List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin and Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH: Difference between pages

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{{redir|CEPH|the distributed filesystem|Ceph}}
The table below is a '''list of United States presidential elections ordered by margin of victory''' in the '''[[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] vote'''.
[[Image:Centre Etude Polymorphisme Humain Institut Genetique Moleculaire Paris France.jpg|200px|thumb|CEPH]]
{{coord|48.875592|2.368539|region:FR_type:landmark|display=title}}
'''Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain''' (or the '''Center for the Study of Human [[polymorphism (biology)|Polymorphism]]s'''), now called the Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH, is an international genetic research center located in [[Paris]], [[France]]. It produced a map that includes genetic markers of human [[chromosomes]] using a resource of [[biological immortality|immortalised]] cell cultures.


==Background==
== Definition of the margin ==
===Informal definition===
In modern presidential elections, the margin of victory does '''not''' depend on the margin between the winner and his or her main rival. If the “winner” doesn't get a majority of the electoral vote, the election is thrown into the House of Representatives where the candidate's rival may very well be chosen. On the other hand, if a candidate does get a majority, he or she is guaranteed to have more votes than his or her rivals. Thus, the margin of victory should be the candidate's margin of majority; that is, it should be the margin of votes above 50%.


In his 2005 addendum to his biography for the 1980 [[Nobel Prize]][http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/dausset-bio.html], [[Jean Dausset]] noted that, thanks to his Nobel Prize and a grant from the French Téléthon, he had been able in 1984 to create the Human Polymorphism Study Center (CEPH), which soon after became Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH. Dausset founded CEPH with the collaboration of Professors Howard Cann and Daniel Cohen.
Because the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] has grown in size, the results are [[normalization constant|normalized]] to compensate. For example, take two elections, [[United States presidential election, 1848|1848]] and [[United States presidential election, 1968|1968]]. In the election of 1968 [[Richard Nixon]] got a majority by 32 votes. At first glance, the election of 1848 appears closer, because [[Zachary Taylor]] got a majority by only 18 votes. But Nixon could have gotten as many as 269 votes above a majority (if he had won unanimously), while Taylor could only have gotten 145 votes above a majority. Thus, we normalize the two elections to compare them. We calculate Nixon's margin of victory by dividing the 32 by 269 to get 0.119. We do the same with Taylor, dividing 18 by 145, to get 0.124. And we find that Nixon's election was actually closer because a smaller fraction of the electors separated Nixon from a contingent election (or a loss).


==Human Genome==
Now, there's one more wrinkle. The foregoing explanation applies to modern elections. However, prior to the passage of the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|12th Amendment]], the winner of the presidential election was the person who got a majority of electors to vote for him '''and''' who got the most number of votes, because each elector cast two presidential votes. Thus, for elections prior to [[1804]], if two candidates got above 50% of the electors, the margin of victory is the victorious candidate's margin over the other candidate who got above 50% of the electors. As it happens, of the four elections prior to the 12th Amendment, two involved two candidates getting above 50% of the electors: [[United States presidential election, 1792|1792]] and [[United States presidential election, 1800|1800]].


Numerous collaborators working on the same large families as Dausset had collected for his Nobel Prize-winning studies on the [[HLA]] system, led to the addition of numerous gene markers and made it feasible to publish the first [[genetic map]] and, later on, the first [[physical map]] of the [[human genome]].
===Mathematical definition===
The margin of victory in the election is calculated as follows:


==New resources==
Let ''c'' be the total number of electors voting in the election. Let ''w'' be the number of electoral votes cast for the candidate with the most electoral votes, and let ''r'' be the number of votes for the runner-up.


An exhaustive study of human populations around the world has also produced important publications from CEPH. Besides this, DNA samples from [[sibship]]s of people over 95 years old and a bank of [[centenarian]]s now provide a valuable research resource at the Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH.
According to the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]], the electoral vote called a "draw" and sent into the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] if the candidate with the most votes does not get a [[simple majority]] of the electors voting. So, the margin of victory is the number of electoral votes over both the runner-up and half the electoral votes cast. For elections after the passage of the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|12th Amendment]], the runner-up will always have less than half of the electoral votes cast, so the absolute margin of victory will be the difference of the winner's electoral votes and half the electoral votes cast. To express this in mathematical formulae:


==External links==
: <math>\mbox{absolute margin of victory} = \begin{cases}0; & w \le \frac{c}{2} \\ w - \max\{r, \frac{c}{2}\}; & w > \frac{c}{2} \end{cases}</math>


* [http://www.cephb.fr/cephdb/ CEPH Genotype database]
The minimum possible value for the margin of victory is clearly zero. The maximum possible value of the margin of victory occurs in the case in which each elector casts a vote for the winning candidate and the runner-up gets no more than half of the vote. In this case, the maximum margin of victory is ''c''/2. In order to meaningfully compare election to election, we need that maximum margin to be constant from election to election. Thus, we divide the absolute margin of victory by ''c''/2 to get a normalized margin of victory that ranges from 0 to 1:


[[Category:Genetics or genomics research institutions]]
: <math>\mbox{normalized margin of victory} = \begin{cases}0; & w \le \frac{c}{2} \\ \frac{w - \max\{r, \frac{c}{2}\}}{\frac{c}{2}}; & w > \frac{c}{2} \end{cases}</math>
[[Category:Research institutes in France]]


==Table of election results==


{{med-org-stub}}
Note that in the following table, the [[United States presidential election, 1824|election of 1824]] is ranked closer than the [[United States presidential election, 1800|election of 1800]] because the election of 1800 resulted in a 2-way draw, while the election of 1824 resulted in a 3-way draw.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank
! Year
! Winner
! # of<br />Electors<br />(''c'')
! Votes Cast<br />for Winner<br />(''w'')
! Votes Cast<br />for Runner-Up<br />(''r'')
! Electoral Vote<br />Margin of<br />Victory
|-
| 1.
| [[United States presidential election, 1824|1824]]
| draw: [[Andrew Jackson]], [[John Quincy Adams]], [[William H. Crawford|William Crawford]]
| 261
| 84
| 99
| 0.000
|-
| 2.
| [[United States presidential election, 1800|1800]]
| draw: [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Aaron Burr]]
| 138
| 73
| 73
| 0.000
|-
| 3.
| [[United States presidential election, 1876|1876]]
| [[Rutherford B. Hayes]]
| 369
| 185
| 184
| 0.003
|-
| 4.
| [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]]
| [[George W. Bush]]
| 538
| 271
| 266
| 0.009
|-
| 5.
| [[United States presidential election, 1796|1796]]
| [[John Adams]]
| 138
| 71
| 68
| 0.029
|-
| 6.
| [[United States presidential election, 1916|1916]]
| [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| 531
| 277
| 254
| 0.043
|-
| 7.
| [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]]
| [[George W. Bush]]
| 538
| 286
| 251
| 0.063
|-
| 8.
| [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884]]
| [[Grover Cleveland]]
| 401
| 219
| 182
| 0.092
|-
| 9.
| [[United States presidential election, 1976|1976]]
| [[Jimmy Carter]]
| 538
| 297
| 240
| 0.104
|-
| 10.
| [[United States presidential election, 1968|1968]]
| [[Richard Nixon]]
| 538
| 301
| 191
| 0.119
|-
| 11.
| [[United States presidential election, 1848|1848]]
| [[Zachary Taylor]]
| 290
| 163
| 127
| 0.124
|-
| 12.
| [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960]]
| [[John F. Kennedy]]
| 537
| 303
| 219
| 0.128
|-
| 13.
| [[United States presidential election, 1948|1948]]
| [[Harry S. Truman]]
| 531
| 303
| 189
| 0.141
|-
| 14.
| [[United States presidential election, 1836|1836]]
| [[Martin Van Buren]]
| 294
| 170
| 73
| 0.156
|-
| 15.
| [[United States presidential election, 1880|1880]]
| [[James A. Garfield]]
| 369
| 214
| 155
| 0.160
|-
| 16.
| [[United States presidential election, 1888|1888]]
| [[Benjamin Harrison]]
| 401
| 233
| 168
| 0.162
|-
| 17.
| [[United States presidential election, 1856|1856]]
| [[James Buchanan]]
| 296
| 174
| 114
| 0.176
|-
| 18.
| [[United States presidential election, 1812|1812]]
| [[James Madison]]
| 217
| 128
| 89
| 0.180
|-
| 19.
| [[United States presidential election, 1860|1860]]
| [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| 303
| 180
| 72
| 0.188
|-
| 20.
| [[United States presidential election, 1896|1896]]
| [[William McKinley]]
| 447
| 271
| 176
| 0.213
|-
| 21.
| [[United States presidential election, 1844|1844]]
| [[James K. Polk]]
| 275
| 170
| 105
| 0.236
|-
| 22.
| [[United States presidential election, 1892|1892]]
| [[Grover Cleveland]]
| 444
| 277
| 145
| 0.248
|-
| 23.
| [[United States presidential election, 1900|1900]]
| [[William McKinley]]
| 447
| 292
| 155
| 0.306
|-
| 24.
| [[United States presidential election, 1908|1908]]
| [[William Howard Taft]]
| 483
| 321
| 162
| 0.329
|-
| 25.
| [[United States presidential election, 1828|1828]]
| [[Andrew Jackson]]
| 261
| 178
| 83
| 0.364
|-
| 26.
| [[United States presidential election, 1992|1992]]
| [[Bill Clinton]]
| 538
| 370
| 168
| 0.375
|-
| 27.
| [[United States presidential election, 1808|1808]]
| [[James Madison]]
| 175
| 122
| 47
| 0.394
|-
| 28.
| [[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]]
| [[Bill Clinton]]
| 538
| 379
| 159
| 0.409
|-
| 29.
| [[United States presidential election, 1904|1904]]
| [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| 476
| 336
| 140
| 0.412
|-
| 30.
| [[United States presidential election, 1924|1924]]
| [[Calvin Coolidge]]
| 531
| 382
| 136
| 0.439
|-
| 31.
| [[United States presidential election, 1868|1868]]
| [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
| 294
| 214
| 80
| 0.456
|-
| 32.
| [[United States presidential election, 1920|1920]]
| [[Warren G. Harding]]
| 531
| 404
| 127
| 0.522
|-
| 33.
| [[United States presidential election, 1832|1832]]
| [[Andrew Jackson]]
| 286
| 219
| 49
| 0.531
|-
| 34.
| [[United States presidential election, 1988|1988]]
| [[George H. W. Bush]]
| 538
| 426
| 111
| 0.584
|-
| 35.
| [[United States presidential election, 1840|1840]]
| [[William Henry Harrison]]
| 294
| 234
| 60
| 0.592
|-
| 36.
| [[United States presidential election, 1944|1944]]
| [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| 531
| 432
| 99
| 0.627
|-
| 37.
| [[United States presidential election, 1912|1912]]
| [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| 531
| 435
| 88
| 0.638
|-
| 38.
| [[United States presidential election, 1872|1872]]
| [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
| 349
| 286
| 42
| 0.639
|-
| 39.
| [[United States presidential election, 1952|1952]]
| [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| 531
| 442
| 89
| 0.665
|-
| 40.
| [[United States presidential election, 1928|1928]]
| [[Herbert Hoover]]
| 531
| 444
| 87
| 0.672
|-
| 41.
| [[United States presidential election, 1816|1816]]
| [[James Monroe]]
| 217
| 183
| 34
| 0.687
|-
| 42.
| [[United States presidential election, 1940|1940]]
| [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| 531
| 449
| 82
| 0.691
|-
| 43.
| [[United States presidential election, 1852|1852]]
| [[Franklin Pierce]]
| 296
| 254
| 42
| 0.716
|-
| 44.
| [[United States presidential election, 1956|1956]]
| [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| 531
| 457
| 73
| 0.721
|-
| 45.
| [[United States presidential election, 1932|1932]]
| [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| 531
| 472
| 59
| 0.778
|-
| 46.
| [[United States presidential election, 1964|1964]]
| [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| 538
| 486
| 52
| 0.807
|-
| 47.
| [[United States presidential election, 1980|1980]]
| [[Ronald Reagan]]
| 538
| 489
| 49
| 0.818
|-
| 48.
| [[United States presidential election, 1864|1864]]
| [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| 233
| 212
| 21
| 0.820
|-
| 49.
| [[United States presidential election, 1792|1792]]
| [[George Washington]]
| 132
| 132
| 77
| 0.833*
|-
| 50.
| [[United States presidential election, 1804|1804]]
| [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| 176
| 162
| 14
| 0.841
|-
| 51.
| [[United States presidential election, 1972|1972]]
| [[Richard Nixon]]
| 538
| 520
| 17
| 0.933
|-
| 52.
| [[United States presidential election, 1984|1984]]
| [[Ronald Reagan]]
| 538
| 525
| 13
| 0.952
|-
| 53.
| [[United States presidential election, 1936|1936]]
| [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| 531
| 523
| 8
| 0.970
|-
| 54.
| [[United States presidential election, 1820|1820]]
| [[James Monroe]]
| 232
| 231
| 1
| 0.991
|-
| 55.
| [[United States presidential election, 1789|1789]]
| [[George Washington]]
| 69
| 69
| 0
| 1.000*
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Unanimous.''

== References ==
* [http://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html How close were Presidential Elections?] - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}}

{{Lists of Presidents of the United States}}

<!--Other languages-->

<!--Categories-->
[[Category:United States presidential elections]]

Revision as of 12:55, 10 October 2008

"CEPH" redirects here. For the distributed filesystem, see Ceph.
CEPH

48°52′32″N 2°22′07″E / 48.875592°N 2.368539°E / 48.875592; 2.368539 Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (or the Center for the Study of Human Polymorphisms), now called the Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH, is an international genetic research center located in Paris, France. It produced a map that includes genetic markers of human chromosomes using a resource of immortalised cell cultures.

Background

In his 2005 addendum to his biography for the 1980 Nobel Prize[1], Jean Dausset noted that, thanks to his Nobel Prize and a grant from the French Téléthon, he had been able in 1984 to create the Human Polymorphism Study Center (CEPH), which soon after became Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH. Dausset founded CEPH with the collaboration of Professors Howard Cann and Daniel Cohen.

Human Genome

Numerous collaborators working on the same large families as Dausset had collected for his Nobel Prize-winning studies on the HLA system, led to the addition of numerous gene markers and made it feasible to publish the first genetic map and, later on, the first physical map of the human genome.

New resources

An exhaustive study of human populations around the world has also produced important publications from CEPH. Besides this, DNA samples from sibships of people over 95 years old and a bank of centenarians now provide a valuable research resource at the Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH.

External links


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