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In ancient Roman religion, Portunes (alternatively spelled Portumnes or Portunus) was a god of keys, doors and livestock. He protected the warehouses where grain was stored. Probably because of folk associations between porta "gate, door" and portus "harbor", the "gateway" to the sea, Portunus later became conflated with Palaemon and evolved into a god primarily of ports and harbors.^[1]

His festival, celebrated on August 17, the seventeenth day before the Kalends of September, was the Portumnalia, a minor occasion in the Roman year. On this day, keys were thrown into a fire for good luck in a very solemn and lugubrious manner. His attribute was a key and his main temple in the city of Rome, the Temple of Portunus, was to be found in the Forum Boarium.

Portunus appears to be closely related to the god Janus, with whom he shares many characters, functions and the symbol of the key.^[2] He too was represented as a two headed being, with each head facing opposite directions, on coins and as figurehead of ships. He was considered to be "deus portuum portarumque praeses"^[3] (lit. God presiding over ports and gates.) The relationship between the two gods is underlined by the fact that the date chosen for the dedication of the rebuilt temple of Janus in the Forum Holitorium by emperor Tiberius is the day of the Portunalia, August 17.^[4]

Linguist Giuliano Bonfante has speculated, on the grounds of his cult and of the meaning of his name, that he should be a very archaic deity and might date back to an era when Latins lived in dwellings built on pilings.^[5] He argues that in Latin the words porta (door, gate) and portus (harbour, port) share their etymology from the same IE root meaning ford, wading point.

His flamen, the flamen Portunalis one of the flamines minores performed the ritual of oiling the spear (hasta) on the statue of god Quirinus, with an ointment especially prepared for this purpose and stored in a small vase (persillum).^[6]

References and sources

References

^ "Portunus gives to the sailor perfect safety in traversing the seas; but why has the raging sea cast up so many cruelly-shattered wrecks?" the Christian apologist Arnobius asks, c. 300 CE (Seven Books against the Heathen III.23 (on-line text).
^ Paul. p. 161 L2
^ Scholium Veron. on Aeneid V.241
^ Georges Dumézil La religion romaine archaïque Paris, 1974, part I, chap.4
^ G. Bonfante "Tracce di terminologia palafitticola nel vocabolario latino?" Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere e arti 97 (1937:53-70).
^ Fest. p. 321 L2

Sources

Marcus Terentius Varro, De Lingua Latina vi.19.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Portunus" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

William Smith, 1875. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities( John Murray, London,): "Portumnalia"

[1] "Portunus gives to the sailor perfect safety in traversing the seas; but why has the raging sea cast up so many cruelly-shattered wrecks?" the Christian apologist Arnobius asks, c. 300 CE (Seven Books against the Heathen III.23 (on-line text).

[2] Paul. p. 161 L2

[3] Scholium Veron. on Aeneid V.241

[4] Georges Dumézil La religion romaine archaïque Paris, 1974, part I, chap.4

[5] G. Bonfante "Tracce di terminologia palafitticola nel vocabolario latino?" Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere e arti 97 (1937:53-70).

[6] Fest. p. 321 L2

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 {{Ancient Roman religion}}
-In [[ancient Roman religion]], '''Portunes''' (alternatively spelled ''Portumnes'' or ''Portunus'') was a god of keys, doors and livestock. He protected the warehouses where grain was stored. Probably because of folk associations between ''porta'' "gate, door" and ''portus'' "harbor", the "gateway" to the sea, Portunus later became conflated with [[Melicertes|Palaemon]] and evolved into a god primarily of ports and harbors.<ref>"Portunus gives to the sailor perfect safety in traversing the seas; but why has the raging sea cast up so many cruelly-shattered wrecks?" the Christian apologist [[Arnobius]] asks, c. 300 CE (''Seven Books against the Heathen'' III.23 ([http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1008/__P3.HTM on-line text]).</ref> In the Latin adjective ''importunus'' his name was applied to untimely waves and weather and contrary winds, and the Latin echoes in English ''opportune'' and its old-fashioned antonym ''importune'', meaning "well timed' and "badly timed". Hence Portunus is behind both an ''opportunity'' and ''importunate'' or badly timed solicitations (''[[OED]]'').
+In [[ancient Roman religion]], '''Portunes''' (alternatively spelled ''Portumnes'' or ''Portunus'') was a god of keys, doors and livestock. He protected the warehouses where grain was stored. Probably because of folk associations between ''porta'' "gate, door" and ''portus'' "harbor", the "gateway" to the sea, Portunus later became conflated with [[Melicertes|Palaemon]] and evolved into a god primarily of ports and harbors.<ref>"Portunus gives to the sailor perfect safety in traversing the seas; but why has the raging sea cast up so many cruelly-shattered wrecks?" the Christian apologist [[Arnobius]] asks, c. 300 CE (''Seven Books against the Heathen'' III.23 ([http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1008/__P3.HTM on-line text]).</ref>
 [[Image:TempleOfPortunus-ForumBoarium.jpg|thumb|left|[[Temple of Portunus]] in the [[Forum Boarium]]]]
 His festival, celebrated on August 17, the seventeenth day before the [[Kalends]] of September, was the '''Portumnalia''', a minor occasion in the Roman year. On this day, keys were thrown into a fire for good luck in a very solemn and lugubrious manner. His attribute was a key and his main temple in the city of [[Rome]], the [[Temple of Portunus]], was to be found in the [[Forum Boarium]].
-Portunus appears to be closely related to the god [[Janus]], with whom he shares many characters, functions and the symbol of the key.<ref>Paul. p. 161 L2</ref> He too was represented as a two headed being, with each head facing opposite directions, on coins and as figurehead of ships. He was considered to be "deus portuum portarumque praeses"<ref>[[Scholium]] Veron. on ''Aeneid'' V.241</ref>
+Portunus appears to be closely related to the god [[Janus]], with whom he shares many characters, functions and the symbol of the key.<ref>Paul. p. 161 L2</ref> He too was represented as a two headed being, with each head facing opposite directions, on coins and as figurehead of ships. He was considered to be "deus portuum portarumque praeses"<ref>[[Scholium]] Veron. on ''Aeneid'' V.241</ref> (lit. God presiding over ports and gates.) The relationship between the two gods is underlined by the fact that the date chosen for the dedication of the rebuilt temple of Janus in the [[Forum Holitorium]] by emperor [[Tiberius]] is the day of the [[Portunalia]], August 17.<ref>Georges Dumézil ''La religion romaine archaïque'' Paris, 1974, part I,  chap.4</ref>
-(lit. God presiding over ports and gates.)
-The relationship between the two gods is underlined by the fact that the date chosen for the dedication of the rebuilt temple of Janus in the [[Forum Holitorium]] by emperor [[Tiberius]] is the day of the [[Portunalia]], August 17.<ref>Georges Dumézil ''La religion romaine archaïque'' Paris, 1974, part I,  chap.4</ref>
 Linguist Giuliano Bonfante has speculated, on the grounds of his cult and of the meaning of his name, that he should be a very archaic deity and might date back to an era when Latins lived in dwellings built on pilings.<ref>G. Bonfante "Tracce di terminologia palafitticola nel vocabolario latino?" ''Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere e arti'' '''97''' (1937:53-70).</ref> He argues that in Latin the words  ''porta'' (door, gate) and ''portus'' (harbour, port) share their etymology from the same IE root meaning ''ford'', ''wading point''.