University of Michigan and Template:National Medal of Science: Difference between pages

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{{infobox University
|name= University of Michigan for fags
| name = Winners of the National Medal of Science
| title = Winners of the [[National Medal of Science]]
|image_name= Umichigan color seal.gif
| state = autocollapse
|motto= ''Artes, Scientia, Veritas
| selected = {{{1|}}}
|mottoeng= Arts, Knowledge, Truth

|endowment= [[United States dollar|US $]]7.8 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]<ref name="endowment">{{cite journal | author=Nelson, Gabe | title=[http://www.michigandaily.com/content/universitys-head-investment-officer-predicts-slowdown-endowment-returns] | journal=The Michigan Daily | date=September 8, 2008}}</ref>
| group1 = Behavioral and social science
|president= [[Mary Sue Coleman]]
| abbr1 = behav-social
|established= 1817
| list1 = {{navbox subgroup
|type= [[Flagship university|Flagship]]<br />[[Public university|Public]]<br />[[Sea grant colleges|Sea grant]]<br />[[Space grant colleges|Space grant]]
| group1 = 1960s
|calendar = Trimester
| list1 = ''1964:'' [[Roger Adams]] · [[Othmar H. Ammann]] · [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] · [[Neal Elgar Miller]]
|staff=
| group2 = 1980s
|faculty= 6,237
| list2 = ''1986:'' [[Herbert A. Simon]] ''1987:'' [[Anne Anastasi]] · [[George J. Stigler]] ''1988:'' [[Milton Friedman]]
|students= 41,042
| group3 = 1990s
|undergrad= 26,083
| list3 = ''1990:'' [[Leonid Hurwicz]] · [[Patrick Suppes]] ''1991:'' [[Robert Kates|Robert W. Kates]] · [[George Armitage Miller|George A. Miller]] ''1992:'' [[Eleanor J. Gibson]] ''1994:'' [[Robert K. Merton]] ''1995:'' [[Roger N. Shepard]] ''1996:'' [[Paul A. Samuelson]] ''1997:'' [[William Kaye Estes|William K. Estes]] ''1998:'' [[William Julius Wilson]] ''1999:'' [[Robert M. Solow]]
|postgrad= 14,959
| group4 = 2000s
|colors= [[corn (color)|Maize]] and [[Sapphire (color)|Blue]]
| list4 = ''2000:'' [[Gary Becker]] ''2001:'' [[George Bass (archaeologist)|George Bass]] ''2003:'' [[R. Duncan Luce]] ''2004:'' [[Kenneth Arrow]] ''2005:'' [[Gordon H. Bower]]
<span style="background-color:#Fcd116;width:50px;border:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<span style="background-color:#002654;width:50px;border:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>
}}
|nickname=[[Wolverine]]s
| group2 = Biological sciences
|city= [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], [[Michigan]]
| abbr2 = biological
|country= [[United States|U.S.]]
| list2 = {{navbox subgroup
|campus= {{convert|3176|acre|km2}}<br />[[Summation|Total]]: {{convert|20965|acre|km2}}, including arboretum
| group1 = 1960s
|free_label= Sports
| list1 = ''1963:'' [[Cornelius Van Niel]] ''1964:'' [[Marshall W. Nirenberg]] ''1965:'' [[Francis Peyton Rous|Francis P. Rous]] · [[George G. Simpson]] · [[Donald D. Van Slyke]] ''1966:'' [[Edward F. Knipling]] · [[Fritz Albert Lipmann]] · [[William C. Rose]] · [[Sewall Wright]] ''1967:'' [[Kenneth S. Cole]] · [[Harry F. Harlow]] · [[Michael Heidelberger]] · [[Alfred Sturtevant|Alfred H. Sturtevant]] ''1968:'' [[Horace Albert Barker|Horace Barker]] · [[Bernard Brodie|Bernard B. Brodie]] · [[Detlev W. Bronk]] · [[Jay Lush]] · [[Burrhus Frederic Skinner]] ''1969:'' [[Robert J. Huebner]] · [[Ernst Mayr]]
|free= [[Michigan Wolverines|Wolverines]]
| group2 = 1970s
|website= [http://www.umich.edu www.umich.edu]
| list2 = ''1970:'' [[Barbara McClintock]] · [[Albert Sabin|Albert B. Sabin]] ''1973:'' [[Daniel I. Arnon]] · [[Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.]] ''1974:'' [[Britton Chance]] · [[Erwin Chargaff]] · [[James V. Neel]] · [[James Augustine Hannon]] ''1975:'' [[Hallowell Davis]] · [[Paul Gyorgy]] · [[Sterling Brown Hendricks]] · [[Orville Vogel|Orville lvin Vogel]] ''1976:'' [[Roger C.L. Guillemin]] · [[Keith Roberts Porter]] · [[Efraim Racker]] · [[E. O. Wilson]] ''1979:'' [[Robert H. Burris]] · [[Elizabeth C. Crosby]] · [[Arthur Kornberg]] · [[Severo Ochoa]] · [[Earl Reece Stadtman]] · [[George Ledyard Stebbins]] · [[Paul Alfred Weiss]]
|logo= [[Image:MichiganWolverines.png|100px|University of Michigan "Block M"]]
| group3 = 1980s
| list3 = ''1981:'' [[Philip Handler]] ''1982:'' [[Seymour Benzer]] · [[Glenn W. Burton]] · [[Mildred Cohn]] ''1983:'' [[Howard L. Bachrach]] · [[Paul Berg]] · [[Wendell L. Roelofs]] · [[Berta Scharrer]] ''1986:'' [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]] · [[Donald Henderson|Donald A. Henderson]] · [[Vernon Mountcastle|Vernon B. Mountcastle]] · [[George Emil Palade]] · [[Joan A. Steitz]] ''1987:'' [[Michael E. Debakey]] · [[Theodor O. Diener]] · [[Harry Eagle]] · [[Har Gobind Khorana]] · [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] ''1988:'' [[Michael S. Brown]] · [[Stanley N. Cohen]] · [[Joseph L. Goldstein]] · [[Maurice Hilleman|Maurice R. Hilleman]] · [[Eric R. Kandel]] · [[Rosalyn S. Yalow]] ''1989:'' [[Katherine Esau]] · [[Viktor Hamburger]] · [[Philip Leder]] · [[Joshua Lederberg]] · [[Roger W. Sperry]] · [[Harland G. Wood]]
| group4 = 1990s
| list4 = ''1990:'' [[Baruj Benacerraf]] · [[Herbert W. Boyer]] · [[Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.]] · [[Edward B. Lewis]] · [[David G. Nathan]] · [[E. Donnall Thomas]] ''1991:'' [[Mary Ellen Avery]] · [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson]] · [[Elvin A. Kabat]] · [[Salvador E. Luria]] · [[Paul A. Marks]] · [[Folke K Skoog]] · [[Paul C. Zamecnik]] ''1992:'' [[Maxine Singer]] · [[Howard M. Temin]] ''1993:'' [[Daniel Nathans]] · [[Salome G. Waelsch]] ''1994:'' [[Thomas Eisner]] · [[Elizabeth F. Neufeld]] ''1995:'' [[Alexander Rich]] ''1996:'' [[Ruth Patrick]] ''1997:'' [[James D. Watson]] · [[Robert A. Weinberg]] ''1998:'' [[Bruce Ames]] · [[Janet Rowley]] ''1999:'' [[David Baltimore]] · [[Jared Diamond]] · [[Lynn Margulis]]
| group5 = 2000s
| list5 = ''2000:'' [[Nancy C. Andreasen]] · [[Peter H. Raven]] · [[Carl Woese]] ''2001:'' [[Francisco J. Ayala]] · [[Mario R. Capecchi]] · [[Ann M. Graybiel]] · [[Gene Likens|Gene E. Likens]] · [[Victor A. McKusick]] · [[Harold Varmus]] ''2002:'' [[James E. Darnell]] · [[Evelyn M. Witkin]] ''2003:'' [[J. Michael Bishop]] · [[Solomon H. Snyder]] · [[Charles Yanofsky]] ''2004:'' [[Norman E. Borlaug]] · [[Phillip A. Sharp]] · [[Thomas Starzl|Thomas E. Starzl]] ''2005:'' [[Anthony Fauci]] · [[Torsten N. Wiesel]] ''2006:'' [[Rita R. Colwell]] · [[Nina Fedoroff]] · [[Lubert Stryer]]
}}
| group3 = Chemistry
| abbr3 = chemistry
| list3 = {{navbox subgroup
| group1 = 1980s
| list1 = ''1982:'' [[F. Albert Cotton]] · [[Gilbert Stork]] ''1983:'' [[Roald Hoffmann]] · [[George C. Pimentel]] · [[Richard N. Zare]] ''1986:'' [[Harry B. Gray]] · [[Yuan Tseh Lee]] · [[Carl S. Marvel]] · [[Frank H. Westheimer]] ''1987:'' [[William Summer Johnson|William S. Johnson]] · [[Walter H. Stockmayer]] · [[Max Tishler]] ''1988:'' [[William O. Baker]] · [[Konrad E. Bloch]] · [[Elias J. Corey]] ''1989:'' [[Richard Barry Bernstein|Richard B. Bernstein]] · [[Melvin Calvin]] · [[Rudolph Marcus|Rudoph A. Marcus]] · [[Harden M. McConnell]]
| group2 = 1990s
| list2 = ''1990:'' [[Elkan Blout]] · [[Karl Folkers]] · [[John D. Roberts]] ''1991:'' [[Ronald Breslow]] · [[Gertrude B. Elion]] · [[Dudley R. Herschbach]] · [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] ''1992:'' [[Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr.|Howard E. Simmons, Jr.]] ''1993:'' [[Donald J. Cram]] · [[Norman Hackerman]] ''1994:'' [[George S. Hammond]] ''1995:'' [[Thomas Cech]] · [[Isabella L. Karle]] ''1996:'' [[Norman Davidson]] ''1997:'' [[Darleane C. Hoffman]] · [[Harold S. Johnston]] ''1998:'' [[John W. Cahn]] · [[George M. Whitesides]] ''1999:'' [[Stuart A. Rice]] · [[John Ross (chemist)|John Ross]] · [[Susan Solomon]]
| group3 = 2000s
| list3 = ''2000:'' [[John D. Baldeschwieler]] · [[Ralph F. Hirschmann]] ''2001:'' [[Ernest R. Davidson]] · [[Gabor A. Somorjai]] ''2002:'' [[John I. Brauman]] ''2004:'' [[Stephen J. Lippard]] ''2006:'' [[Marvin H. Caruthers]] · [[Peter Dervan|Peter B. Dervan]] · [[Robert S. Langer]]
}}
| group4 = Engineering sciences
| abbr4 = engineering
| list4 = {{navbox subgroup
| group1 = 1960s
| list1 = ''1962:'' [[Theodore von Karman]] ''1963:'' [[Vannevar Bush]] · [[John Robinson Pierce]] ''1964:'' [[Charles S. Draper]] ''1965:'' [[Hugh L. Dryden]] · [[Clarence L. Johnson]] · [[Warren K. Lewis]] ''1966:'' [[Claude E. Shannon]] ''1967:'' [[Edwin H. Land]] · [[Igor I. Sikorsky]] ''1968:'' [[J. Presper Eckert]] · [[Nathan M. Newmark]] ''1969:'' [[Jack St. Clair Kilby]]
| group2 = 1970s
| list2 = ''1970:'' [[George E. Mueller]] ''1973:'' [[Harold E. Edgerton]] · [[Richard T. Whitcomb]] ''1974:'' [[Rudolf Kompfner]] · [[Ralph Brazelton Peck]] · [[Abel Wolman]] ''1975:'' [[Manson Benedict]] · [[William Hayward Pickering]] · [[Frederick E. Terman]] · [[Wernher von Braun]] ''1976:'' [[Morris Cohen (scientist)|Morris Cohen]] · [[Peter C. Goldmark]] · [[Erwin Wilhelm Müller]] ''1979:'' [[Emmett N. Leith]] · [[Raymond D. Mindlin]] · [[Robert N. Noyce]] · [[Earl R. Parker]] · [[Simon Ramo]]
| group3 = 1980s
| list3 = ''1982:'' [[Edward H. Heinemann]] · [[Donald L. Katz]] ''1983:'' [[William R. Hewlett]] · [[George M. Low]] · [[John G. Trump]] ''1986:'' [[Hans Wolfgang Liepmann]] · [[T. Y. Lin]] · [[Bernard M. Oliver]] ''1987:'' [[Robert B. Bird]] · [[H. Bolton Seed]] · [[Ernst Weber]] ''1988:'' [[Daniel C. Drucker]] · [[Willis M. Hawkins]] · [[George W. Housner]] ''1989:'' [[Harry George Drickamer]] · [[Herbert E. Grier]]
| group4 = 1990s
| list4 = ''1990:'' [[Mildred S. Dresselhaus]] · [[Nick Holonyak Jr.]] ''1991:'' [[George Heilmeier]] · [[Luna B. Leopold]] · [[H. Guyford Stever]] ''1992:'' [[Calvin F. Quate]] · [[John Roy Whinnery]] ''1993:'' [[Alfred Y. Cho]] ''1994:'' [[Ray W. Clough]] ''1995:'' [[Hermann A. Haus]] ''1996:'' [[James L. Flanagan]] · [[C. Kumar N. Patel]] ''1998:'' [[Eli Ruckenstein]] ''1999:'' [[Kenneth N. Stevens]]
| group5 = 2000s
| list5 = ''2000:'' [[Yuan-Cheng Fung|Yuan-Cheng B. Fung]] ''2001:'' [[Andreas Acrivos]] ''2002:'' [[Leo Beranek]] ''2003:'' [[John M. Prausnitz]] ''2004:'' [[Edwin N. Lightfoot]] ''2005:'' [[Jan D. Achenbach]] · [[Tobin J. Marks]]
}}
| group5 = Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
| abbr5 = math-stat-comp
| list5 = {{navbox subgroup
| group1 = 1960s
| list1 = ''1963:'' [[Norbert Wiener]] ''1964:'' [[Solomon Lefschetz]] · [[Marston Morse|H. Marston Morse]] ''1965:'' [[Oscar Zariski]] ''1966:'' [[John Milnor]] ''1967:'' [[Paul Cohen mathematician|Paul Cohen]] ''1968:'' [[Jerzy Neyman]] ''1969:'' [[William Feller]]
| group2 = 1970s
| list2 = ''1970:'' [[Richard Brauer]] ''1973:'' [[John Tukey]] ''1974:'' [[Kurt Gödel]] ''1975:'' [[John W. Backus]] · [[Shiing-Shen Chern]] · [[George B. Dantzig]] ''1976:'' [[Kurt Otto Friedrichs]] · [[Hassler Whitney]] ''1979:'' [[Joseph L. Doob]] · [[Donald E. Knuth]]
| group3 = 1980s
| list3 = ''1982:'' [[Marshall Harvey Stone]] ''1983:'' [[Herman Goldstine]] · [[Isadore Singer]] ''1986:'' [[Peter Lax]] · [[Antoni Zygmund]] ''1987:'' [[Raoul Bott]] · [[Michael Freedman]] ''1988:'' [[Ralph E. Gomory]] · [[Joseph B. Keller]] ''1989:'' [[Samuel Karlin]] · [[Saunders MacLane]] · [[Donald C. Spencer]]
| group4 = 1990s
| list4 = ''1990:'' [[George F. Carrier]] · [[Stephen Cole Kleene]] · [[John McCarthy computer scientist|John McCarthy]] ''1991:'' [[Alberto Calderón]] ''1992:'' [[Allen Newell]] ''1993:'' [[Martin Kruskal]] ''1994:'' [[John Cocke]] ''1995:'' [[Louis Nirenberg]] ''1996:'' [[Richard M. Karp]] · [[Stephen Smale]] ''1997:'' [[Shing-Tung Yau]] ''1998:'' [[Cathleen Synge Morawetz]] ''1999:'' [[Felix Browder]] · [[Ronald Coifman|Ronald R. Coifman]]
| group5 = 2000s
| list5 = ''2000:'' [[John Griggs Thompson]] · [[Karen K. Uhlenbeck]] ''2001:'' [[Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao|Calyampudi R. Rao]] · [[Elias M. Stein]] ''2002:'' [[James Glimm|James G. Glimm]] ''2003:'' [[Carl R. de Boor]] ''2004:'' [[Dennis Sullivan|Dennis P. Sullivan]] ''2005:'' [[Bradley Efron]] ''2006:'' [[Hyman Bass]]
}}
| group6 = Physical sciences
| abbr6 = physical
| list6 = {{navbox subgroup
| group1 = 1960s
| list1 = ''1963:'' [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis W. Alvarez]] ''1964:'' [[Julian Schwinger]] · [[Harold Clayton Urey]] · [[Robert Burns Woodward]] ''1965:'' [[John Bardeen]] · [[Peter Debye]] · [[Leon M. Lederman]] · [[William Rubey]] ''1966:'' [[Jacob Bjerknes]] · [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] · [[Henry Eyring]] · [[John H. Van Vleck]] · [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]] ''1967:'' [[Jesse Beams]] · [[Francis Birch]] · [[Gregory Breit]] · [[Louis Hammett]] · [[George Kistiakowsky]] ''1968:'' [[Paul Bartlett]] · [[Herbert Friedman]] · [[Lars Onsager]] · [[Eugene Wigner]] ''1969:'' [[Herbert C. Brown]] · [[Wolfgang Panofsky]]
| group2 = 1970s
| list2 = ''1970:'' [[Robert H. Dicke]] · [[Allan R. Sandage]] · [[John C. Slater]] · [[John A. Wheeler]] · [[Saul Winstein]] ''1973:'' [[Carl Djerassi]] · [[Maurice Ewing]] · [[Arie Jan Haagen-Smit]] · [[Vladimir Haensel]] · [[Frederick Seitz]] · [[Robert Rathbun Wilson]] ''1974:'' [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] · [[Paul Flory]] · [[William Alfred Fowler]] · [[Linus Carl Pauling]] · [[Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer]] ''1975:'' [[Hans A. Bethe]] · [[Joseph Hirschfelder]] · [[Lewis Sarett]] · [[E. Bright Wilson]] · [[Chien-Shiung Wu]] ''1976:'' [[Samuel Goudsmit]] · [[Herbert S. Gutowsky]] · [[Frederick Rossini]] · [[Verner Suomi]] · [[Henry Taube]] · [[George Uhlenbeck]] ''1979:'' [[Richard P. Feynman]] · [[Herman Mark]] · [[Edward M. Purcell]] · [[John Sinfelt]] · [[Lyman Spitzer]] · [[Victor F. Weisskopf]]
| group3 = 1980s
| list3 = ''1982:'' [[Philip W. Anderson]] · [[Yoichiro Nambu]] · [[Edward Teller]] · [[Charles H. Townes]] ''1983:'' [[E. Margaret Burbidge]] · [[Maurice Goldhaber]] · [[Helmut Landsberg]] · [[Walter Munk]] · [[Frederick Reines]] · [[Bruno B. Rossi]] · [[J. Robert Schrieffer]] ''1986:'' [[Solomon Buchsbaum]] · [[Horace Crane]] · [[Herman Feshbach]] · [[Robert Hofstadter]] · [[Chen Ning Yang]] ''1987:'' [[Philip Abelson]] · [[Walter Elsasser]] · [[Paul C. Lauterbur]] · [[George Pake]] · [[James A. Van Allen]] ''1988:'' [[D. Allan Bromley]] · [[Chu_Ching-wu|Paul Ching-Wu Chu]] · [[Walter Kohn]] · [[Norman F. Ramsey]] · [[Jack Steinberger]] ''1989:'' [[Arnold O. Beckman]] · [[Eugene Parker]] · [[Robert Sharp]] · [[Henry Stommel]]
| group4 = 1990s
| list4 = ''1990:'' [[Allan M. Cormack]] · [[Edwin M. McMillan]] · [[Robert Pound]] · [[Roger Revelle]] ''1991:'' [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] · [[Ed Stone]] · [[Steven Weinberg]] ''1992:'' [[Eugene M. Shoemaker]] ''1993:'' [[Val Fitch]] · [[Vera Rubin]] ''1994:'' [[Albert Overhauser]] · [[Frank Press]] ''1995:'' [[Hans Dehmelt]] · [[Peter Goldreich]] ''1996:'' [[Wallace S. Broecker]] ''1997:'' [[Marshall Rosenbluth]] · [[Martin Schwarzschild]] · [[George Wetherill]] ''1998:'' [[Don L. Anderson]] · [[John N. Bahcall]] ''1999:'' [[James Cronin]] · [[Leo Kadanoff]]
| group5 = 2000s
| list5 = ''2000:'' [[Willis E. Lamb]] · [[Jeremiah P. Ostriker]] · [[Gilbert F. White]] ''2001:'' [[Marvin L. Cohen]] · [[Raymond Davis Jr.]] · [[Charles Keeling]] ''2002:'' [[Richard Garwin]] · [[W. Jason Morgan]] · [[Edward Witten]] ''2003:'' [[G. Brent Dalrymple]] · [[Riccardo Giacconi]] ''2004:'' [[Robert N. Clayton]] ''2005:'' [[Ralph A. Alpher]] · [[Lonnie Thompson]] ''2006:'' [[Daniel Kleppner]]
}}
}}
}}
The '''University of Michigan, Ann Arbor''' ('''U of M''', '''U-M''', '''UM''' or simply '''Michigan''') is a top-ranked [[coeducation]]al [[public university|public]] [[university|research university]] in the state of [[Michigan]]. The university was founded in 1817 in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], about 20 years before the territory of Michigan officially became a state, and moved to [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] in 1837. Today, it is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus; there are two satellite campuses &mdash; the [[University of Michigan-Flint]] and the [[University of Michigan-Dearborn]].

The university is internationally renowned for its academics and famous alum graduating the late U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]], Supreme Court Justices, as well as numerous heads of state. In its last published survey in 1995, the [[United States National Research Council Rankings|National Research Council]] ranked UM 398 in the United States in a study that aggregated evaluations of 41 graduate disciplines<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stat.tamu.edu/~jnewton/nrc_rankings/nrc1.html | title=A Brief Summary of the NRC Rankings | publisher=Texas A&amp;M University | year=1997 | accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> and is considered as one of the original eight [[Public Ivy]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jbhe.com/news_views/49_blackenrollment_publicivies.html | title=Comparing Black Enrollments at the Public Ivies | publisher=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education | year=2005 | accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> The university also has one of the largest research expenditures of any American university and the largest number of living alumni, at 460,000.<ref name = alumni/> UM owns one of the most well-regarded academic medical centers in the United States, the [[University of Michigan Health System]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/honorroll.htm | title=America's Best Hospitals 2006: Honor Roll | year=2007 | publisher=US News and World Reports | accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> The university is also recognized for its history of [[student activism]] and its athletic teams, notably in [[College football|football]], [[college basketball|men's basketball]], and [[ice hockey]].

Despite being a public institution, the University of Michigan charges high student fees; because there assholes in 2007, tuition for out-of-state students was the most expensive in the country.<ref>{{cite web | author=Sahadi, Jeanne | date=October 28, 2005 | url=http://money.cnn.com/2005/10/27/pf/college/priciest_colleges/index.htm | title=The 10 most expensive colleges | publisher=CNN/Money | accessdate=2005-02-21}}</ref> The university has also been at the center of a national controversy involving the use of [[affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] in admissions. Though the university successfully affirmed before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] that consideration of [[race and ethnicity in the United States Census|race]] as a factor in admissions to universities was [[constitutionality|constitutional]] for the holistic Law School admissions process in 2003,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/affirm.html | title=University of Michigan Affirmative Action Lawsuit | date=February 12, 2003 | publisher=University of Michigan Documents Center | accessdate=2006-12-29}} &mdash; a collection of news articles and other documents relating to affirmative action in college admissions.</ref> the Supreme Court also expressed an opinion on the degree to which race could be used by striking down the policy for undergraduate admissions in a separate court case. The former policy automatically awarded 20 points to underrepresented minority applicants in its points-based system.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/news/specials/michigan/ | title=Split Ruling on Affirmative Action | publisher=National Public Radio | date=June 23, 2003 | accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> Michigan voters responded by [[Michigan Civil Rights Initiative|approving restrictions]] on affirmative action in public universities and governmental hiring in November 2006, forcing the university to cease using race and gender as criteria for admissions.even though people at michigan are racist<ref name="NoAffirAct">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002095.html | title=University of Michigan Drops Affirmative Action for Now | date=January 11, 2007 | author=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=The Washington Post | accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref>
<div style="font-size: 100%">

__TOC__
</div>

==History==
{{main|History of the University of Michigan}}
The University of Michigan was established in Detroit in 1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania,for people who worship the devil by the governor and judges of [[Michigan Territory]]. Ann Arbor had set aside 40&nbsp;acres (16 ha) that it hoped would become the site for a new state capitol, but it offered this land to the university when [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]] was chosen as the state capital. The university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. The original 40&nbsp;acres became part of the current Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were [[American Civil War|Civil War]] veterans. Women were first admitted in 1870, making UM the last major university to do so (and the third college overall, after [[Oberlin College]] in 1833 and [[Lawrence University]] in 1847). James B. Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, aggressively expanded UM's curriculum to include professional studies in [[Dentistry]], [[Architecture]], [[Engineering]], [[Government]], and [[Medicine]]. UM also became the first American university to use the [[seminar]] method of study.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brubacher, John Seiler |title=Higher Education in Transition | date=July 1, 1997 | publisher=Transaction Publishers | pages=187|id=ISBN 1-56000-917-9}}</ref>

[[Image:MichiganCentralCampusDiag.jpg|thumb|The Central Campus Diag, viewed from the Graduate Library, looking North.]]
From 1900 to 1920 many new facilities were constructed on campus, including facilities for the dental and pharmacy programs, a chemistry building, a building for the natural sciences, [[Hill Auditorium]], large hospital and library complexes, and two residence halls. The university fortified its reputation for research in 1920 by reorganizing the [[University of Michigan College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] and forming an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. UM's reputation as an elite national university also began to grow at this time. The university became a favorite alternative choice for Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s when the [[Ivy League]] schools were applying a quota to the number of Jews to be admitted.<ref>{{cite web |author= | url=http://www.gladwell.com/2005/2005_10_10_a_admissions.html | title=Getting In |Publisher=The New Yorker | date=October 10, 2005 | accessdate=2007-10-26}}</ref> As a result, UM gained the nickname "Harvard of the West," which became commonly parodied in reverse after [[John F. Kennedy]] referred to himself as "a graduate of the Michigan of the East, Harvard University" in his speech proposing the formation of the [[Peace Corps]] while on the front steps of the Michigan Union.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=Learn.whatispc.history.speech | title=Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy | publisher=Peace Corps | date=October 14, 1960 | accessdate=2007-10-26}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], UM's research grew to include [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] projects such as [[proximity fuze]]s, [[PT boat]]s, and [[radar jamming]]. By 1950, enrollment had reached 21,000, of whom 7,700 were veterans supported by the [[G.I. Bill]]. As the [[Cold War]] and the [[Space Race]] took hold, UM became a major recipient of government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for [[nuclear energy]]. At present, much of that work, as well as research into alternative energy sources, is pursued via the Memorial Phoenix Project.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mmpei.umich.edu/about/ | title=MMPEI | year=2007 | publisher=Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>

On October 14, 1960, [[President of the United States|Presidential]] candidate John F. Kennedy proposed the concept of what became the [[Peace Corps]] on the steps of Michigan Union.<ref name="history">{{cite web | url=http://bentley.umich.edu/bhl/refhome/umtimeline/general.html | title=University of Michigan Timelines &mdash; General University Timeline | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | date=April 2005 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s speech outlining his [[Great Society]] program also occurred at UM.<ref name="history" /> Also during the 1960s, UM saw many protests by student groups. On March 24, 1965, a group of UM faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~newsinfo/MT/95/Oct95/mt11o95.html | title=Vietnam teach-in 30 years ago | author=Newman, Matthew | publisher=Michigan Today | date=October 1995 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://bentley.umich.edu/bhl/exhibits/sixties/web_teachins.html | title=A Decade of Dissent:Teach-Ins | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | date=September 29, 2006 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> In response to a series of [[sit-in]]s in 1966 by ''Voice''&ndash;the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society&ndash;UM's administration banned sit-ins. This stimulated 1,500 students to conduct a further one-hour sit-in the LSA Building, which then housed administrative offices. Former UM student and noted architect [[Alden B. Dow]] designed the current Fleming Administration Building, which was completed in 1968. The building's plans were drawn in the early 1960s, before student activism prompted a concern for safety. Nevertheless, the Fleming Building's narrow windows, all located above the first floor, and fortress-like exterior led to a campus rumor that it was designed to be riot-proof. Dow denied those rumors, claiming the small windows were designed to be energy efficient.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2007/04/06/CampusLife/Explained.Colemans.Castle-2827579.shtml | author=Holmes, Jake | title=Explained: Coleman's castle | publisher=The Michigan Daily | date=April 6, 2007 | accessdate=2008-04-06}}</ref>

[[Image:LawQuad.JPG|thumb|left|Law Quadrangle]]
During the 1970s, severe budget constraints challenged the university's physical development; however, the 1980s saw a surge in funds devoted to research in the social and physical sciences. Meanwhile, the university's involvement in the anti-missile [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] and investments in [[South Africa]] caused controversy on campus. During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. The university also emphasized the development of computer and information technology throughout the campus.

In the early 2000s, UM also faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. At the same time, the university attempted to maintain its high academic standing while keeping [[tuition]] costs affordable. There were also disputes between UM's administration and labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization (LEO) and the Graduate Employees Organization (GEO), the union representing graduate student employees. These conflicts led to a series of one-day walkouts by the unions and their supporters.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2005/03/25/News/Gsis-Walk.Out-1429731.shtml | title=GSIs walk out | author=Saini, Kjyot | date=March 25, 2005 | publisher=The Michigan Daily | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>

[[Image:Lawyers Club.jpg|thumb|The Lawyer's Club]]
In 2003, two lawsuits involving UM's [[affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] admissions policy reached the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] (''[[Grutter v. Bollinger]]'' and ''[[Gratz v. Bollinger]]''). President [[George W. Bush]] took the unusual step of publicly opposing the policy before the court issued a ruling. The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding. However, a point system was ruled as being unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the [[University of Michigan Law School|Law School]] admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy. The debate still continues, however, because in November 2006 Michigan voters passed [[MCRI|proposal 2]], banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.<ref name="NoAffirAct" /> UM and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the passed proposal soon after that election, and this has allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the election results. The university has stated it plans to continue to challenge the ruling; in the meantime, the admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.<ref name="NoAffirAct" />

The August 1, 2006, publication of ''[[The Advocate]] College Guide for LGBT Students'' highlighted the University of Michigan as one of the 20 best campuses for [[LGBT]] students.<ref>{{cite web | author=Bruce C. Steele and Neal Broverman | url=http://www.advocate.com/currentstory1_w.asp?id=35308 | title=College Made Easy | publisher=The Advocate | date=August 29, 2006 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> The guide acknowledged colleges and universities across the United States for making strides toward the advancement and integration of LGBT individuals via a wide variety of student support groups, resources, events, policies, and other efforts to create for them an overall exceptional educational climate.

==Academic profile==
[[Image:UMAngellHall.jpg|thumb|Central Campus: Angell Hall, one of the major buildings of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.]]
The university has 26,083 [[undergraduate]] and 14,959 [[graduate student]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~regoff/report/07fa102.pdf | title=University of Michigan-Enrollment by School and College, Gender, and Class Level For Term 1660 (Fall 2007) | date=September 24, 2007 | accessdate=2007-12-24|format=PDF}}</ref> in 600 academic programs, and each year about 5,400 new students are enrolled. Students come from all 50 [[U.S. state]]s and more than 100 countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://admissions.umich.edu/prospective/index.html | title=Undergraduate Admissions - Prospective Students | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Admissions | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> 98% of the university's incoming class of 2006 earned a high school GPA of 3.0 and higher, while the middle 50% of the incoming class earned a high school GPA of 3.60 to 3.90.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_freshprof.pdf | title=University of Michigan &mdash; Ann Arbor: Freshman Class Profile | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning | date=January 17, 2007 | accessdate=2007-03-23|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="UM_common_data_set">{{cite web | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_cds2005.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Common Data Set 2004–2005 (Page 11) | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning | date=August 16, 2005 | accessdate=2007-03-23|format=PDF}}</ref> The middle 50% of applicants reported an [[SAT]] score of about 1920–2180 and an [[ACT (examination)|ACT]] score of 27–31, with [[Advanced Placement Program|AP]] credit granted to over 3000 freshmen students.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.admissions.umich.edu/fastfacts.html| title=Undergraduate Admissions - Fast Facts | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Admissions | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> About 22% of newly-enrolled undergraduates and 25% of all undergraduates are members of ethnic [[minorities|minority groups]].<ref name="UM_common_data_set" />

About 65% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the [[University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts|College of Literature, Science, and the Arts]] (LS&A), while the [[University of Michigan College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] has about 20%. Fewer than 3% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the [[Ross School of Business]]. The rest of the undergraduate students are enrolled in the smaller schools, including the School of Kinesiology, [[University of Michigan School of Nursing|School of Nursing]], the [[SNRE|School of Natural Resources and Environment]], and the [[University of Michigan School of Art and Design|School of Art and Design]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/%7Eoapainfo/TABLES/PDF/EnrollmentFA00toFA04.pdf | title=Enrollment by Degree Type and School/College | year=2004 | publisher=UM News Service | accessdate=2007-03-23|format=PDF}}</ref> Most graduate students are enrolled in the [[Rackham Graduate School]], the [[University of Michigan College of Engineering|College of Engineering]], the [[University of Michigan Law School|Law School]], the [[Ross School of Business]], and the [[University of Michigan Medical School|Medical School]]. The Medical School is partnered with the [[University of Michigan Health System]], which comprises the University's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education. Other academic units include the [[Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy]], [[Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning]] and the Schools of [[dentistry|Dentistry]], [[University of Michigan School of Education|Education]], [[University of Michigan School of Information|Information]], [[University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance|Music, Theatre & Dance]], [[SNRE|Natural Resources and Environment]], [[University of Michigan School of Public Health|Public Health]], and [[University of Michigan School of Social Work|Social Work]], of which Social Work has been ranked first by the ''U.S. News and World Report'' every year since 1994.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/hea/brief/sow_brief.php | title=America's Best Graduate Schools 2007 - Health: Social Work (Master's) | year=2007 | publisher=US News and World Report | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>

There are over 6,200 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the [[United States National Academies|National Academy]], and 451 of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mup.asu.edu/research2004.pdf | title=The Top American Research Universities | date=December 2004 | publisher=The Center (University of Florida) | accessdate=2007-11-14|format=PDF}}</ref> The university routinely has led in the number of [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholars]] in the late 1990s and 2000s,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=6118 | title=U-M national leader for 2007-2008 Fulbright Scholars | publisher=University of Michigan News Services | date=October 22, 2007 | accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2005/Nov05/r111405c | title=Fulbright fellowships: 29 U-M students awarded | publisher=University of Michigan News Services | date=November 14, 2005 | accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Nov15_04/03.shtml | author=Seguine, Joel | title=18 students receive Fulbright award | publisher=The University Record Online | date=November 15, 2004 | accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases/2004/Jun04/r061104 | title=U-M: 29 Fulbright winners | publisher=University of Michigan News Service | date=June 11, 2004 | accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1996/sep/09-17-96/news/news9.html | author=Powell, Stephanie | title=23 'U' Fulbright scholars to learn in foreign lands | publisher=The Michigan Daily Online | date=September 17, 1996 | accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref> and has also matriculated 25 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]].<ref name="Rhodes">Fiona Rose became the 24th Rhodes Scholar from UM on December 6, 1997. Joseph Jewell, a UM engineering student, became a Rhodes Scholar in 2004.<br />
*{{cite web | author=Paddock, Travis | url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9798/Dec17_97/fiona.htm | title=Fiona Rose is U's 24th Rhodes Scholar | publisher=University Record | date=December 17, 1997 | accessdate=2007-10-13}}
*{{cite web | author=Bates, Karl Leif | url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/05.shtml | title=Engineering student wins prestigious Rhodes Scholarship | publisher=The University Record Online | date=December 6, 2004 | accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref>

In one recent rankings summary, more than 70% of UM's 200 major programs, departments, and schools were ranked in the top 10 in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/%7Eoapainfo/TABLES/PDF/UMAA_Rankings.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Recent Rankings for Graduate & Professional Academic | date=July 13, 2005 | publisher=University of Michigan | accessdate=2007-11-14|format=PDF}} &mdash; an aggregation of rankings from sources such as ''U.S. News & World Reports'' and the National Research Council.</ref> The 2009 ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'' ranks UM 26th among "national universities..<ref name="USNews">{{cite news|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/items/9092|title=America's Best Colleges 2009|accessdate=2008-08-21|date=August 21, 2008|publisher=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> In its 2007 annual college rankings, ''[[The Washington Monthly]]'' ranks UM sixth nationally with criteria based on research, community service, and social mobility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0709.natlrankings.pdf|title=National Universities|accessdate=2007-08-21|date=August 2007|publisher=The Washington Monthly|format=PDF}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek International]]'' rates UM 11th globally based on "openness and diversity" as well as "distinction in research".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/ | title=The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities | publisher=Newsweek International | date=August 13, 2006 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> Similarly, the 2007 edition of the ''Fiske Rankings'' rates UM with "5 Stars"&mdash;reserved for only those universities of the highest academic quality. Furthermore, UM's academic reputation has led to its inclusion on Richard Moll's list of [[Public Ivies]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Moll, Richard. | title=The Public Ivys: America's Flagship Undergraduate Colleges | location=New York | publisher=Viking Adult | year=1985 | id=ISBN 0-670-58205-0}}</ref>

A concern about academics at UM is the high level of educational expenses for a public institution, especially for out-of-state undergraduate students, who pay between [[United States dollar|US $]]31,301 and $36,352 annually for tuition alone. In 2005, out-of-state tuition at UM was the most expensive in the United States for a public college or university.<ref>{{cite web | author=Sahadi, Jeanne | date=October 28, 2005 | url=http://money.cnn.com/2005/10/27/pf/college/priciest_colleges/index.htm | title=The 10 most expensive colleges | publisher=CNN/Money | accessdate=2007-11-14}}</ref> Conversely, in-state undergraduate students paid between US $10,447 and $14,442 annually.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_tuitfee_rates.pdf | title=Academic Year Tuition and Fees for Full-Time Students | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning | date=July 19, 2007 | accessdate=2007-11-14|format=PDF}}</ref> Notwithstanding the quoted tuition levels, the university is attempting to increase financial aid availability to students. To that end, the university has built, as part of its larger university campaign, a greater than $1.4 billion endowment in order to support aid to students.<ref>{{cite web | author=Kroll, Andy | url=http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2008/03/03/UAdministration/u.Defends.Financial.Aid.Endowment.Spending-3247402.shtml | title='U' defends financial aid endowment spending | publisher=The Michigan Daily | date=March 3, 2008 | accessdate=2008-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.giving.umich.edu/campaign/goals/index.html | title=Campaign Goals of UM School, Colleges, and Units | year=2006 | publisher=The University of Michigan Office of Development | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Serwach, Joe | date=August 14, 2006 | url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0506/Aug14_06/00.shtml | title=M-PACT expansion replaces some loans with grants | publisher=The University Record Online | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref>

==Research and endowment==
[[Image:UM Biomedical Sciences Building.jpg|thumb|Biomedical Science Research Building at the UM Medical School.]]
The university is one of the founding members (1900) of the [[Association of American Universities]], the nation's most significant consortium of research universities.
The university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States, totaling about US $775 million per annum from 2004 to 2005, and US $797 million in 2006, $823 million as of year end 2007, and $876 million as of the academic year 2007/8.<ref name= "FY06 Expenditures">{{cite web | url=http://www.research.umich.edu/research_guide/annual_reports/FY06/FY06ResearchExpenditures.pdf | title=Annual Report on Research, Scholarship and Creative Activity at the University of Michigan FY2006 | date=January 18, 2007 | publisher=UM Research | accessdate=2007-11-14|format=PDF}}</ref> The Medical School spent the most at over US $333 million, while the [[University of Michigan College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] was second at more than $131 million.<ref name= "FY06 Expenditures" /> UM also has a [[technology transfer]] office, which is the university conduit between laboratory research and corporate commercialization interests.

UM helped develop one of the first university computer networks (the Merit Network)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.merit.edu/about/history/article.php | title=Merit's History | publisher=Merit Network | year=2008 | accessdate=2008-09-15}} &mdash; A university press release called a demonstration of the network (with a connection between UM and Wayne State University) on December 14, 1971, as "a milestone in higher education" and an "historic event."</ref> and has made major contributions to the mathematics of [[information theory]]. Other major contributions included the precursor to the [[National Science Foundation]] [[computer network]]ing backbone,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.merit.edu/about/history/ | title=Merit Network: History | publisher=Merit Network | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> the virtual memory model, and computer [[database]]s. The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the [[Electrocardiogram|EKG]], [[gastroscope]], the announcement of [[Jonas Salk]]'s polio vaccine, and the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system or [[ECMO]]. The university's 13,000&nbsp;acre (53&nbsp;km²) [[University of Michigan Biological Station|biological station]] in the [[Northern Michigan|Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan]] is one of only 47 [[Biosphere reserve|Biosphere Reserves]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/contact.asp?code=USA | title=United States of America - Focal point for biosphere reserves | publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization | date=November 1, 2000 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref>

UM is home to the [[National Election Studies]] and the [[University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index]]. Political scientists and policy analysts use UM's [[Correlates of War]] project as a gauge of nations' relative [[global power]] and a barometer for the outbreak of war. The university is also home to major research centers in [[optics]], reconfigurable manufacturing systems, [[wireless integrated microsystems]], and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute is located at the university, and support was recently given to the [[life science]]s with the establishment of the Life Sciences Institute and the construction of associated facilities. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the [[Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program]] (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Gregerman, Sandra | year=2005 | title=[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/lsa/detail/0,2034,5377%255Farticle%255F7354,00.html UROP is First] | journal=LSA Magazine}}</ref>

UM recently joined the [[Michigan State University]] and [[Wayne State University]] to create the [[University Research Corridor]]. This effort was undertaken to highlight the capabilities of the state's three leading research institutions and drive the transformation of Michigan's economy.

UM's [[financial endowment]] (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $5.65 billion in NACUBO's 2006 ranking.<ref name="endowment" /> It is the [[List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment|ninth largest]] endowment in the U.S. and the third-largest among U.S public universities, as well as the [[List_of_U.S._colleges_and_universities_by_endowment#Certain_institutions_by_endowment_growth|fastest growing]] endowment in the nation over the last 21 years.<ref>{{cite web | author=Keenan, Matthew | url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000103&sid=afIqiSrR2HUY | title=Yale Posts Highest Endowment Returns, Topping Stanford, Harvard | date=November 22, 2005 | publisher=Bloomberg | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In mid-2000, UM embarked on a massive fund-raising campaign called "The Michigan Difference," which aimed to raise $2.5 billion, with $800 million dollars designated for the permanent endowment.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.giving.umich.edu/campaign/goals/index.html | title=Campaign Goals - The Michigan Difference | year=2005 | publisher=The University of Michigan Office of Development | accessdate=2005-12-30}}</ref> Slated to run through December 2008, the university announced that the campaign had reached its target 19 months early in May 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mlive.com/news/aanews/index.ssf?/base/news-22/117949939798070.xml&coll=2 | title=U-M's Michigan Difference campaign hits goal | author=Gershman, Dave | date=May 18, 2007 | publisher=Ann Arbor News | accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref>

==Libraries and museums==
[[Image:UMichiganLawLibraryInterior.jpg|thumb|Law School Library reading room]]
{{see also|University of Michigan Library|Museums at the University of Michigan}}
The [[University of Michigan Library|UM library system]] comprises 19 individual libraries with 24 separate collections&mdash;roughly 8.27 million volumes, growing at the rate of 177,000 volumes a year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/%7Eoapainfo/TABLES/PDF/Libraries.pdf | title=University of Michigan Libraries | date=January 11, 2005 | University of Michigan News Service | accessdate=2005-09-19|format=PDF}}</ref> In the most recent academic year for which such figures are released (2005), the [[Association of Research Libraries|Association of Research Libraries (ARL)]] &mdash; using a variety of metrics &mdash; ranked UM's library system as one of the top academic library systems in the U.S.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Martha Kyrillidou and Mark Young | title=[http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/arlstat05.pdf ARL Statistics 2004–05 A Compilation of Statistics from the One Hundred and Twenty-three Members of the Association of Research Libraries] | journal=Association of Research Libraries | year=2006}}</ref>

UM was the original home of the [[JSTOR]] database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of [[history]] and [[economics]]. The University recently initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with [[Google]]. As of August 31, 2006, UM has rolled out the first phase of the Google archive retrieval.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mdp.lib.umich.edu/m/mdp/mdp-faq.htm | title=Frequently Asked Questions about MBooks at the University of Michigan | date=August 10, 2006 | publisher=University of Michigan - University Library | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>

Two prominent libraries, the [[University of Michigan Library#The Nineteen Libraries|Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library]] and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library (also called the UGLi, which is officially an acronym but was used by students as a reference to the building's uninspired appearance prior to its recent renovation), are on Central Campus and are connected by a [[skyway|skywalk]]. The Duderstadt Center on North Campus houses books on [[art]], [[architecture]], and [[engineering]]. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple [[computer lab]]s, [[non-linear editing system|video editing]] studios, and a [[3D computer graphics|3D]] [[virtual reality]] room. North Campus is also home to the [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library]] and the [[Bentley Historical Library]].

[[Image:UMArt.jpg|thumb|The UM Museum of Art on Central Campus.]]
The University of Michigan is home to a number of museums, whose focuses include [[archeology]], [[anthropology]], [[paleontology]], [[zoology]], [[dentistry]], and art. The natural history public collections are housed at the University of Michigan Exhibit Museum of Natural History, which displays items from the collections of the paleontology, zoology, and anthropology museums. The Exhibit Museum also holds the largest display of dinosaur specimens in Michigan, as well as specimens of the [[state fossil]], the [[mastodon]] (the only such display in the world containing adult male and female specimens: the Buesching and Owosso mastodons).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2005/Apr05/r040405 | title=Scientists use manufacturing methods to reconstruct mastodon | date=April 4, 2005 | publisher=University of Michigan News Service | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Another major university museum is the University of Michigan Museum of Art, with a permanent collection of European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African items, and temporary exhibits on a wide variety of subjects.

==Campus==
[[Image:UM AA.png|thumb|Locations of the three main U-M campuses in Ann Arbor]]
The Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South Campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 500 major buildings, with a combined area of more than 29 million square feet (664&nbsp;acres or 2.69&nbsp;km²).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oseh.umich.edu/OSEH%20Presentations/OSEH%20Lecture%20Series%206.pdf | title=Environmental Stewardship at the University of Michigan | year=2006 | publisher=University of Michigan Occupational Safety and Environmental Health | accessdate=2007-04-29|format=PDF}}</ref> The campus also consists of leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus has recently been developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.

In addition to the UM Golf Course on South Campus, the university operates a second golf course called "Radrick Farms Golf Course" on Geddes Road. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff, and alumni.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~radrick/ | title=Welcome to Radrick Farms Golf Course | publisher=University of Michigan | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Another off-campus facility is the Inglis House, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000 square foot (930&nbsp;m²) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the board of regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/publications/inglis/ | title=The Inglis House Estate at the University of Michigan | author=Duderstadt, Anne | year=2007 | publisher=University of Michigan | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the [[Matthaei Botanical Gardens]], which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.

All four campus areas are connected by [[bus]] services, the majority of which connect the North and Central Campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central Campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pts.umich.edu/transit/bus_routes/index.html | title=Bus Routes & Medical Center Parking Express Shuttles | publisher=University of Michigan Parking & Transportation Services | year=2005 | accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref> The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the [[Huron River (Michigan)|Huron River]].

===Central Campus===
[[Image:UMHillBurtonRackham.jpg|thumb|Hill Auditorium, Burton Tower, and the Rackham Building]]
Central Campus was the original location of UM when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/pres/history/markers/diag.html | title=The Central Forty and The Diag (1837) | year=2006 | publisher=University of Michigan History and Traditions Committee | accessdate=2007-04-29}}</ref> Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings. Central Campus is the location of the [[University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts|College of Literature, Science and the Arts]], and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the [[Ross School of Business]] and the [[University of Michigan Law School|Law School]], are on Central Campus. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]] between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the [[Burton Tower|Burton Memorial Tower]] and nearby [[Hill Auditorium]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bentley.umich.edu/bhl/uarphome/archt.htm | title=A Chronology of University of Michigan Buildings, 1840-1999 | date=June 2002 | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref>

===North Campus===
[[Image:UMNorthCampus.jpg|thumb|Much of North Campus has a modern architectural style.]]
North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of farm land &mdash; approximately 800&nbsp;acres (3.25&nbsp;km²) &mdash; that the university bought in 1952.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.engin.umich.edu/facilities/tour/ | title=North Campus Tour | publisher=Michigan Engineering | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref> It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more [[modern architecture]], whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or gothic in style. The architect [[Eero Saarinen]], based in [[Birmingham, Michigan]], created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Carter, Brian | year=2000 | title=[http://www.tcaup.umich.edu/publications/dimensions/dimfourteen.html Eero Saarinen-Operational Thoroughness A Way of Working] | journal=Dimensions Volume Fourteen}}</ref> North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand [[carillon]]. The North Campus tower is called [[Lurie Tower]]. One of the University of Michigan Housing's resident halls, Bursley Hall, is the main dormitory on the campus.

North Campus houses the [[University of Michigan College of Engineering|College of Engineering]], the [[University of Michigan School of Music|School of Music, Theatre & Dance]], and Art and Design, the [[Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning]], and an annex of the School of Information. Each summer, the computer labs, and residence and dining halls of North Campus are used to host [[Camp CAEN]], the College of Engineering's [[summer camp|summer]] [[computer camp]] for junior high and high school students.

===South Campus===
South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities, such as [[Michigan Stadium]], [[Crisler Arena]], and [[Yost Ice Arena]]. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility (the collections of which are undergoing digitization by Google), the Institute for Continuing Legal Education, and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups. The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.

UM's golf course is located south of Michigan Stadium and Crisler Arena. It was designed in the late 1920s by [[Alister MacKenzie]], the designer of [[Augusta National Golf Club]] in [[Augusta, Georgia]] (home of [[The Masters Tournament]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mgoblue.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6084 | title=UM Golf Course | year=2006 | publisher=MGoBlue.com | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> The course opened to the public in the spring of 1931. The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' calls “golf’s greatest course architect.” The UM Golf Course’s signature No. 6 hole &mdash; a {{convert|310|yd|m|-1|sing=on}} par 4, which plays from an elevated tee to a two-tiered, kidney-shaped green protected by four bunkers — is the second hole on the Alister MacKenzie Dream 18 as selected by a five-person panel that includes three-time Masters champion [[Nick Faldo]] and golf course architect [[Tom Doak]]. The listing of “the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie” is featured in SI’s Golf Plus special edition previewing the Masters in April 4, 2006.

==Athletics==
{{main|Michigan Wolverines}}
[[Image:TheBigHouse.jpg|thumb|A football game at [[Michigan Stadium]]]]
The University of Michigan's sports teams are called the [[Michigan Wolverines|Wolverine]]s. They participate in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA's]] Football Bowl Subdivision (formally [[Division I-A]]) and in the [[Big Ten Conference]] in all sports except men's [[ice hockey]], which is a member of the [[Central Collegiate Hockey Association]]. In seven of the past ten years, UM has finished in last of the [[NACDA Director's Cup]], a ranking compiled by the [[National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics]] to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. UM has finished in the top eleven of the Directors' Cup standings in each of the award's twelve seasons and has placed in the top six in each of the last eight seasons.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nacda.collegesports.com/directorscup/nacda-directorscup-previous-scoring.html | title=Sports Academy Directors' Cup | publisher=National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>

The [[Michigan Wolverines football|UM football]] program ranks first in NCAA history in both total wins (860) and winning percentage (.745).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncaa.org/library/records/football/football_records_book/2006/2006_d1_football_records_book.pdf | title=Official 2006 NCAA Divisions I-A and I-AA Football Records Book | publisher=National Collegiate Athletics Association | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-08-10|format=PDF}}</ref> The team won the first [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] game in 1902, and has the longest current streak of consecutive [[bowl game]] appearances. The last year in which UM did not appear in a bowl was 1974, which was also the last season in which Big Ten teams other than the champion were not eligible for bowls; UM's last losing season was in 1967. The Wolverines have won a record 42 Big Ten championships, including five in the past decade. The program has eleven [[NCAA Division I-A national football championship|national championships]], most recently in 1997,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~bhl/athdept/football/misc/natchamp.htm | title=University of Michigan Football - National Championships | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | year=2002 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> and has produced three [[Heisman Trophy]] winners: [[Tom Harmon]], [[Desmond Howard]] and [[Charles Woodson]].<ref name="Heisman">{{cite web | url=http://www.heisman.com/winners/hsmn-winners.html | title=Heisman Winners | publisher=Heisman Trophy at Heisman.com | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-11-14}}</ref>

[[Image:Aerial view of University of Michigan bl000076 bhl.JPG|Aerial view of University of Michigan and [[Ferry Field]]|thumb]]
[[Michigan Stadium]] was the largest college football-only stadium in the world, with an official capacity of more than 107,501 (the extra seat is said to be "reserved" for [[Fielding H. Yost]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mgoblue.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=3052 | title=Michigan Stadium | publisher=MGoBlue.com | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-06}}</ref>) though attendance&mdash;frequently over 111,000 spectators&mdash;regularly exceeds the official capacity.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~bhl/stadium/stadtext/stad1998.htm | title=''The Michigan Stadium Story'' - Once Again the Biggest House, 1998 | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | date=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium, especially since the arrival of head coach [[Bo Schembechler]]. UM has fierce rivalries with many teams, including [[Michigan State University|Michigan State]], [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]], and [[Ohio State University|Ohio State]], the latter of which has been referred to by [[ESPN]] as the greatest [[Michigan-Ohio State Rivalry|rivalry]] in American sports, along with the Notre Dame-USC and Army-Navy rivalries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://espn.go.com/endofcentury/s/other/bestrivalries.html | title=The 10 greatest rivalries | date=January 3, 2005 | publisher=ESPN.com | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> UM has all-time winning records against Michigan State University, University of Notre Dame, and Ohio State University.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mgoblue.com/football/article.aspx?id=40934 | title=University of Michigan Football All-Time Records vs. Opponents | publisher=MGoBlue.com | date=2007 | accessdate=2007-12-05}}</ref>

The men's [[ice hockey]] team, which plays at [[Yost Ice Arena]], has won nine [[NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship|national championships]], while the [[college basketball|men's basketball]] team, which plays at [[Crisler Arena]], has appeared in four [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|Final Fours]] and won a [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|national championship]] in 1989. However, the program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances. They also have a softball team which is the worst in the nation and all the girls are lesbians.

Through the [[2004 Summer Olympic Games]], 178 UM students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in every [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]] except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. UM students have won a total of [[Michigan Wolverines#Michigan Olympians|116 Olympic medals]]: 54 gold, 27 silver, and 35 bronze.<ref name="Olympians">{{cite web | url=http://bentley.umich.edu/bhl/olymp2/oltitle.htm | title=Michigan in the Olympics | date=September 28, 2005 | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>
<!--Needs citation: UM is the only school in the U.S. to have won Division I National Championships in football, baseball, basketball, and hockey.-->

==Student life==
===Residential life===
[[Image:MosherJordanUM.jpg|thumb|Mosher-Jordan Residence Hall]]
{{seealso|University of Michigan Housing}}
The University of Michigan has the sixth-largest campus housing system in the U.S. and the third-largest family housing operation, accommodating up to 12,562 people.<ref name="housing">{{cite web | url=http://www.housing.umich.edu/general/factsheet.html | title=Housing Fact Sheet | publisher=University of Michigan Housing | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> The residence halls are organized into three distinct groups: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,277 students, while the smallest accommodates 31 residents.<ref name="housing" /> A majority of upper-division and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and [[Housing cooperative|cooperatives]], with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas. The higher cost of living in Ann Arbor has prompted some students to live in nearby communities such as [[Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti]] or [[Plymouth, Michigan|Plymouth]].

The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the [[Michigan Research Community]], medical sciences, [[community service]] and the [[German language]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.housing.umich.edu/info/learncomm.html | title=Michigan Learning Communities | publisher=UM Undergraduate Housing | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> The [[Michigan Research Community]], usually housed in Mosher-Jordan Hall, is currently located in East Quadrangle (East Quad) due to renovations in its former building. The [[Residential College, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor|Residential College]] (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. In 2006, the university approved plans for a new residence complex for 550 students on the northern corner of Central Campus. When completed, this residence complex will comprise a second living-learning community.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2005/Jan05/r012605c | title=North Quad to feature study of media, information technology | date=January 26, 2005 | publisher=University of Michigan News Service | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>

===Groups and activities===
[[Image:Michigan Union color.jpg|thumb|Michigan Union on Central Campus]]
There are more than 1150 student clubs and organizations at the university.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://uuis.umich.edu/maizepgs/ | title=University of Michigan Student Organizations - Maize Pages | publisher=University of Michigan Student Assembly | date=2007 | accessdate=2007-07-31}}</ref> With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as [[civil rights]] and [[labor rights]]. Two of the most notable of these groups were [[Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]], which recently reformed with a new chapter on campus as of February 2007, and the [[Weatherman (organization)|Weather Underground]]. Though the student body generally leans toward [[left-wing politics]], there are also conservative groups, such as [[Young Americans for Freedom|YAF]], non-partisan groups such as the Roosevelt Institution. There are also several engineering projects teams, including the [[University of Michigan Solar Car Team]], which placed first in the [[North American Solar Challenge]] four times and third in the [[World Solar Challenge]] three times.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.engin.umich.edu/solarcar/aboutus.html | title=UMSolar - About Us | publisher=UM Solar Car Team | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> [[Michigan Interactive Investments]], the largest collegiate investing and finance organization in the United States, and the Michigan Economics Society are also affiliated with the university. The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including the University of Michigan Dance Marathon<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umdm.org | title=University of Michigan Dance Marathon | year=2008 | accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref >, SERVE, PROVIDES, Circle K, [[The Detroit Project]], [[Habitat for Humanity]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umhabitat.org | title=UM Habitat for Humanity | publisher=UM Habitat for Humanity | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> and [[Ann Arbor Reaching Out]]. [[Intramural sports]] are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recsports.umich.edu/facilities/descriptions.html | title=About Our Facilities | publisher=UM Department of Recreational Sports | date=January 22, 2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>

[[Fraternities and sororities]], many of which are located east of Central Campus, play a role in the university's social life. UM is home to four different councils making up the majority of fraternities and sororites on campus. These are: the Interfraterniy Council, Multicultural Greek Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, and Panhellenic Association.

The [[Michigan Union]] and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~info/totrotter.html | title=William Monroe Trotter Multicultural Center | publisher=UM Campus Information Centers | date=May 9, 2006 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 15 committees.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~uac/about.html | title=About UAC | year=2007 | publisher=University Activities Center | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus.

The [[Michigan Marching Band]], composed of over 350 students from almost all of UM's schools,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mmb.music.umich.edu/sections/ | title=Sections | publisher=The Michigan Marching Band | date=2006 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> is the university's [[marching band]]. Over 100 years old,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mmb.music.umich.edu/history/ | title=History | publisher=The Michigan Marching Band | date=2006 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> the band performs at every home game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led [[University of Michigan Pops Orchestra]] is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the [[Michigan Theater (Ann Arbor)|Michigan Theater]]. The [[University of Michigan Men's Glee Club]], founded in 1859, is a men's chorus with over 100 members. Its eight member subset [[a cappella]] group, the [[University of Michigan Friars]], which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running ''a cappella'' group on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~ummgc/friars/history.html | title=Our History | publisher=The University of Michigan Friars | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>

''The [[Michigan Daily]]'' is the student-run daily newspaper. Founded in 1890, ''The Daily'' is published five days a week during the normal academic year, and weekly during the spring and summer terms. Other student publications at the university include the conservative ''[[The Michigan Review]]'', the progressive ''Michigan Independent'', the ''[[Michigan Journal of Political Science]]'', ''[[The Michigan Journal of Business]]'', and the humor publications ''The Michigan Every Three Weekly'' and the ''[[Gargoyle Humor Magazine|Gargoyle]]''. [[WCBN]] (88.3 FM) is a freeform radio station; [[WOLV (TV)|WOLV-TV]] is a student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system.

===Student government===
[[Image:HafizAntiCokeMichigan.jpg|thumb|Anti-Coke banner at the University of Michigan, February 2005. Coca-cola products were briefly banned on campus due to student groups pressure in 2006.]]
Housed in the Michigan Union, the [[Student Assembly#University of Michigan|Michigan Student Assembly]] (MSA) is the central student government of the University. With representatives from each of the University's colleges and schools, the MSA represents students and manages student funds on the campus. The Michigan Student Assembly is a member of the statewide [[Association of Michigan Universities]]. In recent years MSA has organized airBus, a transportation service between campus and the [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport]], and has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 109,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msa.umich.edu/mgovote2006/about.html | title=About Voice Your Vote | year=2007 | publisher=University of Michigan MSA | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> MSA has also been successful at reviving [[Homecoming]] activities, including a carnival and parade, for students after a roughly eleven-year absence in October 2007.<ref>{{cite web | author=Shubert, Cathe | url=http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2007/09/19/StudentGovernment/Homecoming.Parade.Carnival.To.Return-2977420.shtml | title=Homecoming parade, carnival to return | publisher=The Michigan Daily | date=September 19, 2007 | accessdate=2008-04-06}}</ref>

There are student governance bodies in each college and school. The two largest colleges at the University of Michigan are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LS&A) and the [[University of Michigan College of Engineering|College of Engineering]]. Students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG). The University of Michigan Engineering Council (UMEC) manages student government affairs for the College of Engineering. In addition, the students that live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association.

A longstanding goal of some members of the student government is to create a student designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body. Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the state-wide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0203/Oct21_02/14.shtml | title=Regent candidates discuss tuition, health care issues at forum | date=October 21, 2002 | publisher=The University Record Online | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Although none of these campaigns has so far been successful, a poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1998/jun/06-29-98/edit/edit1.html | title=Denied again: University should have a student regent | publisher=The Michigan Daily | date=June 29, 1998 | accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref> A change to the board's makeup would require amending the [[Michigan Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1998/sep/09-08-98/news/news20.html | title=Board of regents says no to MSA student regent campaign fee | author=Holmes, Erin | date=September 8, 1998 | publisher=The Michigan Daily | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>

===Fight song===
The University of Michigan's [[fight song]], ''[[The Victors]]'', was written by student [[Louis Elbel]] in 1898 following the last-minute football victory over the [[University of Chicago]] that clinched a league championship. The song was declared by [[John Philip Sousa]] as "the greatest college fight song ever written."<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Hondorp, Fabrikant Alexis|title=University of Michigan College Prowler Off the Record |date=January 1, 2005 |publisher=College Prowler, Inc|id=ISBN 1-59658-163-8 |pages=118}}</ref> The song refers to the university as being the "Champions of the West". At the time, UM was part of the "Western Conference", which would later become the [[Big Ten Conference]]. Although mainly used at sporting events, the fight song can be heard at other events that UM competes in. President [[Gerald Ford]] had it played as his entrance anthem in preference over the more traditional ''Hail to the Chief'' during his term from 1974 to 1977.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Press and the Ford Presidency | author=Rozell, Mark J. | date=October 15, 1992 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | id=ISBN 0-472-10350-4 | pages=38}}.</ref> The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's [[alma mater]] song is ''The Yellow and Blue''. A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!", written by former students Joseph Carl, a tuba player, and Albert Ahronheim, a [[drum major]].

==Notable people and alumni==
{{main|List of University of Michigan alumni}}
{{seealso|List of University of Michigan faculty and staff|President of the University of Michigan|Board of Regents of the University of Michigan}}
UM has more than 420,000 living graduates.<ref name=alumni>{{cite web | url=http://alumni.umich.edu/info/index.php | title=About the Association | publisher=University of Michigan Alumni Association | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> In addition to the late [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[Gerald Ford]], the university has produced twenty-five [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes scholars]]<ref name="Rhodes" /> and 116 [[Olympic medalist]]s,<ref name="Olympians" /> seven [[Nobel Prize]] winners, and [[Fields Medal]] winner [[Stephen Smale]]. Several astronauts are alumni, including the all-UM crews of [[Gemini 4]] and [[Apollo 15]]. UM's contribution to aeronautics also include aircraft designer [[Clarence "Kelly" Johnson]] of [[Lockheed]] [[Skunk Works]] fame, [[Lockheed]] president [[Willis Hawkins]], [[F-16]] designer [[Harry Hillaker]], and [[Robert Hall (disambiguation)|Robert Hall]], designer of the [[Granville Brothers Aircraft]] [[Gee Bee Model Z]] racer, test pilot and later vice president of [[Grumman]]. UM counts among its matriculants [[List of University of Michigan business alumni#Billionaires|sixteen billionaires]], as well as a number of alumni who have founded or co-founded many companies and organizations, including [[John Robert Beyster|Dr. J. Robert Beyster]] who founded [[Science Applications International Corporation]] in 1969<ref>Dr. J. Robert Beyster with Peter Economy, The SAIC Solution: How We Built an $8 Billion Employee-Owned Technology Company, John Wiley & Sons (2007) p.190-191</ref> (''see also: [[List of Entities Founded by University of Michigan alumni]]''). [[Theodore John Kaczynski]] (born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber, is an American mathematician and social critic who carried out a campaign of bombings and mail bombings earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Michigan specializing in geometric function theory.

Notable writers who attended UM include playwright [[Arthur Miller]], novelists [[Brad Meltzer]] and [[Betty Smith]], screenwriter [[Judith Guest]], Pulitzer Prize-winning poet [[Theodore Roethke]], authors [[Charles Major]] and [[Sandra Steingraber]], Japanese literature translator [[Juliet Winters Carpenter]] and composer/author/puppeteer [[Forman Brown]]. In [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]], famous alumni include actor [[James Earl Jones]]; actresses [[Lucy Liu]], [[Selma Blair]], and [[Ruth Hussey]]; and filmmaker [[Lawrence Kasdan]].

Other UM graduates include TV journalist [[Mike Wallace (journalist)|Mike Wallace]], [[Dana Jacobson]] and [[Steve Phillips]] of [[ESPN]], [[Rich Eisen]] of the [[NFL Network]], entrepreneur [[Eric Sadek]], singer [[Joe Dassin]], [[opera|operatic]] [[soprano]] [[Jessye Norman]], United States Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel Duane K. Kuizema, jazz guitarist [[Randy Napoleon]], former House Minority Leader [[Dick Gephardt]], professional golfer [[John Schroeder]], Google co-founder [[Larry Page]], conservative pundit [[Ann Coulter]], assisted suicide advocate [[Jack Kevorkian]], [[Weather Underground]] radical activist [[Bill Ayers]],<ref>{{cite book | author=Ayers, Bill | title=Fugitive Days: A Memoir | publisher=New York: Penguin Books | year=2003}}</ref> activist [[Tom Hayden]], Unabomber [[Theodore Kaczynski]], architect [[Charles Willard Moore|Charles Moore]], famous avant-garde painter [[Aethelred Eldridge]], CEO [[Mannheim Steamroller]] founder [[Chip Davis]], the Swedish Holocaust hero [[Raoul Wallenberg]], and [[Benjamin D. Pritchard]], the Civil War general who captured [[Jefferson Davis]].<ref>James J. Green, ''The Life and Times of General B. D. Pritchard'' (Allegan: Allegan County Historical Society, 1979), p. 2.</ref> [[Clarence Darrow]], one of the leading attorneys in the U.S., attended the Law School at a time when many lawyers did not receive any formal education. [[Sanjay Gupta]], a neurosurgeon and CNN medical correspondent, attended the UM School of Medicine. [[Randy Sklar]] and [[Jason Sklar]] were the hosts on [[ESPN Classic]]'s ''[[Cheap Seats]]''. Pop singer [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], professional baseball player [[Derek Jeter]], and rock legend [[Iggy Pop]] attended but did not graduate. [[Petrohawk]] financial reporting professional Bryce Klug graduated with an economics degree, and Professional wrestler [[Scott Steiner]] was a two-time All-American wrestler at UM and graduated with a degree in Education. United States swimmer [[Michael Phelps]] also attended the University of Michigan, studying Sports Marketing and Management. Phelps also swam competitively for [[Club Wolverine]], a US Swimming club associated with the university.

UM athletes have starred in the [[National Football League]] and [[National Basketball Association]] as well as other professional sports. Notable among recent players is [[Tom Brady]] of the [[New England Patriots]]. Three players have won college football's [[Heisman Trophy]], awarded to the player considered the best in the nation: [[Tom Harmon]] (1940), [[Desmond Howard]] (1991) and [[Charles Woodson]] (1997).<ref name="Heisman" />

The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the [[moon]], established in 1971 when the all-UM crew of Apollo 15 placed a charter plaque for a new UM Alumni Association on the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://alumni.umich.edu/info/um/famous_alumni_abc.php | title=About the Association - Famous U-M Alumni | year=2005 | publisher=UM Alumni Association | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> According to the Apollo 15 astronauts, several small UM flags were brought on the mission. However, no flag made it to the surface or was left there. The presence of a UM flag on the moon is a long-held campus myth.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2006/03/29/News/Debunking.The.Moon.Myth-1763410.shtml | author=Leah Graboski | title=Debunking the Moon Myth | date=March 28, 2006 | publisher=The Michigan Daily | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[University of Michigan-Dearborn]]
*[[University of Michigan-Flint]]
*Various other universities commonly called "[[U of M]]"

==Notes==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/></div>

==References==
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite book| author=Fiske, Edward B. | title=Fiske Guide to Colleges 2005 (Twenty-first Edition) | location=Naperville, IL | publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc | year=2004 | id=ISBN 1-4022-0229-6}}
*{{cite book | author=Fleming, Robben W. | title=Tempests into Rainbows: Managing Turbulence | location=Ann Arbor | publisher=The University of Michigan Press | year=1996 | id=ISBN 0-472-10674-0}}
*{{cite book | author=Holtzer (editor), Susan. | title=Special to the Daily: The 1st 100 Years of Editorial Freedom at the Michigan Daily | publisher=Caddo Gap Press | year=1990 | id=ISBN 0-9625945-2-0}}
*{{cite book | author=Peckham, Howard H. | title=The Making of The University of Michigan 1817–1992 | location=Ann Arbor | publisher=The University of Michigan Press | year=1994 | id=ISBN 0-472-06594-7}}
*[http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/facts ___figures Facts & Figures (2005)]. ''University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning'' at sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/facts___figures.
</div>

==External links==
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{{Commons|University of Michigan}}
*[http://www.umich.edu University of Michigan] - Official website
*[http://www.umich.edu/Es/ Español (Spanish) University of Michigan portal]
*[http://www.mgoblue.com Official athletics website]
*{{dmoz|Reference/Education/Colleges_and_Universities/North_America/United_States/Michigan/University_of_Michigan/}}
{{Geolinks-US-hoodscale|42.2830|-83.7350}}
{{University of Michigan}}
{{Big Ten Conference}}

{{Central Collegiate Hockey Association}}
{{Public universities in Michigan}}
{{Association of American Universities}}

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Association of American Universities|Michigan, University of]]
[[Category:Big Ten Conference|Michigan, University of]]
[[Category:North Central Association of Colleges and Schools]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Michigan|Michigan, University of]]
[[Category:University of Michigan| ]]
[[Category:Central Collegiate Hockey Association|Michigan, University of]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1817]]
[[Category:Committee on Institutional Cooperation]]
[[Category:Schools of public health]]
[[Category:Oak Ridge Associated Universities]]

[[ar:جامعة ميشيغان]]
[[de:University of Michigan]]
[[es:Universidad de Míchigan]]
[[fa:دانشگاه میشیگان]]
[[fr:Université du Michigan]]
[[ko:미시간 대학교]]
[[io:Universitato di Michigan]]
[[is:Michigan-háskóli]]
[[it:Università del Michigan]]
[[he:אוניברסיטת מישיגן]]
[[lv:Mičiganas universitāte]]
[[ms:Universiti Michigan]]
[[nl:Universiteit van Michigan]]
[[ja:ミシガン大学]]
[[no:University of Michigan]]
[[pl:University of Michigan]]
[[pt:Universidade do Michigan]]
[[ru:Мичиганский университет]]
[[simple:University of Michigan]]
[[fi:Michiganin yliopisto]]
[[sv:University of Michigan]]
[[ta:மிச்சிகன் பல்கலைக்கழகம்]]
[[th:มหาวิทยาลัยมิชิแกน]]
[[tr:Michigan Üniversitesi]]
[[zh:密歇根大学]]

Revision as of 07:58, 10 October 2008

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