National Medal of Science

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National Medal of Science

Barack Obama (4th from right) with the recipients of the National Medal of Science 2010

The National Medal of Science is an award given by the President of the United States of America each year to up to 20 scientists who make outstanding contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the behavioral and social sciences , biology , chemistry , engineering , of mathematics and physics . The medal, which was founded in 1959 and awarded for the first time four years later, went to 501 people up to and including the winners for 2012.

Award winners

Behavioral and Social Science

Biology (Biological Sciences)

1963: Cornelis Bernardus van Niel
1964: Theodosius Dobzhansky , Marshall Warren Nirenberg
1965: Francis Peyton Rous , George Gaylord Simpson , Donald Van Slyke ,
1966: Edward F. Knipling , Fritz Albert Lipmann , William Rose , Sewall Wright
1967: Kenneth Stewart Cole , Harry Harlow , Michael Heidelberger , Alfred Sturtevant
1968: Horace Albert Barker , Bernard B. Brodie , Detlev Wulf Bronk , Jay Lush , BF Skinner
1969: Robert J. Huebner , Ernst Mayr
1970: Barbara McClintock , Albert Sabin
1973: Daniel I. Arnon , Earl Wilbur Sutherland
1974: Britton Chance , Erwin Chargaff , James V. Neel , James A. Shannon
1975: Hallowell Davis , Paul Gyorgy , Sterling Hendricks , Orville Vogel
1976: Roger Guillemin , Keith R. Porter , Efraim Racker , Edward O. Wilson
1979: Robert H. Burris , Elizabeth C. Crosby , Arthur Kornberg , Severo Ochoa , Earl R. Stadtman , George Ledyard Stebbins , Paul Alfred Weiss
1981: Philip Handler
1982: Seymour Benzer , Glenn W. Burton , Mildred Cohn
1983: Howard L. Bachrach , Paul Berg , Wendell L. Roelofs , Berta Scharrer
1986: Stanley Cohen , Donald A. Henderson , Vernon Mountcastle , George Emil Palade , Joan A. Steitz
1987: Michael Ellis DeBakey , Theodor O. Diener , Harry Eagle , Har Gobind Khorana , Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988: Michael Stuart Brown , Stanley Norman Cohen , Joseph L. Goldstein , Maurice R. Hilleman , Eric Kandel , Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1989: Katherine Esau , Viktor Hamburger , Philip Leder , Joshua Lederberg , Roger Sperry , Harland G. Wood

Joshua Lederberg (right) receives the National Medal of Science from President George HW Bush (1989)
1990: Baruj Benacerraf , Herbert W. Boyer , Daniel E. Koshland , Edward B. Lewis , David G. Nathan , Edward Donnall Thomas
1991: Mary Ellen Avery , George Evelyn Hutchinson , Elvin A. Kabat , Robert W. Kates , Salvador Edward Luria , Paul A. Marks , Folke Skoog , Paul Zamecnik
1992: Maxine Singer , Howard M. Temin
1993: Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch , Daniel Nathans
1994: Thomas Eisner , Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995: Alexander Rich
1996: Ruth Patrick
1997: James Watson , Robert Allan Weinberg
1998: Bruce Ames , Janet Rowley
1999: David Baltimore , Jared Diamond , Lynn Margulis
2000: Nancy Andreasen , Peter H. Raven , Carl Woese
2001: Francisco J. Ayala , George Fletcher Bass , Mario Capecchi , Ann M. Graybiel , Gene Likens , Victor Almon McKusick , Harold Elliot Varmus

Evelyn M. Witkin receives the National Medal of Science from President George W. Bush (2002)
2002: James E. Darnell , Evelyn M. Witkin
2003: John Michael Bishop , Solomon H. Snyder , Charles Yanofsky
2004: Norman Borlaug , Phillip Allen Sharp , Thomas E. Starzl
2005: Anthony Fauci , Torsten N. Wiesel
2006: Rita R. Colwell , Nina Fedoroff , Lubert Stryer
2007: Robert Lefkowitz , Bert W. O'Malley
2008: Francis Collins , Elaine Fuchs , Craig Venter
2009: Susan Lindquist , Stanley Prusiner
2010: Ralph L. Brinster , Rudolf Jaenisch
2011: Sallie Chisholm , Leroy Hood , Lucy Shapiro
2012: Bruce Alberts , May Berenbaum
2014: Stanley Falkow , Rakesh K. Jain , Mary-Claire King , Simon Levin

Chemistry

1964: Roger Adams
1982: Frank Albert Cotton , Gilbert Stork
1983: Roald Hoffmann , George C. Pimentel , Richard N. Zare
1986: Harry B. Gray , Yuan T. Lee , Carl S. Marvel , Frank Westheimer
1987: William Summer Johnson , Walter H. Stockmayer , Max Tishler
1988: William O. Baker , Konrad Bloch , Elias James Corey
1989: Richard Barry Bernstein , Melvin Calvin , Rudolph Arthur Marcus , Harden M. McConnell
1990: Elkan Blout , Karl August Folkers , John D. Roberts
1991: Ronald Breslow , Gertrude Belle Elion , Dudley R. Herschbach , Glenn T. Seaborg
1992: Howard E. Simmons
1993: Donald J. Cram , Norman Hackerman
1994: George S. Hammond
1995: Thomas R. Cech , Isabella Karle
1996: Norman Davidson
1997: Darleane C. Hoffman , Harold S. Johnston
1998: John W. Cahn , George Whitesides
1999: Stuart A. Rice , John Ross , Susan Solomon
2000: John D. Baldeschwieler , Ralph Hirschmann
2001: Ernest R. Davidson , Gábor A. Somorjai
2002: John I. Brauman
2004: Stephen Lippard
2005: Tobin Marks
2006: Marvin H. Caruthers , Peter Dervan
2007: Mostafa El-Sayed
2008: Joanna Fowler , JoAnne Stubbe
2009: Stephen J. Benkovic , Marye Anne Fox
2010: Jacqueline K. Barton , Peter J. Stang
2011: Allen J. Bard , Frederick Hawthorne
2012: Judith Klinman , Jerrold Meinwald
2014: A. Paul Alivisatos , Geraldine L. Richmond

Engineering

1962: Theodore von Kármán
1963: Vannevar Bush , John R. Pierce
1964: Othmar Ammann , Charles Stark Draper
1965: Hugh Latimer Dryden , Clarence Johnson , Warren Lewis
1966: Claude Shannon
1967: Edwin Herbert Land , Igor Iwanowitsch Sikorski
1968: John Presper Eckert , Nathan M. Newmark
1969: Jack Kilby
1970: George E. Mueller
1973: Harold E. Edgerton , Richard T. Whitcomb
1974: Rudolf Kompfner , Ralph Brazelton Peck , Abel Wolman
1975: Manson Benedict , Wernher von Braun , William Hayward Pickering , Frederick Terman
1976: Morris Cohen , Peter Carl Goldmark , Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979: Emmett Leith , Raymond D. Mindlin , Robert Noyce , Earl R. Parker , Simon Ramo
1982: Ed Heinemann , Donald L. Katz
1983: William Hewlett , George Michael Low , John G. Trump
1986: Hans Liepmann , Tung-Yen Lin , Bernard M. Oliver
1987: Robert Byron Bird , Harry Bolton Seed , Ernst Weber
1988: Daniel Drucker , Willis Hawkins , George W. Housner
1989: Harry George Drickamer , Herbert Grier
1990: Mildred Dresselhaus , Nick Holonyak
1991: George H. Heilmeier , Luna Bergere Leopold , Guyford Stever
1992: Calvin Quate , John Roy Whinnery
1993: Alfred Y. Cho
1994: Ray W. Clough
1995: Hermann A. Haus
1996: James L. Flanagan , C. Kumar N. Patel
1998: Eli Ruckenstein
1999: Kenneth N. Stevens
2000: Yuan-Cheng Fung
2001: Andreas Acrivos
2002: Leo Beranek
2003: John Prausnitz
2004: Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005: Jan D. Achenbach
2006: Robert Langer
2007: David Wineland
2008: Rudolf Kálmán
2009: Amnon Yariv
2010: Shu Chien
2011: John B. Goodenough
2012: Thomas Kailath

Mathematics and Computer Science

1963: Norbert Wiener
1964: Solomon Lefschetz , Harold Calvin Marston Morse
1965: Oscar Zariski
1966: John Willard Milnor
1967: Paul Cohen
1968: Jerzy Neyman
1969: William Feller
1970: Richard Brauer
1973: John W. Tukey
1974: Kurt Gödel
1975: John W. Backus , Shiing-Shen Chern , George Dantzig
1976: Kurt Friedrichs , Hassler Whitney
1979: Joseph L. Doob , Donald E. Knuth
1982: Marshall Harvey Stone
1983: Herman H. Goldstine , Isadore M. Singer
1986: Peter Lax , Antoni Zygmund
1987: Raoul Bott , Michael Freedman
1988: Ralph E. Gomory , Joseph B. Keller
1989: Samuel Karlin , Saunders Mac Lane , Donald Spencer
1990: George F. Carrier , Stephen Cole Kleene , John McCarthy
1991: Alberto Calderón
1992: Allen Newell
1993: Martin Kruskal
1994: John Cocke
1995: Louis Nirenberg
1996: Richard M. Karp , Stephen Smale
1997: Shing-Tung Yau
1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999: Felix Browder , Ronald Coifman
2000: John Griggs Thompson , Karen Uhlenbeck
2001: CR Rao , Elias Stein
2002: James Glimm
2003: Carl de Boor
2004: Dennis Sullivan
2005: Bradley Efron
2006: Hyman Bass
2007: Leonard Kleinrock , Andrew J. Viterbi
2009: David Bryant Mumford
2010: Richard A. Tapia , SR Srinivasa Varadhan
2011: Solomon W. Golomb , Barry Mazur
2012: David Blackwell (posthumous), Alexandre Chorin
2014: Michael Artin

Physical Sciences

1963: Luis Walter Alvarez
1964: Julian Seymour Schwinger , Harold C. Urey , Robert B. Woodward
1965: John Bardeen , Peter Debye , Leon Max Lederman , William Walden Rubey
1966: Jacob Bjerknes , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , Henry Eyring , John Hasbrouck Van Vleck , Vladimir Zworykin
1967: Jesse W. Beams , Albert Francis Birch , Gregory Breit , Louis Plack Hammett , George Bogdan Kistiakowsky
1968: Paul Doughty Bartlett , Herbert Friedman , Lars Onsager , Eugene Paul Wigner
1969: Herbert Charles Brown , Wolfgang Panofsky
1970: Robert Henry Dicke , Allan Rex Sandage , John C. Slater , John Archibald Wheeler , Saul Winstein
1973: Carl Djerassi , Maurice Ewing , Arie Jan Haagen-Smit , Vladimir Haensel , Frederick Seitz , Robert R. Wilson
1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen , Paul Flory , William Alfred Fowler , Linus Pauling , Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975: Hans Bethe , Joseph O. Hirschfelder , Lewis Hastings Sarett , Edgar Bright Wilson , Chien-Shiung Wu
1976: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit , Herbert S. Gutowsky , Frederick D. Rossini , Verner E. Suomi , Henry Taube , George Eugene Uhlenbeck
1979: Richard Feynman , Hermann F. Mark , Edward Mills Purcell , John H. Sinfelt , Lyman Spitzer , Victor Weisskopf
1982: Philip Warren Anderson , Yōichirō Nambu , Edward Teller , Charles Hard Townes
1983: Margaret Burbidge , Maurice Goldhaber , Helmut Landsberg , Walter Munk , Frederick Reines , Bruno Rossi , John Robert Schrieffer
1986: Solomon J. Buchsbaum , H. Richard Crane , Herman Feshbach , Robert Hofstadter , Chen Ning Yang
1987: Philip Hauge Abelson , Walter Elsasser , Paul Christian Lauterbur , George E. Pake , James Van Allen
1988: David Allan Bromley , Chu Ching-wu , Walter Kohn , Norman Ramsey , Jack Steinberger
1989: Arnold Orville Beckman , Eugene N. Parker , Robert P. Sharp , Henry Stommel
1990: Allan McLeod Cormack , Edwin Mattison McMillan , Robert Pound , Roger Revelle
1991: Arthur Leonard Schawlow , Edward C. Stone , Steven Weinberg
1992: Eugene Shoemaker
1993: Val Fitch , Vera Rubin
1994: Albert Overhauser , Frank Press
1995: Hans Georg Dehmelt , Peter Goldreich
1996: Wallace Broecker
1997: Marshall Rosenbluth , Martin Schwarzschild , George Wetherill
1998: Don L. Anderson , John N. Bahcall
1999: James Cronin , Leo Kadanoff
2000: Willis Eugene Lamb , Jeremiah P. Ostriker , Gilbert F. White
2001: Marvin Cohen , Raymond Davis junior , Charles David Keeling
2002: Richard Garwin , W. Jason Morgan , Edward Witten
2003: Brent Dalrymple , Riccardo Giacconi
2004: Robert N. Clayton
2005: Ralph Alpher , Lonnie G. Thompson
2006: Daniel Kleppner
2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove , Charles P. Slichter
2008: Bernie Alder , James E. Gunn
2009: Yakir Aharonov , Esther M. Conwell , Warren M. Washington
2011: Sidney Drell , Sandra M. Faber , Sylvester James Gates
2012: Burton Richter , Sean Solomon
2014: Shirley Ann Jackson

See also

Category: Winner of the National Medal of Science

Web links

Commons : National Medal of Science - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Database of all recipients of the National Medal of Science
President Obama to Honor Nation's Leading Scientists and Innovators. whitehouse.gov, December 22, 2015