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{{Short description|American scientist and inventor (1920–1988)}}
{{Short description|American scientist and inventor (1920–1988)}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = James L. Buie
| name = James L. Buie
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| caption = Buie, {{circa|1964}}
| caption = Buie, {{circa|1964}}
| birth_date = {{birth year|1920}}
| birth_date = {{birth year|1920}}
| birth_place = [[Hollywood, California]]
| birth_place = [[Hollywood, California]], US
| death_date = {{death date and given age |1988|9|25|68|mf=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and given age |1988|9|25|68|mf=yes}}
| residence =
| residence =
| nationality = {{USA}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]]f
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| academic_advisors =
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| religion =
| religion =
}}
}}
[[File:TRW building R1.jpg|thumb|upright 1.05|TRW research building E1 in 1967. <br> Buie did some of his research here.]]
[[File:TRW building R1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|TRW research building E1 in 1967. Buie did some of his research here.]]
[[File:Blui transistor logic circuits patent.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Buie "TTL" transistor technology ]]
[[File:Blui transistor logic circuits patent.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Buie "TTL" transistor technology]]
'''James L. Buie''' (1920 – September 25, 1988) was an American scientist and inventor working for [[TRW Inc]] who developed [[transistor–transistor logic]], a form of [[integrated circuit]] technology that became widely used early in the integrated circuit industry.
'''James L. Buie''' (1920 – September 25, 1988) was an American scientist and inventor who worked for [[TRW Inc]]. He refined and developed electronic circuitry leading to the [[integrated circuit]] level. The integrated circuit industry came into existence as a result. The first commercial integrated circuit products using Buie's transistor to transistor logic technology were made by [[Sylvania Electric Products|Sylvania]] in 1963 and known as the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family. His TTL semiconductor technology has been used in [[mini-computer]]s, [[mainframe computer]]s, [[Peripheral|electronic peripheral]]s, electrical factory control devices, automated [[electronic test equipment]], [[Electronics|electronic]] [[measuring instrument]]s, and other [[microprocessor]]-based systems. Buie's technology pioneered the development of microelectronics for man-made [[satellite]]s used in space. This technology was his invention, and the technology persists in electronics to this day.<ref name="Scaruffi">{{cite journal |url=https://www.scaruffi.com/science/elec5.html |title=A Brief History of Electrical Technology Part 5: The Integrated Circuit and the Arpanet |first1=Piero |last1=Scaruffi |authorlink1=Piero Scaruffi |year=2018}}</ref>


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
===Early life===
===Early life===
James L. Buie was born in 1920 in [[Hollywood, California]].<ref name=IEEEbio/> He went to the local public schools and graduated from [[Hollywood High School]]. He then attended the [[Los Angeles City College]] and received an associate's degree. Buie served in [[World War II]] as an [[United States Naval Aviator|naval aviator]] and became a [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|lieutenant commander]].<ref name=IEEEbio>{{cite web |url= http://history.computer.org/pioneers/buie.html |title= Computer Pioneers |last1= Lee|first1=J. A. N. |date=2013 |website=James L. Buie |publisher= IEEE Computer Society |access-date= November 14, 2015 |quote=While working for TRW, Inc., Los Angeles, in the early 1960s, Buie developed and patented TTL circuitry, which became the dominant IC technology in the 1970s and early 1980s }}</ref><ref name="IEEE"/><ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Register_of_Retired_Commissioned_and_War/doOUmxsdWNkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=James+L.+Buie&pg=PA96 Register of Retired Commission and Warrant Officers]</ref> He was awarded the United States [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] for action during May 26–31, 1944.<ref name="IEEE"/><ref name=MTimes>{{cite journal |url= http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=308384 |title=Hall of Valor: Distinguished Flying Cross: James L. Buie |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2015 |journal=[[Military Times]] |access-date= November 14, 2015}}</ref> Buie was an electrical engineering graduate of [[University of Southern California]] receiving a BSEE in 1950.<ref name=IEEEbio /><ref name=ComputerHistoryMuseum>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/ |title= Independent inventions of TTL |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website= The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War|date= 13 July 2015 |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date= November 14, 2015 }}</ref> Buie's first job was at Pacific Semiconductors (PSI) in [[Culver City, California]] in 1951. He worked on transistor circuitry as related to diodes and resistors.<ref name=ElectronicDesign>{{Citation |year=1961 |title= New in Integrated Circuits: Transistor-Coupled Logic |publisher=Hayden Publishing Company |page=V9_Part4_p2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OD1JAQAAIAAJ&q=%22James+L.+Buie%22+transistor+integrated |access-date=November 15, 2015 }}</ref> He was next employed by [[Simon Ramo#Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation (TRW Inc.)|Ramo-Woolridge Corporation]] in 1954.<ref name=IEEEbio/><ref name="IEEE"/><ref name=LAobit/> Ramo-Woolridge joined with [[TRW Automotive|Thompson Automotive Group]] in 1958, and eventually in 1965 Thompson-Ramo-Woolridge became known as [[TRW Inc.]]<ref name="IEEE"/><ref name=Mil_Aero>{{cite web |url= https://www.militaryaerospace.com/computers/article/16716915/former-trw-space-park-now-northrop-grumman-designated-as-historic-site-for-electronics-and-aerospace-work |title= Former TRW Space Park, now Northrop Grumman, designated as historic site for electronics and aerospace work |last1= Keller|first1= John |date=2022 |website=Military-Aerospace Electronics |publisher= Endeavor Business Media |access-date= June 26, 2022 |quote= }}</ref>
James L. Buie was born in 1920 in [[Hollywood, California]]. He went to the local public schools and graduated from [[Hollywood High School]]. He then attended the [[Los Angeles City College]] and received an associate's degree. Buie served in [[World War II]] as an [[United States Naval Aviator|naval aviator]] and became a [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|lieutenant commander]].<ref name=IEEEbio>{{cite web |url= http://history.computer.org/pioneers/buie.html |title= Computer Pioneers |last1= Lee|first1=J. A. N. |date=2013 |website=James L. Buie |publisher= IEEE Computer Society |access-date= November 14, 2015 |quote=While working for TRW, Inc., Los Angeles, in the early 1960s, Buie developed and patented TTL circuitry, which became the dominant IC technology in the 1970s and early 1980s }}</ref><ref name="IEEE">{{cite journal |editor-first1=Eric A. |editor-last1=Weiss |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4640546 |journal=Annals of the History of Computing |volume=11 |number=1 |year=1989 |page= 49 |title=James A. Buie |doi=10.1109/MAHC.1989.10004 |accessdate=December 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=doOUmxsdWNkC&dq=James+L.+Buie&pg=PA96 Register of Retired Commission and Warrant Officers]</ref> He was awarded the United States [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] for action during May 26–31, 1944.<ref name="IEEE"/><ref name=MTimes>{{cite journal |url= http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=308384 |title=Hall of Valor: Distinguished Flying Cross: James L. Buie |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2015 |journal=[[Military Times]] |access-date= November 14, 2015}}</ref>


Buie, an electrical engineering graduate of [[University of Southern California]] who received a BSEE in 1950, took his first job at Pacific Semiconductors (PSI) in [[Culver City, California]] in 1951, where he worked on transistor circuitry as related to diodes and resistors.<ref name=IEEEbio /><ref name=ComputerHistoryMuseum>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/ |title= Independent inventions of TTL |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website= The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War|date= 13 July 2015 |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date= November 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=ElectronicDesign>{{Citation |year=1961 |title= New in Integrated Circuits: Transistor-Coupled Logic |publisher=Hayden Publishing Company |page=V9_Part4_p2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OD1JAQAAIAAJ&q=%22James+L.+Buie%22+transistor+integrated |access-date=November 15, 2015 }}</ref> He was next employed by [[Simon Ramo#Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation (TRW Inc.)|Ramo-Woolridge Corporation]] in 1954; Ramo-Woolridge joined with [[TRW Automotive|Thompson Automotive Group]] in 1958, and eventually in 1965 Thompson-Ramo-Woolridge became known as [[TRW Inc.]]<ref name=IEEEbio/><ref name="IEEE"/><ref name=LAobit/><ref name=Mil_Aero>{{cite web |url= https://www.militaryaerospace.com/computers/article/16716915/former-trw-space-park-now-northrop-grumman-designated-as-historic-site-for-electronics-and-aerospace-work |title= Former TRW Space Park, now Northrop Grumman, designated as historic site for electronics and aerospace work |last1= Keller|first1= John |date=2022 |website=Military-Aerospace Electronics |publisher= Endeavor Business Media |access-date= June 26, 2022 |quote= }}</ref>
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===Mid life and career===
⚫
Buie invented [[transistor-transistor logic|transistor-to-transistor logic]] circuitry ("TTL") in 1961 at TRW leading to the development of the integrated circuit industry.<ref name="Scaruffi"/><ref name="IEEE"/><ref name=ComputerMuseum>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1963-TTL.html |title=1963 – Standard Logic IC Families introduced |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=The Silicon Engine |publisher= Computer History Museum |quote=Patented by James Buie of Pacific Semiconductor in 1961, TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) emerged as the most popular logic configuration of the next two decades.}}</ref><ref name=ElectronicsMag>{{cite journal|journal=Electronics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUdWAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill Publishing Company]]|title=Electronics |volume=53 |quote=The logic known today as standard transistor-transistor logic, or TTL, evolved from work done at several sources, but can be traced to James L. Buie, an IC designer at Pacific Semiconductors, who had devised in 1961 a better coupling technique that isolated stages with coupling transistors.}}</ref><ref name=ComputerDesign>{{cite book|title=Computer Design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5I_AQAAIAAJ|series=volume 21|date=September 1982|publisher=Computer Design Publishing Corporation|page=93|quote=James L. Buie (TRW) For the development of reliable high performance integrated circuits.}}</ref> TTL integrated circuits use transistors for the input gating structure instead of diodes, resistors, and capacitors as was used in the previous technology. His TTL semiconductor technology initially was used in mainframe computers. Buie's integrated circuit chips in the 1970s were the preferred technology for mini-computers, computer peripherals, factory controls, and test instrumentation. The microelectronic processor-based systems he invented went into the 1980s as an industrial standard.<ref name="Scaruffi"/> His integrated circuit technology was originally known as transistor-coupled transistor logic – TCTL.<ref name=ComputerHistoryMuseum/>{{sfn|Burghartz|2013|p=228}}<ref name=TCTL>{{cite web |url=http://www.fazano.pro.br/ing/indi111.html |title=THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 2015|publisher=Fazano |access-date=November 15, 2015 |quote=In early sixties, Pacific Semiconductor Company launched in the market the TTL logic or Transistor-Transistor Logic, as well as through the researches of the IC designer James L. Buie had devised a better coupling technique known as transistor-coupled transistor logic – TCTL.}}</ref><ref name="IEEE">{{cite journal |editor-first1=Eric A. |editor-last1=Weiss |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4640546 |work=Annals of the History of Computing |volume=11 |number=1 |year=1989 |page= 49 |title=James A. Buie |accessdate=December 13, 2022}}</ref>


⚫
===Career===
⚫
TRW licensed the new technology to other companies to use in data processing and communications electronics. Buie was a senior scientist and one of the organizers for TRW's Microelectronics Center that formed in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Frequency Technology|title=Moves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJI7AAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Frequency, Inc.|page=9}}</ref> The first commercial integrated circuit products using the TTL technology were made by Sylvania in 1963 and known as the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family.<ref name=BetterWorldBooks>{{cite web |url= http://www.betterworldbooks.com/logic-families-id-1155216660.aspx|title= Logic Families (book review)|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 2015 |publisher=Better World Books |access-date=November 16, 2015 |quote=TTL was invented in 1961 by James L. Buie of TRW, "particularly suited to the newly developing integrated circuit design technology." The first commercial integrated-circuit TTL devices were manufactured by Sylvania in 1963, called the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family.}}</ref><ref name=Sylvania>{{cite web |url=http://www.scienceprog.com/the-fascinating-transistor-transistor-logic-ttl-clock/ |title=The Fascinating Transistor-transistor Logic (TTL) Clock! |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2008 |website=ScienceProg |publisher= CircuitGeek |access-date= November 14, 2015 }}</ref> The TTL electronics Buie invented became the electronics industry standard from the mid-1960s.<ref name=LogicGate>{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2011/12/former-trw-space-park.html |title= Former TRW Space Park, now Northrop Grumman, designated as historic site for electronics and aerospace work|author=John Keller |date=December 18, 2011 |website=Space Technology|publisher= Military & Aerospace Electronics|access-date=November 15, 2015 |quote=The TTL logic gate, which was the electronics industry standard for two decades, was invented by TRW's James L. Buie in 1961.}}</ref>
⚫
Buie invented [[transistor-transistor logic|transistor-to-transistor logic]] circuitry ("TTL") in 1961 at TRW which played a major role in the development of the integrated circuit industry.<ref name="IEEE"/><ref name=ComputerMuseum>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1963-TTL.html |title=1963 – Standard Logic IC Families introduced |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=The Silicon Engine |publisher= Computer History Museum |quote=Patented by James Buie of Pacific Semiconductor in 1961, TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) emerged as the most popular logic configuration of the next two decades.}}</ref><ref name=ElectronicsMag>{{cite journal|journal=Electronics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUdWAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill Publishing Company]]|title=Electronics |volume=53 |quote=The logic known today as standard transistor-transistor logic, or TTL, evolved from work done at several sources, but can be traced to James L. Buie, an IC designer at Pacific Semiconductors, who had devised in 1961 a better coupling technique that isolated stages with coupling transistors.}}</ref> TTL integrated circuits use transistors for the input gating structure instead of diodes, resistors, and capacitors as was used in the previous technology. His TTL semiconductor technology initially was used in mainframe computers. Buie's integrated circuit chips in the 1970s were the preferred technology for mini-computers, computer peripherals, factory controls, and test instrumentation. The microelectronic processor-based systems he invented were an industrial standard for two decades from the 1980s onwards.<ref name="Scaruffi">{{cite web |url=https://www.scaruffi.com/science/elec5.html |title=A Brief History of Electrical Technology Part 5: The Integrated Circuit and the Arpanet |first1=Piero |last1=Scaruffi |authorlink1=Piero Scaruffi |year=2018}}</ref>


⚫
TRW licensed the new technology to other companies to use in data processing and communications electronics. Buie was a senior scientist and one of the organizers for TRW's Microelectronics Center that formed in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Frequency Technology|title=Moves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJI7AAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Frequency, Inc.|page=9}}</ref> The first commercial integrated circuit products using the TTL technology were made by Sylvania in 1963 and known as the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family.<ref name=BetterWorldBooks>{{cite web |url= http://www.betterworldbooks.com/logic-families-id-1155216660.aspx|title= Logic Families (book review)|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 2015 |publisher=Better World Books |access-date=November 16, 2015 |quote=TTL was invented in 1961 by James L. Buie of TRW, "particularly suited to the newly developing integrated circuit design technology." The first commercial integrated-circuit TTL devices were manufactured by Sylvania in 1963, called the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family.}}</ref><ref name=Sylvania>{{cite web |url=http://www.scienceprog.com/the-fascinating-transistor-transistor-logic-ttl-clock/ |title=The Fascinating Transistor-transistor Logic (TTL) Clock! |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2008 |website=ScienceProg |publisher= CircuitGeek |access-date= November 14, 2015 }}</ref> The TTL electronics Buie invented became the electronics industry standard from the mid-1960s,{{until when|date=January 2023}}<ref name=LogicGate>{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2011/12/former-trw-space-park.html |title= Former TRW Space Park, now Northrop Grumman, designated as historic site for electronics and aerospace work|author=John Keller |date=December 18, 2011 |website=Space Technology|publisher= Military & Aerospace Electronics|access-date=November 15, 2015 |quote=The TTL logic gate, which was the electronics industry standard for two decades, was invented by TRW's James L. Buie in 1961.}}</ref> and the dominant architecture for integrated circuit technology in the 1970s and early 1980s. He helped establish TRW's [[large scale integration]] LSI Products Division in 1977.<ref name=IEEEbio/>
[[Texas Instruments]] introduced integrated circuits for military applications in 1964. Buie's technology pioneered the development of microelectronics for man-made satellites used in space for the aerospace industry.<ref name=IEEEbio/> His integrated circuit technology was used extensively in the 1970s in computers, communications, and military equipment.<ref name=IEEEbio/> Beginning in the 1970s, his TTL circuitry was the dominant architecture for integrated circuit technology. He headed TRW's [[large scale integration]] LSI Products Division in 1977.<ref name=IEEEbio/>


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===Later life and death===
Buie's patents in integrated circuit microelectronics were "dielectrically isolated integrated circuits, single integrated circuit parallel multipliers, single integrated circuit analog signal to digital converters, and triple diffused bipolar integrated circuit devices"<ref name=IEEEbio/><ref name="IEEE"/> Others were "Bipolar transistor construction method" (# 3981072 of 12/6/1974) and "Read-only integrated circuit memory chip" (#4546456 of 6/8/1983).<ref name=2patents>{{cite web |url= http://patents.justia.com/inventor/james-l-buie |title=Patents by Inventor James L. Buie |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 2015 |website= Integrated Legal Research & Business Intelligence |publisher= [[Justia]] |access-date= November 15, 2015 }}</ref>
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Buie was elected a [[Fellow of the IEEE]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1165715|title=IEEE Fellow Nominations|pages=28–30|journal=IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Newsletter |volume=51|issue=1|date=September 1980|doi=10.1109/MSP.1980.237181|publisher=IEEE}}</ref> in 1973.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-28-mn-2621-story.html |title=James L. Buie, 68; Scientist, Inventor
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|newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=September 28, 1988 |quote=Buie, who retired in 1983, was a graduate of USC. He was elected a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1973.}}</ref> He officially retired from TRW in 1978 as a full-time worker. He then began part-time work as a consultant for the Large Scale Integration division of the company (TRW/LSI Products). Buie then invented other related integrated circuits and patented those "chips", as they were called then. Buie's integrated circuit chip technology was used in various electronics of space satellites and computers into the 1990s.<ref name="Scaruffi"/><ref name=LAobit2/>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2023}} His TTL integrated circuit technology is a fundamental foundation of the electronics industry.<ref name="IEEE"/><ref name=LAobit>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=James L. Buie, 68; Scientist, Inventor |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104446024/the-los-angeles-times/|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |location= Los Angeles, California|date=September 28, 1988 |quote=Sep 28, 1988 – James L. Buie, whose many patents included one for electronic logic devices that led to the start of the integrated circuit industry, has died.|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access|access-date=June 28, 2022}}}}</ref>


⚫
Buie developed [[emphysema]] caused by smoking in the 1970s and quit at the time of his retirement. His lungs continued to deteriorate at an accelerated rate that was faster than the natural rate. He was on oxygen assistance from 1985 and continued to consult part-time for TRW. In March 1988 he no longer could physically make the trip to his offices there, and then just did some work on his personal computer at home communicating with TRW by phone. Buie continued to fail in health and died in [[Panorama City, Los Angeles|Panorama City]] on September 25, 1988, aged 68. He is buried at [[Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Daily News of Los Angeles]] (CA) |date=September 27, 1988 |title=James L. Buie obituary}}</ref><ref name=LAobit/><ref name=LAobit2>{{cite news|last=|date=October 14, 1988|title=Taxing Smokers/Proposition 99|url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104444687/the-los-angeles-times/|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|page=50|location=Los Angeles, California|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access|access-date=June 26, 2022}}}}</ref>
===Later life and death===
⚫
Buie developed [[emphysema]] caused by smoking in the 1970s and quit at the time of his retirement. His lungs continued to deteriorate at an accelerated rate that was faster that natural. He was on oxygen assistance from 1985 and continued to consult part-time for TRW. In March of 1988 he no longer could physically make the trip to his offices there and then just did some work on his personal computer at home communicating with TRW by phone. Buie continued to fail in health and died in [[Panorama City, Los Angeles|Panorama City]] on September 25, 1988, aged 68. He is buried at [[Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Daily News of Los Angeles]] (CA) |date=September 27, 1988 |title=James L. Buie obituary}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The picture of his headstone at [[Find a Grave]] is attributed to H, 28-B MEMORIAL ID 3390128 at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|US Veterans Affairs Office]] |last2=Reasoner |first2=Janet |date=3 March 2000 |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/3390128/james-lang-buie |title=James Lang Buie |via=[[Find a Grave]]}}</ref>}} At the time of his death he was survived by his wife Ester Ione (Winey) Buie, a son (John), a daughter (Janet), a sister, four grandchildren, and three great grandchildren.<ref name=LAobit/><ref name=LAobit2>{{cite news|last=|date=October 14, 1988|title=Taxing Smokers/Proposition 99|url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104444687/the-los-angeles-times/|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|page=50|location=Los Angeles, California|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access|access-date=June 26, 2022}}}}</ref>

===Personal life===
⚫
Buie was elected a [[Fellow of the IEEE]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1165715|title=IEEE Fellow Nominations|pages=28–30|magazine=IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Newsletter |volume=51|issue=1|date=September 1980|doi=10.1109/MSP.1980.237181|publisher=IEEE}}</ref> in 1973.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-28-mn-2621-story.html |title=James L. Buie, 68; Scientist, Inventor
⚫
|newspaper=Los Angeles Times |publisher= L.A. TIMES ARCHIVES |date=September 28, 1988 |quote=Buie, who retired in 1983, was a graduate of USC. He was elected a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1973.}}</ref> He officially retired from TRW in 1978 as a full-time worker. He then began part-time work as a consultant for the Large Scale Integration division of the company (TRW/LSI Products). Buie then invented other related integrated circuits and patented those "chips", as they were called then. Buie's integrated circuit chip technology was used in various electronics of space satellites and computers into the 1990s.<ref name="Scaruffi"/><ref name=LAobit2/> His TTL integrated circuit technology is a fundamental foundation of the electronics industry.<ref name="IEEE"/><ref name=LAobit>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=James L. Buie, 68; Scientist, Inventor |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104446024/the-los-angeles-times/|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |location= Los Angeles, California|date=September 28, 1988 |quote=Sep 28, 1988 – James L. Buie, whose many patents included one for electronic logic devices that led to the start of the integrated circuit industry, has died.|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access|access-date=June 28, 2022}}}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}


===Citations===
===Citations===
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{{Commons category|James L Buie}}
{{Commons category|James L Buie}}
* {{cite book|last=Burghartz|first=Joachim N. |title=State-of-the-Art Electron Devices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pna3BnwW-6EC&pg=RA2-PT430|year=2013|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|type=Ebook|isbn=978-1-118-51753-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Burghartz|first=Joachim N. |title=State-of-the-Art Electron Devices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pna3BnwW-6EC&pg=RA2-PT430|year=2013|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|type=Ebook|isbn=978-1-118-51753-6}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|US Veterans Affairs Office]]|last2=Reasoner |first2=Janet|date=3 March 2000 |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/3390128/james-lang-buie |title=James Lang Buie |via=[[Find a Grave]]}}


{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Buie, James L.}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buie, James L.}}
[[Category:Engineers from California]]
[[Category:Engineers from California]]
[[Category:Fellow Members of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]

Latest revision as of 23:15, 1 May 2024

James L. Buie
Buie, c. 1964
Born1920 (1920)
Hollywood, California, US
Died (aged 68)
Alma materUniversity of Southern California
Known for
AwardsThe United States Distinguished Flying Cross
Scientific career
FieldsElectrical Engineering
Institutions
  • TRW Inc.
  • Pacific Semiconductors (PSI)
  • Ramo-Woolridge Corporation
TRW research building E1 in 1967. Buie did some of his research here.
Buie "TTL" transistor technology

James L. Buie (1920 – September 25, 1988) was an American scientist and inventor working for TRW Inc who developed transistor–transistor logic, a form of integrated circuit technology that became widely used early in the integrated circuit industry.

Biography[edit]

Early life[edit]

James L. Buie was born in 1920 in Hollywood, California. He went to the local public schools and graduated from Hollywood High School. He then attended the Los Angeles City College and received an associate's degree. Buie served in World War II as an naval aviator and became a lieutenant commander.[1][2][3] He was awarded the United States Distinguished Flying Cross for action during May 26–31, 1944.[2][4]

Buie, an electrical engineering graduate of University of Southern California who received a BSEE in 1950, took his first job at Pacific Semiconductors (PSI) in Culver City, California in 1951, where he worked on transistor circuitry as related to diodes and resistors.[1][5][6] He was next employed by Ramo-Woolridge Corporation in 1954; Ramo-Woolridge joined with Thompson Automotive Group in 1958, and eventually in 1965 Thompson-Ramo-Woolridge became known as TRW Inc.[1][2][7][8]

Career[edit]

Buie invented transistor-to-transistor logic circuitry ("TTL") in 1961 at TRW which played a major role in the development of the integrated circuit industry.[2][9][10] TTL integrated circuits use transistors for the input gating structure instead of diodes, resistors, and capacitors as was used in the previous technology. His TTL semiconductor technology initially was used in mainframe computers. Buie's integrated circuit chips in the 1970s were the preferred technology for mini-computers, computer peripherals, factory controls, and test instrumentation. The microelectronic processor-based systems he invented were an industrial standard for two decades from the 1980s onwards.[11]

TRW licensed the new technology to other companies to use in data processing and communications electronics. Buie was a senior scientist and one of the organizers for TRW's Microelectronics Center that formed in 1963.[12] The first commercial integrated circuit products using the TTL technology were made by Sylvania in 1963 and known as the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family.[13][14] The TTL electronics Buie invented became the electronics industry standard from the mid-1960s,[until when?][15] and the dominant architecture for integrated circuit technology in the 1970s and early 1980s. He helped establish TRW's large scale integration LSI Products Division in 1977.[1]

Later life and death[edit]

Buie was elected a Fellow of the IEEE[16] in 1973.[17] He officially retired from TRW in 1978 as a full-time worker. He then began part-time work as a consultant for the Large Scale Integration division of the company (TRW/LSI Products). Buie then invented other related integrated circuits and patented those "chips", as they were called then. Buie's integrated circuit chip technology was used in various electronics of space satellites and computers into the 1990s.[11][18][unreliable source?] His TTL integrated circuit technology is a fundamental foundation of the electronics industry.[2][7]

Buie developed emphysema caused by smoking in the 1970s and quit at the time of his retirement. His lungs continued to deteriorate at an accelerated rate that was faster than the natural rate. He was on oxygen assistance from 1985 and continued to consult part-time for TRW. In March 1988 he no longer could physically make the trip to his offices there, and then just did some work on his personal computer at home communicating with TRW by phone. Buie continued to fail in health and died in Panorama City on September 25, 1988, aged 68. He is buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery.[19][7][18]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Lee, J. A. N. (2013). "Computer Pioneers". James L. Buie. IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved November 14, 2015. While working for TRW, Inc., Los Angeles, in the early 1960s, Buie developed and patented TTL circuitry, which became the dominant IC technology in the 1970s and early 1980s
  2. ^ a b c d e Weiss, Eric A., ed. (1989). "James A. Buie". Annals of the History of Computing. 11 (1): 49. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1989.10004. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  3. ^ Register of Retired Commission and Warrant Officers
  4. ^ "Hall of Valor: Distinguished Flying Cross: James L. Buie". Military Times. 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
  5. ^ "Independent inventions of TTL". The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War. Computer History Museum. 13 July 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
  6. ^ New in Integrated Circuits: Transistor-Coupled Logic, Hayden Publishing Company, 1961, p. V9_Part4_p2, retrieved November 15, 2015
  7. ^ a b c "James L. Buie, 68; Scientist, Inventor". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. September 28, 1988 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon. Sep 28, 1988 – James L. Buie, whose many patents included one for electronic logic devices that led to the start of the integrated circuit industry, has died.
  8. ^ Keller, John (2022). "Former TRW Space Park, now Northrop Grumman, designated as historic site for electronics and aerospace work". Military-Aerospace Electronics. Endeavor Business Media. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  9. ^ "1963 – Standard Logic IC Families introduced". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum. 2014. Patented by James Buie of Pacific Semiconductor in 1961, TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) emerged as the most popular logic configuration of the next two decades.
  10. ^ "Electronics". Electronics. 53. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 1980. The logic known today as standard transistor-transistor logic, or TTL, evolved from work done at several sources, but can be traced to James L. Buie, an IC designer at Pacific Semiconductors, who had devised in 1961 a better coupling technique that isolated stages with coupling transistors.
  11. ^ a b Scaruffi, Piero (2018). "A Brief History of Electrical Technology Part 5: The Integrated Circuit and the Arpanet".
  12. ^ "Moves". Frequency Technology. Frequency, Inc.: 9 1970.
  13. ^ "Logic Families (book review)". Better World Books. 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015. TTL was invented in 1961 by James L. Buie of TRW, "particularly suited to the newly developing integrated circuit design technology." The first commercial integrated-circuit TTL devices were manufactured by Sylvania in 1963, called the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family.
  14. ^ "The Fascinating Transistor-transistor Logic (TTL) Clock!". ScienceProg. CircuitGeek. 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
  15. ^ John Keller (December 18, 2011). "Former TRW Space Park, now Northrop Grumman, designated as historic site for electronics and aerospace work". Space Technology. Military & Aerospace Electronics. Retrieved November 15, 2015. The TTL logic gate, which was the electronics industry standard for two decades, was invented by TRW's James L. Buie in 1961.
  16. ^ "IEEE Fellow Nominations". IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Newsletter. 51 (1). IEEE: 28–30. September 1980. doi:10.1109/MSP.1980.237181.
  17. ^ "James L. Buie, 68; Scientist, Inventor". Los Angeles Times. September 28, 1988. Buie, who retired in 1983, was a graduate of USC. He was elected a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1973.
  18. ^ a b "Taxing Smokers/Proposition 99". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. October 14, 1988. p. 50 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  19. ^ "James L. Buie obituary". Daily News of Los Angeles (CA). September 27, 1988.

Bibliography[edit]

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