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{{Infobox Song
'''{{Ethnic group
| Name = Black Masks & Gasoline
||group={{flagicon|Portugal}} Portuguese Brazilian {{flagicon|Brazil}} <br><small>''Luso-brasileiro''
| Cover =
|image=[[Image:Portuguese immigrants in Brazil.jpg|250px]]
| Artist = [[Rise Against]]
<br><small>Portuguese immigrants in Brazil</small>
| from Album = [[Revolutions Per Minute (album)|Revolutions Per Minute]]
|poptime= '''No official numbers (the vast majority of Brazilians have some Portuguese ancestry)'''
| Released = 2003
|popplace= All [[Brazil]]
| Format = [[CD]]
|langs= [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| Recorded = Plumper Mountain Sound in Gibsons, BC and [[The Warehouse Studio]] in [[Vancouver, BC]]
|rels= Predominantly [[Roman Catholic]]
| Genre = [[Melodic hardcore]]
|related= [[White Brazilian]], [[Portuguese people]]
| Length = 2:59
| Label = [[Geffen Records]]
| Writer = Rise Against\Tim McIlrath
| Producer = [[Bill Stevenson]] and [[Jason Livermore]]
| Certification =
| Chart position =
}}
}}
'''Portuguese-Brazilian''' ({{lang-pt|luso-brasileiro}}) is a [[Portuguese citizenship|Portuguese born citizen]] with [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] citizenship or a [[Brazilian citizenship|Brazilian born citizen]] of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] ancestry or citizenship.


"'''Black Masks & Gasoline'''" is the first song that was released by [[punk rock]] band [[Rise Against]] in 2003 and was written by frontman [[Tim McIlrath]].
[[Brazil]] has long been a [[melting pot]] for a wide range of cultures. From [[Colonial Brazil|colonial times]] Portuguese Brazilians have favoured assimilation and tolerance for other peoples, and intermarriage was more acceptable in Brazil than in most other [[Europe]]an colonies. Portuguese are the main European ethnic group in Brazil, and most Brazilians can trace their ancestry to an [[Portuguese people|ethnic Portuguese]] or a mixed-race Portuguese. Portuguese Brazilians first appeared in the colonial period, in the 16th century, as settlers and colonists, though most arrived in the early 20th century, as immigrants.


{{2000s-song-stub}}
==Immigration to Brazil==
[[Image:Meirelles-primeiramissa2.jpg|thumb|right|The first Portuguese settlers celebrating the first [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in [[Brazil]] among the [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]].]]
[[Image:Recife sto antonio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[colony]] in [[Recife]], in [[17th century]].]]
[[Image:Biquinha saovicente sp.jpg|thumb|right|Existing since 1553, the Biquinha of [[Anchieta]] was one of the main [[water]] sources of the population of the [[city]] of São Vicente, [[State of São Paulo]], through the centuries.]]
===First Portuguese (1500-1700)===
On 22 April 1500, the first Portuguese explorer, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], disembarked in what nowadays is [[Porto Seguro]], [[Brazil]]. Initially, the Portuguese believed they had discovered an island, but soon learned they had come across a vast new continent. Unbeknownst to them at the time, they were laying the foundations of what was to become the world's most populous [[Lusophone]] nation. Throughout the early 16th century, Portuguese emigration to Brazil remained very low. Only a small quantity of Portuguese, often living among the Amerindians, actually settled in Brazil.

Some of the earliest colonists for whom we have written records are [[João Ramalho]] and [[Caramuru]]. At the time the Portuguese Crown was focused on securing its highly lucrative [[Portuguese Empire]] in Asia, and so did little to protect the newly discovered lands in the Americas from foreign interlopers. As a result, many pirates, mainly [[French people|French]], began dealing in [[pau brasil]] with the Amerindians. This situation worried Portugal, which in the 1530s started to colonize Brazil, principally for defensive reasons. The towns of [[Cananéia]] (1531), [[São Vicente]] (1532) and [[Iguape]] (1538) date from that period.

By the mid-16th century, Portuguese colonists were already settling in significant numbers, mainly along the coastal regions of Brazil. Numerous cities were established, including [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] (1549), [[São Paulo]] (1554) and [[Rio de Janeiro]] (1565). While some Portuguese settlers came willingly, many were ''degredados''. Nevertheless, these deported convicts were not thieves and murderers, as is often believed, but rather tended to be people guilty of committing "crimes" against religion or morality. Thus, they were primarily [[New Christians]], individuals accused of witchcraft or sorcery, reprobate priests, blasphemers, homosexuals and adulturers. In other words, these exiles were condemned for "criminal" behavior that would not be considered illegal by modern standards.

During the 17th century, most Portuguese settlers in Brazil were relatively wealthy people who moved to the northeastern part of the country to establish the first [[sugar]] plantations. Some were [[Sephardi Jews]] who had been expelled from Portugal by the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]]. The city of [[Recife]], in particular, had a thriving [[Jewish]] community, which founded the first synagogue in the Americas, i.e. the [[Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue]]. Some Portuguese-Gypsies also immigrated to Brazil during this period.

Most of these Portuguese were men. The number of [[Portuguese]] [[women]] in Brazil during the colonial period was low. For that reason, many [[Portuguese]] [[men]] had relationships with Amerindian women and, later, with female African slaves, which then resulted in racial miscegenation.

===Growing Portuguese immigrants (1700-1850)===
In the 18th century, immigration to Brazil from Portugal increased dramatically. Many [[gold]] and [[diamond]] [[Mining|mines]] were discovered in the region of [[Minas Gerais]], which then led to the arrival of not only Portuguese, but also of native-born Brazilians. Regarding the former, most were peasants from the [[Minho]] region in Northern Portugal. In the beginning, Portugal stimulated the immigration of ''minhotos'' to Brazil. After some time, however, the number of departures was so great that the Portuguese Crown had to establish barriers to further immigration. Most of these Portuguese involved in the [[goldrush]] ended up settling in Minas Gerais and in the Center-West region of Brazil, where they founded dozens of cities such as [[Ouro Preto]], [[Congonhas]], Mariana, [[São João del Rei]], Tiradentes, [[Goiás]], etc.
[[Image:Ouro Preto 4369.jpeg|thumb|[[Ouro Preto]], [[Minas Gerais]] an 18th century colonial city and UNESCO World Heritage Site.]]
Between 1748 and 1756, approximately 6,000 settlers from the [[Azores Islands]] arrived in the [[Southern Region, Brazil|Southern Region]] of Brazil. The majority, composed of small farmers and fishermen, settled along the litoral of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]] states. [[Florianópolis]] and [[Porto Alegre]] were founded by Azoreans, who accounted for over half of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina's population in the late 18th century. Unlike previous trends, in the south entire Portuguese families came to seek a better life for themselves, not just men. In passing, a small settlement of [[Macanese people]] from [[Macau]] also occurred. During this period, the number of Portuguese women in Brazil increased, which resulted in a larger [[White Brazilian|white population]]. This was especially true in [[Southern Brazil]].

A significant immigration of very rich Portuguese to Brazil occurred in 1808, when Queen [[Maria I of Portugal]] and her son and regent, the future [[João VI of Portugal]], fleeing from [[Napoleon]], relocated to Brazil with 15,000 members of the royal family, nobles and government and established themselves in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. They returned to Portugal in 1821, and in 1822 Brazil became independent. Thousands of ordinary [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[settler]]s left Brazil after independence.

===Waves of Portuguese immigrants (1850-1960)===
After independence from [[Portugal]] in 1822, Portuguese emigration to Brazil continued and, instead of a decrease, the Portuguese population actually increased significantly. In 1850, the traffic of [[Africa]]n [[slaves]] to Brazil was forbidden, and the Brazilian Government worked towards attracting European immigration to Brazil in order to obtain workers for the [[coffee]] plantations that were spreading enormously in the region. Consequently, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Portuguese immigrated to Brazil. Most of them were peasants from the rural areas of Portugal and tended to immigrate as entire families. The majority settled in urban centers, mainly in [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]], working mainly as small traders.
[[Image:Imigrantes portugueses.jpg|thumb|right|Portuguese [[teenager]]s waiting for a ship to immigrate to Brazil: early 20th century.]]
They and their descendants were quick to organize themselves and establish [[mutual aid]] societies (such as the ''Casas de Portugal''), hospitals (e.g. Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, Beneficência Portuguesa de Porto Alegre, Hospital Português de Salvador, Real Hospital Português de Recife, etc.), libraries (e.g. Real Gabinete Português de Leitura in Rio de Janeiro and in Salvador), newspapers, magazines and even major [[sports club]]s with [[football team]]s, including the ''[[Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama]]'' and ''[[Associação Atlética Portuguesa (RJ)|Associação Atlética Portuguesa]]'' in [[Rio de Janeiro]], the ''[[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos]]'' in [[São Paulo]], the ''[[Associação Atlética Portuguesa Santista]]'' in [[Santos (São Paulo)|Santos]], and the ''[[Associação Portuguesa Londrinense]]'' in [[Londrina]].

===Low Portuguese immigration (1960-present)===

In the 1930s, the Brazilian President [[Getúlio Vargas]] created a law that established difficulties to the settlement of immigrants in Brazil. This law made Portuguese immigration decline. However, between 1940 and 1960 (when [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] ruled as dictator), thousands of Portuguese, even from their African possessions and Macau, still immigrated to Brazil. After that, with the growth of the Portuguese economy, very few Portuguese immigrants settled in Brazil.

== Portuguese immigration in numbers ==
<table width="590" border= "1" align="center" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0>
<TR colspan = "2" align="middle">
<TD colspan="16">'''Portuguese immigration to Brazil from the beginning of colonization, in 1500, until present day in 1990'''<BR>Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics ([[IBGE]])</TD>
</TR>
<TR colspan = "2" align="middle">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD colspan="12"><center>'''Decade'''</center></TD>
</TR>
<TR align="middle">
<TD>'''Nationality'''</TD>
<TD>1500-1700</TD>
<TD>1701-1760</TD>
<TD>1808-1817</TD>
<TD>1827-1829</TD>
<TD>1837-1841</TD>
<TD>1856-1857</TD>
<TD>1881-1900</TD>
<TD>1901-1930</TD>
<TD>1931-1950</TD>
<TD>1951-1960</TD>
<TD>1961-1967</TD>
<TD>1981-1991</TD>
</TR>
<TR align="middle">
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">Portuguese</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">100,000</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">600,000</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">24,000</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">2,004</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">629</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">16,108</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">316,204 </TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">754,147 </TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">148,699</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">235,635 </TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">54,767 </TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">4,605 </TD>
</TR>
</table>

== Portuguese-Brazilian identity ==
[[Image:Bahia1718 FeastofSGoncalo.gif|thumb|right|200px|Portuguese Brazilians in [[Salvador, Bahia]] celebrating Saint Gonçalo, in 1718.]]
[[Brazil]] was colonized by [[Portugal]], and both countries share many cultural aspects: the language, the main religion and many traditions. After independence, the elite of Brazil, even though they were of Portuguese descent, tried to diminish the Portuguese culture in the new country, and establish a ''Brazilian culture'', different from that of Portugal. Portuguese immigration to Brazil has occurred since the 15th century. Since then, the Portuguese mixed a lot with other ethnic groups of Brazil, first with the [[Amerindians]] later with [[Africans]].

From the 19th century, their Portuguese-Brazilian descendants mixed with other [[European ethnic groups|European immigrants]] in Brazil, such as [[Italian Brazilian|Italians]] and [[German-Brazilian|Germans]]. For all these reasons, many Portuguese-Brazilians of old ancestry do not know or are not interested about their Portuguese ancestry and do not have much affinity with Portugal, different from other more recent immigrant groups in Brazil, such as [[Japanese Brazilian]]s, who are for the most part, still connected with [[Japan]].

The more recent immigrant groups of Portuguese in Brazil keep a close relation with Portugal and the Portuguese culture mainly through the ''Casa de Portugal''.<ref>[http://www.casadeportugal.com.br/historia.asp Casa de Portugal]</ref> Several events also take place to keep a cultural interchange between Portuguese and Brazilian students,<ref>[http://www.universiabrasil.net/materia/materia.jsp?materia=6495 Universia Brasil]</ref> and between the Portuguese community in Brazil and Portugal. There are many Portuguese associations "Associações Portuguesas" in Brazil. Other institutions preserve the cultural heritage of the Portuguese community like the "Real Gabinete"<ref>[http://www.realgabinete.com.br/htm/rgpl.htm Real Gabinete]</ref> and the Liceu Literário.<ref>[http://www.liceuliterario.org.br/ Liceu Literário]</ref>

Today, news online like "Mundo Lusíada"<ref>[http://www.mundolusiada.com.br/"Mundo Lusíada"]</ref> keeps the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese immigrants]] informed about the many cultural events of the Portuguese community in Brazil. A recent analysis suggests that the more recent Portuguese immigrants (from 1900 onwards) had "low rates of intermarriage with native Brazilians and other immigrants".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Klein HS |title=[The social and economic integration of Portuguese immigrants in Brazil at the end of the nineteenth century and in the twentieth century] |language=Portuguese |journal=Rev Bras Estud Popul |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=17–37 |year=1989 |pmid=12342854 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

===Identity Merge===
Many Portuguese who had a significant importance in the [[Brazilian culture]] are known in Brazil as being Brazilians. This way, much of the [[Portuguese people]] influence and contribution has been systematically erased from the Brazilian culture. [[Tomás Antônio Gonzaga]], [[António Vieira|Padre António Vieira]], [[Carmen Miranda]] are some of the Portuguese who are presented as Brazilians. The [[culture of Brazil|Brazilian culture]] is in large part derived from the [[culture of Portugal|Portuguese culture]] and for the similarities between both cultures and the relatively easy [[integration]] of [[Immigration to Brazil|immigrants in Brazil]], makes it nearly impossible for some to keep a separate Portuguese identity. Starting from the second generation, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese descendants]] start seeing themselves as purely [[Brazilians]].

===Portuguese language===
[[Image:Portugueselanguagedialects-Brazil.png|thumb|right|Map of [[Brazilian Portuguese]] [[Portuguese dialects|dialects]].]]
[[Brazil]] is the only [[Portuguese-speaking]] [[nation]] in the [[Americas]].<ref>[http://www.step1.com.br/portuguese/Brazil.htm Portuguese language in the Americas]</ref> [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is the first [[language]] of the vast majority of [[Brazilians]], but numerous [[foreign]] [[word]]s have expanded the [[national]] [[lexicon]]. The Portuguese language has undergone many [[transformation]]s, both in the [[Portugal|mother country]] and in its former [[Brazil|colony]], since it was first introduced into Brazil in the 16th century. The two countries have largely standardized their [[spelling]]s, but [[pronunciation]]s, vocabularies, and the meanings of [[word]]s have diverged so widely that it now may be easier for some Brazilians to understand Spanish-language films from other Latin American countries than [[film]]s from Portugal. [[Italians]], [[Germans]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], and Spanish-speaking immigrants have introduced new words and expressions in Brazilian Portuguese, such as the ubiquitous expression tchau ("farewell"), which was adopted from the [[Italian language|Italian]] ciao. Foreign products and technologies have introduced additional terms.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/78101/Brazil/25083/Europeans-and-other-immigrants#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Brazil%20%3A%3A%20Europeans%20and%20other%20immigrants%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia Portuguese language in Brazil (Britannica Encyclopedia)]</ref>

Brazil's indigenous peoples [[speak]] dozens of discrete [[language]]s, and some authorities suggest that the greatest [[divergence]] of the Brazilian language from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] can be traced to initial contact with the Amerindians. The Tupian, or Tupi-Guarani, language group has especially influenced Brazilian place-names and added perhaps thousands of [[word]]s and expressions to [[Brazilian Portuguese]]. Tupian was the principal [[language]] of [[Brazil]]'s native peoples before [[Europe]]an contact, and it became the "lingua franca" between Amerindians and Portuguese traders, [[missionaries]], adventurers, and [[administrators]], it was widely used in the [[Amazon]] [[region]] and western Brazil until the 19th century. The [[Tupi]]an [[influence]] also caused Brazilians to enunciate more clearly and to use more nasal speech patterns than their [[Iberia]]n counterparts.

==Portuguese in the world==
[[Image:Map-Lusophone World-en.png|thumb|right|Portuguese in the [[world]].]]
===The Portuguese in contemporary Brazil===
Portuguese people are the largest immigrant community in Brazil. In the 2000 census, there were 213,203 Portuguese immigrants in Brazil, most of them immigrated in the mid-20th century, and the community is in full decline, because the majority of them are old people.<ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=311 Migration Information Source - Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In recent years, some [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] pensioners have been moving to Brazil, mainly to the [[Northeastern Brazil|northeast]], attracted by the [[tropical]] weather and the [[beach]]es.<ref>[http://www.camaraportuguesa.com.br/default.asp?pag=noticias&id_noticia=-142 Câmara Portuguesa de Comércio no Brasil<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

===The Brazilians in contemporary Portugal===
The biggest immigrant community in Portugal, after the Ukrainian, is the Brazilian one with more than 67 thousand Brazilians resident in 2004 and an estimated 80 thousand in 2007. More than 40 thousand also living in Portugal are waiting to be legalized. (Casa do Brasil 2007)

==How many Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry?==
[[Image:Portuguese in Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese immigrants]] in [[Brazil]].]]

Most Brazilians have some degree of Portuguese ancestry: some may trace their ancestry to 16th century settlers, while others have recent Portuguese origin, dating back to the mid-20th century. Due to the intensive race mixing, Brazilians of different races may have Portuguese ancestry: [[White Brazilian|Whites]], [[Afro-Brazilian|Blacks]], [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindians]] and [[Mixed-race Brazilian|mixed-race]] people.<ref name=Parra>{{cite journal |author=Parra FC, Amado RC, Lambertucci JR, Rocha J, Antunes CM, Pena SD |title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=177–82 |year=2003 |month=Jan |pmid=12509516 |pmc=140919 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100 |url=}}</ref>

There are no official figures about how many Brazilians have Portuguese roots. This is mainly because the immigration to Brazil from [[Portugal]] is very old, making it almost impossible to find correct numbers. Even with Portuguese heritage, many Portuguese-Brazilians identify themselves as being simply Brazilians, since Portuguese culture was a dominant cultural influence in the formation of Brazil (like many [[USA|Americans]] which though of [[Great Britain|British]] ancestry will never describe themselves as of British extraction, but only as "Americans").

In 1872, there were 3.7 million [[Whites]] in Brazil (the vast majority of them of Portuguese ancestry), 4.1 million [[mixed-race]] people (mostly of Portuguese-Amerindian-[[Afro-Brazilian|African]] ancestry) and 1.9 million [[Blacks]]. These numbers give the percentage of 80% of people with total or partial Portuguese ancestry in Brazil in the 1870s.<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/tabelas/populacao_cor.htm Evolução da população brasileira segundo a cor<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> At that time, Portuguese were the only Europeans to settle Brazil in large numbers, since other groups only started arriving in large numbers after 1875 (mainly [[Italians]]).

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of immigrants from Portugal arrived. From 1881 to 1991, over 1.5 million Portuguese immigrated to Brazil. In 1906, for example, there were 133,393 Portuguese-born people living in [[Rio de Janeiro]], comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio is, still today, considered the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal itself.<ref>[http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html Brasil 500 anos<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://observatorio.ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/artigos/da020420033.htm Observatorio da Imprensa - Materias - 02/04/2003<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Genetic studies also confirm the strong Portuguese racial influence in Brazilians. According to a study, at least half of the Brazilian population's [[Y Chromosome]] comes from Portugal. [[Afro-Brazilian|Black Brazilians]] have an average of 48% non-African genes, most of them may come from Portuguese ancestors.<ref>[http://web.educom.pt/p-pmndn/genes_cabral.htm Os Genes de Cabral<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=Parra/>

== Some notable Portuguese-Brazilians ==
[[Image:Flags of Brazil and Portugal.svg|thumb|right|Portuguese-Brazilian flag.]]
Most notable [[Brazilians]] are at least partially of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese descent]]. However, for the sake of brevity, the following list only mentions a few well-known individuals who were either born in [[Portugal]] or who have close Portuguese ancestry, i.e. 1st or 2nd [[generation]].
===Historic colonial Portuguese figures of Brazil===

The following Portuguese people were either born in [[colonial Brazil|Brazil]] when it belonged to the [[Portuguese empire]], thus Portuguese, or in [[Kingdom of Portugal]]. At this time to be a Brazilian was to be a Portuguese born in [[colonial Brazil|Brazil]].

*[[Baltazar Fernandes]] (explorer and early colonist; born in Portugal);
*[[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] (colonial inventor and naturalist; born in Brazil);
*[[Brás Cubas]] (founder of [[Santos (São Paulo)|Santos]]; born in Portugal);
*[[Caramuru]] (early settler of [[Bahia]]; born in Portugal);
*[[Estácio de Sá]] (soldier and co-founder of [[Rio de Janeiro]]; born in Portugal);
*[[Manuel da Nóbrega]] (co-founder of [[São Paulo]]; born in Portugal);
*[[Mem de Sá]] (Governor-General of Brazil and founder of [[Rio de Janeiro]]; born in Portugal);
*[[Pedro Teixeira]] (explorer of the [[Amazon]] region; born in Portugal);
*[[Tiradentes]] (revolutionary who participated in the [[Inconfidência Mineira]]; born in Brazil).

==Historic Brazilian figures==
[[Image:Pasaporte de un inmigrante portugués de 1927.jpg|thumb|right|[[Portuguese]] [[passport]] used by Portuguese [[immigrant]] in 1927.]]
Although still born under the [[Portuguese empire]],with the independence of Brazil they acquired the Brazilian nationality:
*[[Pedro I of Brazil|Dom Pedro I]] (Brazilian emperor; Portuguese father);
*[[Frei Galvão]] (first Brazilian saint; Portuguese father);
*[[Domitila, Marchioness of Santos]] (noblewoman and mistress of Pedro I of Brazil; Azorean-Portuguese grandparents);
*[[Pedro II of Brazil|Dom Pedro II]] (Brazilian emperor; Portugues father);
*[[José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva]] (naturalist and statesman; Portuguese grandparents).

===Business===
*[[Abílio dos Santos Diniz]] (chairman and former owner of [[Grupo Pão de Açúcar]]; Portuguese parents);
*Albino Sousa Cruz (founder of ''Souza Cruz''; Portuguese-born);
*Antônio Alberto Saraiva (businessman and founder of [[Habib's]]; Portuguese-born);
*[[Antônio Ermírio de Moraes]] (businessman, chairman of Grupo Votorantim; Portuguese grandfather);
*Dimas de Melo Pimenta (founder of ''DIMEP''; Portuguese-born);
*Fernando Augusto Saraiva (geologist chairman and former owner of (GEA) Ambiental SS Ltda; Portuguese parents);
*Irineu Evangelista de Sousa (Barão de Mauá) (industrialist; Azorean-Portuguese grandparents)
*Joaquim Inácio da Fonseca Saraiva (founder of ''Livraria Saraiva'' bookstore chain; Portuguese-born);
*José Francisco Correia (Conde de Agrolongo) (industrialist and philanthropist; Portuguese-born);
*Luís Dumont Vilares (businessman, founder of ''Indústrias Villares'', manufacturer of Atlas elevators; Portuguese-born);
*Manoel Saraiva (businessman, co-founder of (MTE) Metalúrgica Termo Elétrica; Portuguese-born)
*Maria da Conceição Tavares (economist; Portuguese-born);
*Valentim dos Santos Diniz (businessman, founder of [[Grupo Pão de Açúcar]]; Portuguese-born).

===Literature===
[[Image:OlindaStreet.jpg|thumb|right|[[Olinda]], metropolitan region of [[Recife]], in the [[pernambuco|State of Pernambuco]], founded by Portuguese.]]
*[[Aluísio Azevedo]] (writer; Portuguese ancestry - Brazilian-born);
*[[Antônio Gonçalves Dias]] (poet; Portuguese father);
*[[António Vieira|Padre António Vieira]] (writer; Portuguese-born);
*[[Augusto Boal]] (playwright and essayist; Portuguese parents);
*Augusto Emílio Zaluar (poet, writer and journalist; Portuguese-born);
*[[Basílio da Gama]] (poet and writer; Portuguese father);
*[[Casimiro de Abreu]] (writer; Portuguese father);
*[[Cecília Meireles]] (writer; Portuguese grandparents);
*[[Cláudio Manuel da Costa]] (writer; Portuguese father);
*[[Coelho Neto]] (writer; Portuguese father);
*[[Euclides da Cunha]] (writer; <!-- Portuguese --> grandparents);
*[[Gregório de Matos]] (colonial poet; Portuguese father);
*[[João Ubaldo Ribeiro]] (writer; Portuguese paternal grandfather);
*[[Machado de Assis]] (writer, Portuguese mother);
*[[Manuel Antônio de Almeida]] (writer; Portuguese parents);
*[[Rubem Fonseca]] (writer; Portuguese parents);
*[[Tomás Antônio Gonzaga]] (poet and involved in the [[Inconfidência Mineira]]; Portuguese-born).

===Music===
[[Image:PacoImperial1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Paço Imperial]], 18th century palace that served as seat for the colonial government, [[John IV of Portugal|King John IV of Portugal]] and the two [[Empire of Brazil|Emperors of Brazil]], is located in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[State of Rio de Janeiro]].]]
*Andre da Silva Gomes (colonial composer; Portuguese-born);
*[[Arthur Napoleão dos Santos]] (composer and pianist);
*[[Carmen Miranda]] (singer and Hollywood actress; Portuguese-born);
*[[César Guerra-Peixe]] (composer and conductor; Portuguese father);
*[[Daniela Mercury]] (singer; Portuguese father);
*Dóris Monteiro (singer; Portuguese parents);
*[[Fernanda Abreu]] (singer and songwriter; Portuguese father);
*Francisco de Morais Alves (singer; Portuguese parents);
*Aníbal Augusto Sardinha (Garoto) (violinist and composer; Portuguese parents);
*[[Joanna]] (singer and songwriter; Portuguese father);
*João Ricardo Carneiro Teixeira Pinto (principal composer of ''[[Secos & Molhados]]''; Portuguese-born);
*[[Marcos Portugal]] (colonial composer; Portuguese-born);
*[[Nelson Gonçalves]] (singer; Portuguese parents);
*Nilton Bastos (sambista; Portuguese father);
*[[Roberto Leal]] (singer; Portuguese-born).

===Sciences===
*Alberto Pacheco (Professor at [[São Paulo State University]] specialist on [[cemetery]] contamination and [[groundwater]]; Portuguese-born).

===Entertainment===
[[Image:Beneficência Portugueza.jpg|thumb|right|Portuguese Hospital in the city of [[Porto Alegre]], [[Rio Grande do Sul|State of Rio Grande do Sul]].]]
*[[Amácio Mazzaropi]] (actor and film-maker; Portuguese mother);
*Antunes Filho (theater director de teatro; Portuguese parents);
*Bibi Ferreira (actress; Portuguese maternal grandmother);
*Elza Gomes (actress; Portuguese-born);
*[[Eugênia Câmara]] (actress; Portuguese-born);
*Fabiana Oliveira (actress; Portuguese father);
*[[Fernanda Montenegro]] (Oscar-nominated actress; Portuguese grandparents);
*Lília Cabral (atriz, mãe portuguesa);
*Maria Adelaide Amaral (playwright; Portuguese-born);
*[[Marília Pêra]] (actress; Portuguese father);
*Procópio Ferreira (actor; Portuguese parents);
*Ruth Escobar (actress and businesswoman; Portuguese-born);
*[[Ruy Guerra]] (director; Portuguese-born);
*[[Thiago Lacerda]] (actor; Portuguese grandparents);
*[[Deco|Anderson Deco]] ([[Portugal national football team|Portuguese footballer]]; unknown).

[[Image:Florianopolis SAntonioLisboa house.jpg|thumb|right|[[Azores|Azorean Portuguese]] house in the city of [[Florianópolis]], [[Santa Catarina State|State of Santa Catarina]].]]
===Fine Arts===
*[[Aleijadinho|Antônio Francisco Lisboa (Aleijadinho)]] (colonial sculptor and architect; Portuguese father);
*Agostinho da Piedade (first sculptor in Brazil; Portuguese-born);
*[[Artur Barrio]] (sculptor and artist; Portuguese-born);
*Christiano Júnior (photographer; Portuguese-born);
*Joaquim Insley Pacheco (photographer; Portuguese-born);
*Joaquim Tenreiro (plastic artist, Portuguese-born);
*Manuel da Costa Ataíde (colonial painter; Portuguese parents);
*Mestre Valentim (colonial sculptor; Portuguese father);
*Ricardo Severo (architect who introduced the [[neocolonial]] [[style]]; Portuguese-born);
*[[Victor Meirelles]] (painter; Azorean-Portuguese parents).

===Government and politics===
*[[Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena]] (Portuguese ancestry- Brazilian citizenship);[[Image:GetúlioVargas-CaxiasDoSul.jpg|thumb|right|President [[Getúlio Vargas]] was of [[Azorean]]-[[Portuguese]] descent.]]
*[[Antônio Carlos Magalhães]] (politician; paternal Portuguese grandparents);
*[[Artur da Costa e Silva]] (Brazilian president; Portuguese parents);
*[[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] (Brazilian president; Portuguese grandparents);
*[[Getúlio Vargas]] (Brazilian president; descendant of Azorean-Portuguese);
*José Gomes Temporão (Health Minister in the [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]] administration, Portuguese-born);
*[[Mário Covas]] (politician; Portuguese grandparents);
*Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro (''Senador Vergueiro'') (politician; Portuguese-born);
*[[Rodrigues Alves]] (Brazilian president; Portuguese grandparents);
*[[Rubem Fonseca]] (Brazilian writer).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
*[[Geographic distribution of Portuguese]]
*[[Demography of Brazil]]
*[[White Brazilians]]
*[[White Latin American]]
*[[Brazilian people]]

==References==
*[http://www.casadobrasil.info/spip.php?article243 Casa do Brasil quer imigração em debate na cimeira UE-Brasil]

==External links==
*[http://www.bitourism.com/countryinfo/countryinfo_immigration.asp##PO Article about immigration to Brazil]
*[http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/index2.html IBGE, in Portuguese]
* [http://www.casadobrasil.info/spip.php?article243 Casa do Brasil quer imigração em debate na cimeira UE-Brasil]

{{Demographics of Brazil}}
{{Brazil topics}}
{{Portuguese diaspora}}

[[Category:Brazilians of Portuguese descent|*]]
[[Category:Brazilian people|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Brazil]]
[[Category:Brazilian society]]
[[Category:Portuguese people]]

[[es:Inmigración portuguesa en Brasil]]
[[fr:Immigration portugaise au Brésil]]
[[pt:Luso-brasileiro]]

Revision as of 21:28, 10 October 2008

"Black Masks and Gasoline"
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"Black Masks & Gasoline" is the first song that was released by punk rock band Rise Against in 2003 and was written by frontman Tim McIlrath.

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