Kenkichi Yoshizawa: Difference between revisions

Kenkichi Yoshizawa
Kenkichi Yoshizawa
芳沢謙吉
	Yoshizawa in 1931
Foreign Minister of Japan
	In office; 14 January 1932 – 26 May 1932
Monarch	Emperor Shōwa
Preceded by	Inukai Tsuyoshi
Succeeded by	Saitō Makoto
Personal details
Born	24 January 1874; Jōetsu, Niigata Prefecture, Japan
Died	5 January 1965 (aged 90); Tokyo, Japan
Political party	Rikken Seiyūkai
Alma mater	Tokyo Imperial University

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Kenkichi Yoshizawa (芳沢謙吉, Yoshizawa Kenkichi, 24 January 1874 – 5 January 1965) was a Japanese diplomat in the Empire of Japan, serving as 46th Foreign Minister of Japan in 1932. He was the maternal grandfather of Sadako Ogata, the former United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1991–2001.

Biography[edit]

Yoshizawa was a native of what is now part of Joetsu city, Niigata Prefecture. He was a graduate of the English literature department of the Tokyo Imperial University and entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1899. He was assigned to the Japanese consulate in Amoy, China in 1902, and later to the consulate in Shanghai.

In 1905, Yoshizawa married the eldest daughter of politician (and future Prime Minister) Tsuyoshi Inukai, and moved to London. He continued to live in England for the next several years, eventually becoming First Secretary to the Japanese embassy. He was given the post of Consul-General in Hankou, China in 1912.

Diplomatic career[edit]

Yoshizawa served as Minister to China from 1923–1929, and was stationed at the Japanese consulates at Beijing and Tianjin. He met with Soviet Foreign Minister Lev Karakhan in Beijing in 1925 for talks which led to the formal establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the Soviet Union per the Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention.^[1]

Yoshizawa later served as Japanese ambassador to France and official representative to the League of Nations.^[2]

He was appointed to the cabinet of Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi as Foreign Minister from 14 January 1932 to 26 May 1932. On receiving word of his appointment, Yoshizawa traveled from Europe back to Japan via the Trans-Siberian Railway and Manchuria to see conditions first-hand.^[3] Following the assassination of Inukai in the May 15 Incident, the Inukai cabinet was dissolved. However, Yoshizawa received an appointment to the House of Peers (present day House of Councillors) by command of Emperor Shōwa, and joined the Rikken Seiyūkai political party.

In the period immediately prior to the start of the Pacific War, Yoshizawa was appointed as a special envoy by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe to the Netherlands East Indies following the diplomatic mission of Ichizo Kobayashi. Yoshizawa was assigned to present a new set of demands on the Dutch government in Batavia, which were deliberately intended to be unacceptable.^[4]

Adherence to Japan's vision and policy in South East Asia,

Unrestricted rights to explore and exploit minerals all over the Dutch East Indies

Unrestricted fishing and shipping rights in all the waters of the Dutch East Indies

Unrestricted rights to start all sorts of commercial enterprises

Japans export to the Dutch East Indies must be increased to more than 80% of all imports of the Dutch East Indies

The existing demand for oil was slightly increased to 3,800,000 tons

The Dutch East Indies was to supply Japan with 1,000,000 tons of tin, 400,000 tons of bauxite, 180,000 tons of nickel, 30,000 tons of rubber, 30,000 tons of coconut oil and 10,000 tons of sugar.

Airline and telegraph connections between Japan and the Dutch East Indies

In December 1940, Yoshizawa was met by Hubertus Johannes van Mook, deputy minister of Economic Affairs, K. L. J. Enthoven, director of Justice, and Hoessein Djajadiningrat, director of Education and Religion. The negotiations dragged on unsuccessfully, and on 11 June 1941, the Liaison Meeting of the Imperial General Headquarters and Government decided to recall Yoshizawa and terminate the talks.^[5] Yoshizawa suddenly announced to the Dutch his plan to depart and asked to be received by the Dutch Governor-General A. W. L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer on 17 June 1941. The latter was worried that he might receive a declaration of war, but to his relief Yoshizawa only handed him a draft declaration stating that the negotiations had ended without an agreement.

From 1941–1944, Yoshizawa served as Japanese ambassador to French Indochina. The posting was mostly symbolic, as by then mostly under Japanese military occupation. In August 1945, he became a member of the Privy Council.

After the end of World War II, the surrender of Japan, Yoshizawa was purged from public office by the American occupation authorities. In post-war Japan, he was appointed as Japanese ambassador to the Republic of China on Taiwan in 1952. He retired from public life in December 1956.

References[edit]

^ Nish, Ian (2005). Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 52. ISBN 0-674-01778-1.
^ Wilson, Sandra (2001). The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society 1931–1933. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 0-415-25056-0.
^ Nish, Ian (2005). Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 78. ISBN 0-674-01778-1.
^ Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World; Twentieth Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. Penguin Press. p. 494. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.
^ The 29th Imperial General Headquarters and Government Liaison Conference. 11 June 1941. Japan Center for Asian Historical Records

External links[edit]

brief bio with photo

[1] Nish, Ian (2005). Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 52. ISBN 0-674-01778-1.

[2] Wilson, Sandra (2001). The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society 1931–1933. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 0-415-25056-0.

[3] Nish, Ian (2005). Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 78. ISBN 0-674-01778-1.

[4] Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World; Twentieth Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. Penguin Press. p. 494. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.

[5] The 29th Imperial General Headquarters and Government Liaison Conference. 11 June 1941. Japan Center for Asian Historical Records

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Japanese diplomat}}
-{{Japanese name|Yoshizawa}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
-{{nihongo|'''Kenkichi Yoshizawa'''|芳沢謙吉|Yoshizawa Kenkichi|extra=24 January 1874 – 5 January 1965}} was a diplomat in the [[Empire of Japan]], serving as 46th [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Foreign Minister]] of Japan in 1932.
+{{Infobox officeholder
+|name        = Kenkichi Yoshizawa
+|native_name = {{nobold|芳沢 謙吉}}
+|native_name_lang = ja
+|image       = Kenkichi Yoshizawa 1931.jpg
+| caption =Yoshizawa in 1931
+|office      = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Foreign Minister of Japan]]
+|monarch     = [[Hirohito|Emperor Shōwa]]
+|term_start  = 14 January 1932
+|term_end    = 26 May 1932
+|predecessor = [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]]
+|successor   = [[Saitō Makoto]]
+|birth_date  = {{birth date|1874|1|24|df=y}}
+|birth_place = [[Jōetsu, Niigata|Jōetsu]], [[Niigata Prefecture]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
+|death_date  = {{death date and age|1965|1|5|1874|1|24|df=y}}
+|death_place = [[Tokyo]], Japan
+|party       = [[Rikken Seiyūkai]]
+|alma_mater  = [[University of Tokyo|Tokyo Imperial University]]
+}}
+{{nihongo|'''Kenkichi Yoshizawa'''|芳沢 謙吉|Yoshizawa Kenkichi|extra=24 January 1874 – 5 January 1965}} was a Japanese [[diplomat]] in the [[Empire of Japan]], serving as 46th [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Foreign Minister]] of Japan in 1932. He was the maternal grandfather of [[Sadako Ogata]], the former [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] from 1991–2001.
 ==Biography==
-Yoshizawa was a native of what is now part of [[Joetsu, Niigata|Joetsu city]], [[Niigata prefecture]]. He was a graduate of the [[English literature]] department of [[Tokyo University]] and entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1899. He was assigned to the Japanese [[consulate]] in [[Amoy]], [[China]] in 1902, and later to the consulate in [[Shanghai]].
+Yoshizawa was a native of what is now part of [[Jōetsu, Niigata|Joetsu city]], [[Niigata Prefecture]]. He was a graduate of the [[English literature]] department of the [[University of Tokyo|Tokyo Imperial University]] and entered the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] in 1899. He was assigned to the Japanese [[consulate]] in [[Amoy]], China in 1902, and later to the consulate in [[Shanghai]].
-In 1905, Yoshizawa married the eldest daughter of politician (and future Prime Minister) [[Tsuyoshi Inukai]], and moved to [[London]]. He continued to live in [[England]] for the next several years, eventually becoming First Secretary to the Japanese embassy. He was given the post of Consul-General in [[Hankou]], China in 1912.
+In 1905, Yoshizawa married the eldest daughter of politician (and future Prime Minister) [[Tsuyoshi Inukai]], and moved to [[London]]. He continued to live in England for the next several years, eventually becoming First Secretary to the Japanese embassy. He was given the post of Consul-General in [[Hankou]], China in 1912.
+==Diplomatic career==
-Yoshizawa served as Minister to China from 1923-1929, and was stationed at the Japanese consulates at [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]]. He met with [[Soviet Foreign Minister]] [[Lev Karakhan]] in Beijing in 1925 for talks which led to the formal establishment of [[diplomatic relations]] between Japan and the [[Soviet Union]] per the [[Soviet-Japanese Basic Convention]]. <ref>Nish, Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, page 52</ref>
+Yoshizawa served as Minister to China from 1923–1929, and was stationed at the Japanese consulates at [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]]. He met with [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)#Commissars and ministers|Soviet Foreign Minister]] [[Lev Karakhan]] in [[Beijing]] in 1925 for talks which led to the formal establishment of [[Japan–Soviet Union relations|diplomatic relations between Japan and the Soviet Union]] per the [[Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention]].<ref>{{cite book
+ | last = Nish
+ | first = Ian
+ | year = 2005
+ | title = Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period
+ | publisher = Harvard University Asia Center
+ | isbn = 0-674-01778-1|page= 52}}</ref>
-Yoshizawa later served as Japanese ambassador to [[France]] and official representative to the [[League of Nations]].<ref>Wilson, The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society 1931-1933, page 20 </ref>
+Yoshizawa later served as [[List of ambassadors of Japan to France|Japanese ambassador to France]] and official representative to the [[League of Nations]].<ref>{{cite book
+ | last = Wilson
+ | first = Sandra
+ | year = 2001
+ | title = The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society 1931–1933
+ | publisher = Routledge
+ | location =
+ | isbn = 0-415-25056-0|page=20
+}}</ref>
-He was appointed to the cabinet of [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]] as Foreign Minister from 1932-01-14 to 1932-05-26. On receiving word of his appointment, Yoshizawa traveled from Europe back to Japan via the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] and [[Manchuria]] to see conditions first-hand. <ref>Nish, Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, page 78</ref> Following the assassination of Inukai in the [[May 15 Incident]], the Inukai cabinet was dissolved. However, Yoshizawa received an appointment to the [[House of Peers]] by command of [[Emperor Hirohito]], and joined the [[Rikken Seiyūkai]] [[political party]].
+He was appointed to the cabinet of [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]] as Foreign Minister from 14 January 1932 to 26 May 1932. On receiving word of his appointment, Yoshizawa traveled from Europe back to Japan via the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] and [[Manchuria]] to see conditions first-hand.<ref>{{cite book
+ | last = Nish
+ | first = Ian
+ | year = 2005
+ | title = Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period
+ | publisher = Harvard University Asia Center
+ | isbn = 0-674-01778-1|page= 78}}</ref> Following the assassination of Inukai in the [[May 15 Incident]], the Inukai cabinet was dissolved. However, Yoshizawa received an appointment to the [[House of Peers (Japan)|House of Peers]] (present day [[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]]) by command of [[Hirohito|Emperor Shōwa]], and joined the [[Rikken Seiyūkai]] political party.
+[[File:1930 Kenkichi Yoshizawa.jpg|thumb|Yoshizawa with his wife, 1930 [[Autochrome Lumière|Autochrome]] by Georges Chevalier]]
-In the period immediately prior to the start of the [[Pacific War]], Yoshizawa was appointed as a special envoy by Prime Minister [[Fumimaro Konoe]] to the [[Netherlands East Indies]] following the diplomatic mission of [[Ichizo Kobayashi]]. Yoshizawa was assigned to present a new set of demands on the Dutch government in [[Jakarta|Batavia]], which were deliberately intended to be unacceptable. <ref>Ferguson, The War of the World; Twentieth Century Conflict and the Descent of the West, page 494</ref>
+In the period immediately prior to the start of the [[Pacific War]], Yoshizawa was appointed as a special envoy by Prime Minister [[Fumimaro Konoe]] to the [[Netherlands East Indies]] following the diplomatic mission of [[Ichizo Kobayashi]]. Yoshizawa was assigned to present a new set of demands on the Dutch government in [[Jakarta|Batavia]], which were deliberately intended to be unacceptable.<ref>{{cite book
+ | last = Ferguson
+ | first = Niall
+ | year = 2006
+ | title = The War of the World; Twentieth Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
+ | publisher = Penguin Press
+ | isbn = 1-59420-100-5
+ | page = [https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/494 494]
+ | url-access = registration
+ | url = https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/494
+ }}</ref>
 <blockquote>
-*Adherence to Japans vision and policy in South East Asia,
+*Adherence to Japan's vision and policy in South East Asia,
 *Unrestricted rights to explore and exploit minerals all over the Dutch East Indies
 *Unrestricted fishing and shipping rights in all the waters of the Dutch East Indies
 *Unrestricted rights to start all sorts of commercial enterprises
-*Japans export to the DEI must be increased to more than 80% of all imports of the Dutch East Indies
+*Japans export to the Dutch East Indies must be increased to more than 80% of all imports of the Dutch East Indies
 *The existing demand for oil was slightly increased to 3,800,000 tons
 *The Dutch East Indies was to supply Japan with 1,000,000 tons of tin, 400,000 tons of bauxite, 180,000 tons of nickel, 30,000 tons of rubber, 30,000 tons of coconut oil and 10,000 tons of sugar.
@@ Line 26: / Line 77: @@
 </blockquote>
-In December 1940, Yoshizawa was met by [[Hubertus Johannes van Mook]], deputy minister of Economic Affairs, [[K. L. J. Enthoven]], director of Justice, and [[Hoessein Djajadiningrat]], director of Education and Religion. The negotiations dragged on unsuccessfully, and Yoshizawa suddenly announced his plan to depart and asked to be received by the Dutch Governor-General [[A. W. L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer]] on 1941-06-17.  The latter was worried that he might receive a [[declaration of war]], but to his relief Yoshizawa only handed him a draft declaration stating that the negotiations had ended without an agreement.
+In December 1940, Yoshizawa was met by [[Hubertus Johannes van Mook]], deputy minister of Economic Affairs, [[K. L. J. Enthoven]], director of Justice, and [[Hoessein Djajadiningrat]], director of Education and Religion. The negotiations dragged on unsuccessfully, and on 11 June 1941, the Liaison Meeting of the Imperial General Headquarters and Government decided to recall Yoshizawa and terminate the talks.<ref>[http://www.jacar.go.jp/english/nichibei/popup/pop_07.html The 29th Imperial General Headquarters and Government Liaison Conference]. 11 June 1941. Japan Center for Asian Historical Records</ref> Yoshizawa suddenly announced to the Dutch his plan to depart and asked to be received by the Dutch Governor-General [[A. W. L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer]] on 17 June 1941.  The latter was worried that he might receive a [[declaration of war]], but to his relief Yoshizawa only handed him a draft declaration stating that the negotiations had ended without an agreement.
-From 1941-1944, Yoshizawa served as Japanese ambassador to [[French Indochina]]. The posting was mostly symbolic, as by then mostly under Japanese military occupation. In August 1945, he became a member of the [[Privy Council (Japan)|Privy Council]].
+From 1941–1944, Yoshizawa served as Japanese ambassador to [[French Indochina]]. The posting was mostly symbolic, as by then mostly under Japanese military occupation. In August 1945, he became a member of the [[Privy Council (Japan)|Privy Council]].
-After the end of [[World War II]],Yoshizawa was purged  from public office by the [[Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers|American occupation authorities]]. In post-war Japan, he was appointed as Japanese ambassador to the [[Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]] in 1952. He retired from public life in December 1956.
+After the [[End of World War II in Asia|end of World War II]], the [[surrender of Japan]], Yoshizawa was purged from public office by the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|American occupation authorities]]. In [[Postwar Japan|post-war Japan]], he was appointed as Japanese ambassador to the Republic of China on [[Taiwan]] in 1952. He retired from public life in December 1956.
 ==References==
+{{reflist}}
-*{{cite book
- | last = Beasley
- | first = W.G.
- | authorlink =
- | coauthors =
- | year = 1991
- | title = Japanese Imperialism 1894-1945
- | publisher = Oxford University Press
- | location =
- | id = ISBN 0198221681
-}}
-*{{cite book
- | last = Ferguson
- | first = Niall
- | year = 2006
- | title = The War of the World; Twentieth Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
- | publisher = Penguin Press
- | id = ISBN 1594201005
-}}
-*{{cite book
- | last = Nish
- | first = Ian
- | year = 2005
- | title = Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period
- | publisher = Harvard University Asia Center
- | id = ISBN 0674017781
-}}
-*{{cite book
- | last = Wilson
- | first = Sandra
- | year = 2001
- | title = The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society 1931-1933
- | publisher = Routledge
- | location =
- | id = ISBN 0415250560
-}}
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category|Kenkichi Yoshizawa}}
 *[http://www.suwa.jorne.ed.jp/en/yoshi.html brief bio with photo]
+{{Authority control}}
-==Notes==
-{{reflist}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Yoshizawa, Kenkichi}}
 [[Category:1874 births]]
 [[Category:1965 deaths]]
-[[Category:People from Niigata Prefecture]]
+[[Category:Military personnel from Niigata Prefecture]]
 [[Category:University of Tokyo alumni]]
-[[Category:Japanese diplomats]]
 [[Category:Japanese people of World War II]]
+[[Category:Ambassadors of Japan to Taiwan]]
+[[Category:Permanent Representatives of Japan to the League of Nations]]
-[[ko:요시자와 겐키치]]
+[[Category:Foreign ministers of Japan]]
-[[ja:芳澤謙吉]]
+[[Category:Ambassadors of Japan to France]]

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