Polyommatinae: Difference between revisions

Polyommatinae
	Polyommatus icarus, in Austria.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Superfamily:	Papilionoidea
Family:	Lycaenidae
Subfamily:	Polyommatinae; Swainson, 1827
Tribes
	Candalidini; Lycaenesthini; Niphandini; Polyommatini;

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Polyommatinae, the blues, are a diverse subfamily of gossamer-winged butterflies (family Lycaenidae).

This subfamily was long used to assign taxa of unclear relationships, and its contents and phylogeny are still in need of revision. The following four tribes are generally recognized within Polyommatinae,^[1] with Polyommatini comprising most of the genera and species:

Candalidini Eliot 1973
Lycaenesthini Toxopeus 1929
Niphandini Eliot 1973
Polyommatini Swainson 1827

The polyommatinae have variations of blue wing colouration which are due to the differences in the nanostructure of the body scales. ^[2]

References[edit]

^ Tolweb
^ VéRtesy, Z.; BáLint, Zs.; KertéSz, K.; Vigneron, J. P.; Lousse, V.; Biró, L. P. (November 2006). "Wing scale microstructures and nanostructures in butterflies − natural photonic crystals". Journal of Microscopy. 224 (1): 108–110. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01678.x. ISSN 0022-2720. PMID 17100919.

External links[edit]

Savela, Markku. "Polyommatinae". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
Tolweb.
Butterflies and Moths of North America
Butterflies of America

This Polyommatinae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Tolweb

[2] VéRtesy, Z.; BáLint, Zs.; KertéSz, K.; Vigneron, J. P.; Lousse, V.; Biró, L. P. (November 2006). "Wing scale microstructures and nanostructures in butterflies − natural photonic crystals". Journal of Microscopy. 224 (1): 108–110. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01678.x. ISSN 0022-2720. PMID 17100919.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Subfamily of butterflies}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Automatic taxobox
-| name = Polyommatinae
-| image = Common grass blue.jpg
+| image = Polyommatus icarus - Burgenland.jpg
+| image_caption = ''[[Polyommatus icarus]]'', in Austria.
-| image_width = 250px
+| taxon = Polyommatinae
-| image_caption = Common Grass Blue
+| authority = [[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1827
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| display_parents = 2
-| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
-| classis = [[Insect]]a
-| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
-| unranked_familia = [[Rhopalocera]]
-| superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]]
-| familia = [[Lycaenidae]]
-| subfamilia = '''Polyommatinae'''
 | subdivision_ranks = [[Tribe (biology)|Tribe]]s
 | subdivision =
-[[Candalidini]]<br>
+*[[Candalidini]]
-[[Lycaenesthini]]<br>
+*[[Lycaenesthini]]
-[[Niphandini]]<br>
+*[[Niphandini]]
-[[Polyommatini]]<br>
+*[[Polyommatini]]
-and see text
 }}
-{{Wikispecies}}
-'''Polyommatinae''', the '''blues''', are a [[subfamily]] of gossamer-winged butterflies ([[Lycaenidae]]). It was long used to assign [[taxa]] of unclear relationships, and its contents are in need of revision. Several genera might not even belong here.
+'''Polyommatinae''', the '''blues''', are a diverse [[subfamily]] of gossamer-winged butterflies (family [[Lycaenidae]]).
-==Notable taxa==
-* ''[[Celastrina ladon]]'', Spring Azure
-* ''[[Celastrina neglecta]]'', Summer Azure
-* ''[[Everes comyntas]]'', Eastern-tailed Blue
-* ''[[Euphilotes battoides allyni]]'', El Segundo Blue
-* ''[[Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana]]'', Sand Mountain Blue
-* ''[[Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis]]'', Palos Verdes Blue
-* ''[[Glaucopsyche xerces]]'', Xerces Blue – [[extinct]] (1941)
-* ''[[Icaricia icarioides fenderi]]'', Fender's Blue
-* ''[[Plebejus argus]]'', Silver-studded Blue
-* ''[[Polyommatus icarus]]'', Common Blue
-* ''[[Polyommatus semiargus]]'', Mazarine Blue
-* ''[[Pseudozizeeria maha]]'', Pale Grass Blue
+This subfamily was long used to assign [[taxa]] of unclear relationships, and its contents and phylogeny are still in need of revision.
-==Genera ''incertae sedis''==
+The following four tribes are generally recognized within Polyommatinae,<ref>[http://tolweb.org/Polyommatinae/106371 Tolweb]</ref> with [[Polyommatini]] comprising most of the genera and species:
-These [[genus|genera]] are of unclear affinities.
+* [[Candalidini]] Eliot 1973
+* [[Lycaenesthini]] Toxopeus 1929
+* [[Niphandini]] Eliot 1973
+* [[Polyommatini]] Swainson 1827
+The polyommatinae have variations of blue wing colouration which are due to the differences in the nanostructure of the body scales.  <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=VéRtesy |first1=Z. |last2=BáLint |first2=Zs. |last3=KertéSz |first3=K. |last4=Vigneron |first4=J. P. |last5=Lousse |first5=V. |last6=Biró |first6=L. P. |date=November 2006 |title=Wing scale microstructures and nanostructures in butterflies − natural photonic crystals |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01678.x |journal=Journal of Microscopy |language=en |volume=224 |issue=1 |pages=108–110 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01678.x |pmid=17100919 |issn=0022-2720}}</ref>
+==References==
-<div float="left">
+{{Reflist}}
-{{col-begin|width=70%}}
-{{col-1-of-3}}
-*''[[Acytolepis]]'' §
-*''[[Agriades]]'' – Polyommatini? (often included in ''[[Plebejus]]'')
-*''[[Albulina]]'' – Polyommatini? (often included in ''Plebejus'')
-*''[[Athysanota]]''
-*''[[Boliviella]]''
-*''[[Bothrinia]]''
-*''[[Caerulea]]''
-*''[[Callenya]]'' §
-*''[[Callictita]]'' ‡
-*''[[Cebrella]]'' §
-*''[[Celarchus]]'' §
-*''[[Celatoxia]]'' §
-*''[[Cherchiella]]''
-*''[[Chilades]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Cyclirius]]''
-*''[[Discolampa]]'' ‡
-*''[[Eldoradina]]''
-*''[[Elkalyce]]''
-*''[[Epimastidia]]'' ‡ – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Facula (butterfly)|Facula]]''
-*''[[Glabroculus]]''
-{{col-2-of-3}}
-*''[[Harpendyreus]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Itylos (butterfly)|Itylos]]''
-*''[[Lestranicus]]'' §
-*''[[Lycaeides]]'' (often included in ''Plebejus'')
-*''[[Madeleinea]]''
-*''[[Maslowskia]]''
-*''[[Megisba]]'' §
-*''[[Micropsyche]]''
-*''[[Monodontides]]'' §
-*''[[Neopithecops]]'' § – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Nivalis]]''
-*''[[Oboronia]]''
-*''[[Orachrysops]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Oraidium]]''
-*''[[Oreolyce]]'' §
-*''[[Orthomiella]]''
-*''[[Otnjukovia]]''
-*''[[Palaeophilotes]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Pallidula]]''
-*''[[Parelodina]]'' §
-*''[[Phengaris]]''
-*''[[Phlyaria]]''
-{{col-3-of-3}}
-*''[[Pistoria]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Plautella]]'' §
-*''[[Praephilotes]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Pseudonacaduba]]'' ‡ – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Pseudophilotes]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Psychonotis]]'' ‡
-*''[[Ptox]]'' §
-*''[[Rhinelephas]]'' §
-*''[[Rysops]]'' ‡
-*''[[Shijimia]]''
-*''[[Sidima]]'' §
-*''[[Sinia]]''
-*''[[Sinocupido]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Subsolanoides]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Talicada]]''
-*''[[Thermoniphas]]''
-*''[[Tongeia]]''
-*''[[Turanana]]''
-*''[[Tuxentius]]'' – Polyommatini?
-*''[[Udara]]'' §
-*''[[Upolampes]]'' ‡
-*''[[Uranobothria]]'' §
-{{col-end}}
-Genera above marked with the § symbol are valid genera in the Lycaenopsis Group of the [[Polyommatini]] in accordance with Eliot & Kawazoe, 1983 and Hirowatari, 1992.
+==External links==
-==Doubtful Polyommatinae==
+{{Commons category}}
-The genera in this list are considered Polyommatinae by some authors, but at least some belong elsewhere:
+{{Wikispecies}}
+* {{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=https://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/polyommatinae/ |title=Polyommatinae |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=August 11, 2019}}
+* [http://tolweb.org/Polyommatinae/106371 Tolweb].
+* [http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ Butterflies and Moths of North America]
+* [http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/ Butterflies of America]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q460892}}
-*''[[Catopyrops]]'' – Lycaeninae? [Polyommatini, ''per'' Braby (2005)] ‡
-*''[[Erysichton]]'' – Lycaeninae? [Polyommatini, ''per'' Braby (2005)] ‡
+[[Category:Polyommatinae| ]]
-*''[[Ionolyce]]'' – Lycaeninae? [Polyommatini, ''per'' Braby (2005)] ‡
+[[Category:Taxa named by William John Swainson]]
-*''[[Lepidochrysops]]'' – Polyommatini? Lycaeninae?
+[[Category:Butterfly subfamilies]]
-*''[[Neolucia]]'' – Lycaeninae? [Polyommatini, ''per'' Braby (2005)] ‡
-*''[[Paralycaeides]]'' – Polyommatini? Lycaeninae?
-*''[[Prosotas]]'' – Polyommatini? Lycaeninae? [Polyommatini, ''per'' Braby (2005)] ‡
-*''[[Sahulana]]'' – Lycaeninae? [Polyommatini, ''per'' Braby (2005)] ‡
-*''[[Theclinesthes]]'' – Lycaeninae? [Polyommatini, ''per'' Braby (2005)] ‡
-*''[[Uranothauma]]'' – Lycaeninae?
-Genera above marked with the ‡ symbol are valid genera in the [[Polyommatini]] in accordance with Hirowatari, 1992.
-==References==
-*{{aut|Eliot, J. N. and Kawazoe, A.}}, 1983. ''Blue butterflies of the ''Lycaenopsis'' group'': 1-309, 6 pls. London.
-*{{aut|Hirowatari, T.}}, 1992. A generic classification of the tribe Polyommatini of the Oriental and Australian regions (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae). [http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110004789037/en ''Bulletin''] ''of the University of Osaka Prefecture''(B), '''44'''(Suppl.)
-{{commonscat}}
 {{Polyommatinae-stub}}
-[[Category:Polyommatinae|*]]
-[[fr:Polyommatinae]]
-[[fy:Blaujurkflinters]]
-[[it:Polyommatinae]]
-[[zh:蓝灰蝶亚科]]