranging that comes from Japan. The oldest known book on flower-arranging is Japanese and dates from 1445. Simplicity and linear form are core features of ikebana, which has had a great influence on Western flower arranging since the late 19th century.<ref name="Belcher" />
+In some cultures, ancient practises still survive today; for example, in [[ikebana]], the art of flower-arranging arranging comes from Japan. The oldest known book on flower arranging is Japanese and dates from 1445. Simplicity and linear form are core features of ikebana, which has had a significant influence on Western flower arranging since the late 19th century<ref name="Belcher" />
-Flower-arranging as an art form was brought to Japan by Buddhist monks, who learned it while in China. In ancient China, flower-arranging developed into a highly refined art form, based on the principle that life is sacred, including the life of plants, therefore [[cut flowers]] were used sparingly in carefully planned arrangements. Flowers were a traditional ritual offering among Buddhists, however, and remain so.<ref name="Belcher" />
+Flower arranging as an art form was brought to Japan by Buddhist monks who learned it while in China. In ancient China, flower arranging developed into a highly refined art form based on the principle that life is sacred, including the life of plants. Therefore, [[cut flowers]] were used sparingly in carefully planned arrangements. Flowers were a traditional ritual offering among Buddhists, however, and remain so.<ref name="Belcher" />
-In Europe, flower arranging as a formal art was first documented among the Dutch, who "in particular, painted wonderful informal arrangements of flowers [...] In the 18th century, arrangements were used to decorate the houses of the wealthy families and the aristocracy."<ref>{{cite book|last=Hillier|first=Malcolm|title=Flower Arranging|url=https://archive.org/details/flowerarranging00hill|url-access=registration|publisher=The Reader's Digest Association|year=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/flowerarranging00hill/page/8 8]|isbn=9780895773579 }}</ref>
+In Europe, flower arranging as a formal art was first documented among the Dutch, who "in particular, painted wonderful informal arrangements of flowers. In the 18th century, arrangements were used to decorate the houses of the wealthy families and the aristocracy."<ref>{{cite book|last=Hillier|first=Malcolm|title=Flower Arranging|url=https://archive.org/details/flowerarranging00hill|url-access=registration|publisher=The Reader's Digest Association|year=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/flowerarranging00hill/page/8 8]|isbn=9780895773579 }}</ref>
-Flower symbolism is common in many cultures, and can be complex.  In China, certain flowers symbolize seasons: white plum blossoms represent winter, peach and cherry blossoms represent spring, lotus represents summer, and chrysanthemums the fall.<ref name="Belcher" />
+Flower symbolism is common in many cultures and can be complex.  In China, certain flowers symbolize seasons: white plum blossoms represent winter, peach and cherry blossoms represent spring, lotus represent summer, and chrysanthemums the fall.<ref name="Belcher" />
 ==Nosegay==
 {{Further|Nosegay}}
-The term "tussie-mussie" is sometimes used interchangeably with [[nosegay]]. A nosegay was also known as a "talking bouquet" or "flower poesy" during the [[Victorian era]], when they became a popular gift.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Laufer, Geraldine Adamich|author-link=Geraldine Adamich Laufer|author2=Starr Ockenga |author3=Chipp Jamison |title=Tussie-Mussies: The Language of Flowers|year=2000|publisher=Workman Publishing|isbn=978-0-7611-2066-7|pages=2}}</ref>  Traditionally, [[bride]]s will also carry a small nosegay.  Tussie mussies were introduced to England in the early 18th century, and were a fashionable accessory for young women by the early 19th century.<ref>Laufer ''et al.'' p 44</ref> A tussie mussie is a small circular bouquet like a nosegay, but carries symbolic meaning based upon the [[language of flowers]], where particular flowers represent specific sentiments. They were commonly exchanged by lovers, who sent messages to one another based upon the flowers used in the bouquet. Traditionally, tussie mussies are arranged in a cone- or cornucopia-shaped container, made of tin or silver, with a chain attached for carrying the bouquet.<ref>Laufer ''et al.'' p 48</ref>
+The term "tussie-mussie" is sometimes used interchangeably with [[nosegay]]. A nosegay was also known as a "talking bouquet" or "flower poesy" during the [[Victorian era]] when they became a popular gift.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Laufer, Geraldine Adamich|author-link=Geraldine Adamich Laufer|author2=Starr Ockenga |author3=Chipp Jamison |title=Tussie-Mussies: The Language of Flowers|year=2000|publisher=Workman Publishing|isbn=978-0-7611-2066-7|pages=2}}</ref>  Traditionally, [[bride]]s will also carry a small nosegay.  Tussie mussies were introduced to England in the early 18th century and were a fashionable accessory for young women by the early 19th century.<ref>Laufer ''et al.'' p 44</ref> A tussie mussie is a small circular bouquet like a nosegay but carries symbolic meaning based upon the [[language of flowers]], where particular flowers represent specific sentiments. They were commonly exchanged by lovers, who sent messages to one another based on the flowers used in the bouquet. Traditionally, tussie mussies are arranged in a cone- or cornucopia-shaped container made of tin or silver, with a chain attached for carrying the bouquet.<ref>Laufer ''et al.'' p 48</ref>
-==Language of flowers==
+==Language of Flowers==
 {{Further|Language of flowers}}
-Flower symbolism originated in Asia and the Middle East, where certain flowers, such as the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]], were considered sacred, or at least to be associated with spiritual themes.  This was often reflected in artwork, for example the use of [[bamboo]] in Chinese art to represent longevity and eternity. The [[language of flowers]] was introduced to [[England]] in the early 18th century by [[Mary Wortley]], Lady Montague, whose husband was Ambassador to [[Turkey]]. By the Victorian era, almost every flower had a specific meaning attached to it. Small [[nosegay]] or "tussie mussie" bouquets might include [[chamomile]] flowers, which a woman might send to a romantic interest to tell him "Patience"; [[goldenrod]] represented indecision.<ref>{{cite book|last=Early American Society|title=Early American life, Volume 21|year=1990|publisher=University of Wisconsin|location=Madison|pages=209}}</ref>
+Flower symbolism originated in Asia and the Middle East, where certain flowers, such as the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]], were considered sacred or at least to be associated with spiritual themes.  This was often reflected in artwork, for example, the use of [[bamboo]] in Chinese art to represent longevity and eternity. The [[language of flowers]] was introduced to [[England]] in the early 18th century by [[Mary Wortley]], Lady Montague, whose husband was Ambassador to [[Turkey]]. By the Victorian era, almost every flower had a specific meaning. Small [[nosegay]] or "tussie mussie" bouquets might include [[chamomile]] flowers, which a woman might send to a romantic interest to tell him "Patience"; [[goldenrod]] represented indecision.<ref>{{cite book|last=Early American Society|title=Early American life, Volume 21|year=1990|publisher=University of Wisconsin|location=Madison|pages=209}}</ref>
-==Wedding bouquets==
+==Wedding Bouquets==
-Traditionally the [[bride]] will hold the bouquet, and the [[maid of honor]] will hold it during the ceremony. After the wedding the bride will toss it over her shoulder, and it is believed that whoever catches the bouquet is the next in line to be married.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catalogs.com/info/wedding-traditions/garter-and-bouquet-tossing-as-tradition.html|title=Garter and bouquet tossing as tradition|last=Pearce|first=Cindi|publisher=Catalogs.com|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> This practice may be related to the [[Golden Apple of Discord]] myth.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
+Traditionally, the [[bride]] holds the bouquet, and the [[maid of honor]] holds it during the ceremony. After the wedding, the bride tosses it over her shoulder, and it is believed that whoever catches the bouquet is the next in line to be married.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catalogs.com/info/wedding-traditions/garter-and-bouquet-tossing-as-tradition.html|title=Garter and bouquet tossing as tradition|last=Pearce|first=Cindi|publisher=Catalogs.com|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> This practice may be related to the [[Golden Apple of Discord|myth of the Golden Apple of Discord]].
-===Wedding bouquet shapes===
+===Wedding Bouquet Shapes===
-There are many different bridal bouquet styles from which to select. Brides typically choose the shape of their bouquets according to popular trends at the time of their wedding, however some choose bouquets which evoke another time period. While the language of flowers can contribute to a message to be conveyed about the couple, the shapes are a personal preference.
+There are many different bridal bouquet styles from which to select. Brides typically choose the shape of their bouquets according to popular trends at the time of their wedding; however, some choose bouquets which evoke another period. While the language of flowers can contribute to a message about the couple, the shapes are a personal preference.
-The Posy bouquet is typically round in shape and is thought of as modern due to the small size and relative simplicity of the arrangement. It is also popular for the ease of carrying and passing-off during the ceremony. It can be composed of an expensive flower, such as a rose, or can be a sampling of country flowers.
+The Posy bouquet is typically round and is thought of as modern due to the small size and relative simplicity of the arrangement. It is also popular for the ease of carrying and passing off during the ceremony. It can be composed of an expensive flower, such as a rose, or a sampling of country flowers.
-The Cascading bouquet is usually a large arrangement which tapers near the bottom. It was popularized as the arrangement of choice for the 1980s at the wedding of Lady Diana Spencer and the Prince of Wales at Westminster Abbey. It can, and is often, made up of many types of flowers and is enhanced with Baby's Breath and different types of greenery, such as ivy. This bouquet became less popular as bridal trends shifted towards simplicity, however it has found a resurgence in recent years.
+The Cascading bouquet is usually a large arrangement which tapers near the bottom. It was popularized as the arrangement of choice for the 1980s at the wedding of Lady Diana Spencer and the Prince of Wales at Westminster Abbey. It can, and is often, made up of many kind of flowers and is enhanced with Baby's Breath and different types of greenery, such as ivy. This bouquet became less popular as bridal trends shifted towards simplicity; however, it has found a resurgence in recent years.
-The Presentation bouquet saw a surge in popularity at the turn of the twentieth century. It is most frequently composed of a long-stemmed bud, such as the Calla Lily, and is cradled in the bride's arms, rather than carried by the stems.
+The Presentation bouquet grew in popularity at the turn of the twentieth century. It is most frequently composed of a long-stemmed bud, such as the Calla Lily, and is cradled in the bride's arms rather than carried by the stems.
+There is a new trend of Ramo Buchon for bridal bouquets. Ramo Buchon is a rose bouquet that is dome-shaped, tightly packed, decorated, and wrapped in fancy paper. This bouquet is the perfect blend of style and substance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Dr. Zoha |title=Inspiring Ramo Buchon Ideas for Every Occasion to Impress Your Loved Ones |url=https://hortifloral.com/inspiring-ramo-buchon-ideas-for-every-occasion/ |website=hortifloral.com}}</ref>
 The following gallery shows popular bride's bouquet shapes, including cascading, hand-tied, nosegay, pomander, flower spray and Biedermeier.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rye|first=Terry L.|title=Creative Wedding Florals You Can Make|year=2000|publisher=North Light Books|isbn=978-1-55870-560-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/creativeweddingf00terr/page/9 9]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/creativeweddingf00terr/page/9}}</ref>
@@ Line 46: / Line 48: @@
 File:White and green floral spray wedding decor.jpg|A "flower spray" bouquet attached as decor to a pillar.
 File:Biedermeier-Strauss.jpg|A sketch of a Biedermeier-style bouquet, with concentric rings of flower types and colours.
+File:Tulipani-bianchi.jpg|alt=White tulips present|White tulips
 </gallery>
@@ Line 68: / Line 71: @@
 [[Category:Fashion accessories]]
 [[Category:Floristry]]
-[[Category:Flowers]]
+[[Category:Flowers in culture]]
 [[Category:Wedding dresses]]

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