Centennial

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Muriel Duckworth (2008)

A person who has reached the age of 100 is referred to as a centenarian (very rarely also centenary, compare English centenarian ).

General

As has been the case for centuries, the public interest in extraordinarily old people is quite high. In the 17th and 18th centuries there was a real "centenarian cult". Around 1937, Morris Ernest founded a centenary club in England. Ernest named a Miss K. Lundket, who died at the age of 111 years and 327 days, as a record. The oldest over 100 years old in the Federal Republic of Germany with an authentic birth certificate was K. Braun in 1975 at the age of 111. The highest authenticated age at that time was around 115 years.

Demographics

Global

In 2013, the UN estimates that there were around 343,000 centenarians living in the world, and the number could increase tenfold to at least 3.2 million by 2050.

Germany

Emma Wiese, at the age of 103, Kiel's second oldest citizen in January 1973

In 2017 there were 16,500 centenarians living in Germany. In 2010 there were 13,198 and in 2000 5937 centenarians. For people born around 1900, the chance of turning 100 was about one percent. According to forecasts, more than half of those born in Germany around the year 2000 will reach the age of 100.

Austria

At the beginning of 2018, according to Statistics Austria, there were a total of 1019 people in Austria who had reached the age of 100, 85% of whom were women.

Switzerland

In Switzerland , life expectancy was 85.4 years for women and 81.4 years for men in 2017. According to the UN, life expectancy in Switzerland was the third highest in the world between 2010 and 2015. Accordingly, there were 1,546 centenarians in Switzerland in 2017. This is almost 0.2 ‰ of the total population of 8.039 million.

Japan

In 2014, the number of Japanese centenarians rose to 58,820, up from the previous year by 4,423.

Lithuania

In 2016 there were 349 centenarians living in Lithuania (2013: 394, 2008: 479).

United States

The United States is believed to be around 50,000 centenarians.

health

Pathologies

According to a study carried out in Denmark over a century, they suffer from an average of 4.3 diseases, with the cardiovascular system being particularly affected. Three quarters of the Danish centenarians surveyed said they had been treated for pneumonia, heart attack, stroke or malignant neoplasms and fractures in the hip area.

ATTR amyloidosis of the heart appears to be a major cause of death in centenarians, according to a series of systematic autopsies. The cardiomyopathy, which is caused by the accumulation of the serum protein transthyretin, is ultimately fatal.

Gerontogenic and other protective factors

Almost all male centenarians are slim, while many women who reach the age of 100 have children for the first time at the age of 35 or 40, with a woman who has a child after the age of 40 has four times that has a great chance of being 100 years old, like women who have their first child earlier.

However, it is possible that late motherhood and reaching the age of 100 are merely correlated because the same factors are responsible for longer fertility and longer life.

At least half of all centenarians have close relatives (especially siblings) who are also above average. This underlines the importance of "longevity genes " (so-called " gerontogens "), but also of the social environment.

Genetic tests have shown that 24 percent of centenarians among Ashkenazi Jews carry a special variant of the gene that codes for the cholesterol ester transfer protein: CETP is an enzyme that plays an important role in cholesterol metabolism: an increased amount Having CETP protein in the blood is associated with lower incidences of high blood pressure, heart disease and memory problems.

The forkhead box protein O3 also appears to play a role in the longevity and health of some centenarians.

research

Second Heidelberg centenary study

In 2011 and 2012, researchers surveyed a total of 112 centenarians from the greater Heidelberg area as part of the “Second Heidelberg Centenary Study” (HD100-II) about their activities, their social environment and their satisfaction with life. The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive picture of centenarians and their living conditions in Germany.

One result of the study is that the centenarians living in Germany today are mentally and physically more vital than the same aged people of earlier generations. In addition, they live more autonomously, with a larger proportion being able, for example, to prepare and take meals without outside help, to make phone calls or to manage financial matters. Slightly more than half (52 percent) of the respondents have no or negligible mental deficits.

Genomics X Prize

In 2006, the so-called Archon Genomics X Prize was awarded in the United States by the non-profit X-Prize Foundation, which offers the research team, which is the first to decipher the genomes of 100 healthy over 100-year-olds in 30 days, a prize of ten million dollars .

Previously, many studies of human longevity and health had focused on the inherited genes directly linked to specific diseases such as Alzheimer's or diabetes, while the Genomics X-Prize aims to uncover gene sequences associated with health, longevity, and resilience stay in contact.

Blue Zones

There are statistical clusters of extremely old people in various places around the world, known as blue zones , including: Sardinia , Ikaria in Greece, Loma Linda in California, the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica and the Japanese island of Okinawa .

In a total of 14 mountain villages in eastern Sardinia there are more than 31 over centenarians per 100,000 inhabitants, while the average in all of Sardinia is still 21. A genetic defect in the G6PD gene appears to be widespread among the Sardinians.

Among the approximately 8,500 inhabitants of Ikaria , the proportion of people over 90 is ten times the European average, while cancer , cardiovascular diseases and dementia have a lower incidence among them . According to surveys, residents of the island consume little meat, while their diet emphasizes legumes, wild vegetables, fruits, herbs , fish, olives , goat's milk and sheep's cheese. In addition, tea is traditionally drunk from herbs with an exceptionally high proportion of antioxidants.

Loma Linda is particularly influenced by the Seventh-day Adventist Church , which emphasizes maintaining the health of the human body, which is why a vegetarian diet and physical activity are recommended.

On the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica , the inhabitants are said to live longer on average, although the healthy traditional cuisine, but also the high magnesium and calcium content of the groundwater, are discussed as causes.

In the Okinawa village of Ogimi , 30 percent of the 3,500 residents are over 65 years old and 15 people are between 100 and 109 years old. Fish, fruit and vegetables are traditionally consumed because of the island location, with “Goya”, a knobbed bitter cucumber , as well as ginger and seaweed being given a special place.

In addition to possible genetic characteristics, the inhabitants of these places basically share the following influences and habits: a stress-free life, a strong family bond and diverse social contacts, physical activity and a balanced diet that is not excessive.

Examples

Fictional centenarians

See also

literature

  • Hans Franke among others: Studies on 148 centenarians. In: German Medical Weekly. Volume 95, 1970, p. 1591 ff.
  • Hans Franke. I. Schmitt: Centenarians. Echter, Würzburg 1971.
  • Hans Franke: Cardiovascular findings in over centenarians. In: Journal of Cardiology. Volume 74, Supplement 7, 1985, p. 56 ff.
  • Hans Franke: very old and very old. Causes and Problems of Old Age. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg etc. 1987 (= Understandable Science. Volume 118), ISBN 3-540-18260-8 , in particular pp. 48-100 ( From the life of centenarians ).

Web links

Wiktionary: Centennial  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Commons : Centennial  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c “Second Heidelberg Centenary Study: Challenges and Strengths of Life at 100 Years” ( Memento of the original from November 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 11, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.boschstiftung.de
  2. ^ Hans Franke: Very old and very old. Causes and Problems of Old Age. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg etc. 1987 (= Understandable Science. Volume 118), ISBN 3-540-18260-8 , p. 49 f. and 96.
  3. ↑ Demography Club of Centenarians ( Memento of the original from November 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 11, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.allianzdeutschland.de
  4. ↑ 16,500 Germans are 100 years or older: That is their secret. In: focus.de .
  5. ↑ a b Nice old - How to live well with over 100. In: swr.de . SWR2 , accessed November 11, 2014.
  6. ↑ Kaare Christensen u. a .: Aging populations: the challenges ahead . In: The Lancet . tape 374 , no. 9696 , October 3, 2009, p. 1196-1208 , doi : 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (09) 61460-4 .
  7. ↑ Werner Thelian: Over 1,000 "centenarians" in Austria. In: paracelsusweb.com . June 4, 2018, accessed July 12, 2020.
  8. ↑ mortality. In: bfs.admin.ch. Federal Statistical Office (FSO), accessed on April 10, 2018 .
  9. ↑ life expectancy. In: bfs.admin.ch. Federal Statistical Office (FSO), accessed on April 10, 2018 .
  10. ↑ More and more 100-year-olds in Switzerland: We visited three of them at home. In: Aargauer Zeitung . 3rd September 2017.
  11. ↑ Record: Nearly 59,000 centenarians in Japan. In: Pharmaceutical newspaper . September 12, 2014, accessed November 11, 2014.
  12. ↑ More and more centenarians in Japan. In: N24.de . Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  13. ↑ Lietuvoje pagyvenusių žmonių skaičius. In: grokiskis.lt. (Lithuanian).
  14. ↑ Kiek Lietuvoje gyvena šimtamečių? In: lrt.lt. (Lithuanian).
  15. ↑ Lietuvoje gyvena 479 šimtamečiai Visą straipsnį galite rasti. In: tv3.lt . Retrieved July 12, 2017 (Lithuanian).
  16. ↑ Happy and her brothers. In: Der Spiegel . Der Spiegel 38/2010. Retrieved November 11, 2014 (excerpt).
  17. ↑ Gerald Traufetter: "Demography - Stronghold of the Old" In: Der Spiegel December 31, 2012, accessed on July 12, 2017.
  18. ↑ Comparison of cardiac findings at necropsy in octogenarians, nonagenarians, and centenarians. In: ajconline.org . (English).
  19. ↑ "Supercentenarians and transthyretin amyloidosis: The next frontier of human life extension." ( Memento of the original from November 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.paramiloidose.com.br
  20. ^ A b Boston University School of Medicine: Why study Centenarians? In: bumc.bu.edu . (English).
  21. ↑ Is 100 the New 80 ?: Centenarians Studied to Find the Secret of Longevity. In: Scientific American . (English).
  22. ↑ Age research - News from the Greisen-Gene. In: Der Spiegel . February 3, 2009, accessed July 12, 2020.
  23. ↑ a b Research: Centenarians are in a good mood. FAZ society. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  24. ↑ Study: Centenarians are more fit than ever. In: Wirtschaftswoche . Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  25. ↑ On the worldwide search for 100 people over 100 years of age. In: Heidelberg University . Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  26. ↑ Research on Life Expectancy - The Magic of Age. In: taz.de .
  27. ^ Age research The secret of the Sardinians. In: stern.de .
  28. ↑ Longevity in Sardinia "For a hundred years" is not just a greeting ... In: Einfach-jung.de .
  29. ↑ a b The Secret of Ikaria: A Long Life. In: swp.de .
  30. ↑ Sun, siestas and strolls: The Mediterranean Iceland did adds ten years to your life. In: dailymail.co.uk . (English).
  31. ↑ Fountain of Youth of the World: Loma Linda - California. In: fernsehserien.de .
  32. ↑ In the Pension ins Paradies ( Memento of the original from December 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / kurier.at
  33. ↑ Nicoya Exploration Backgrounds ( Memento of the original from November 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bluezones.com
  34. ↑ a b Okinawa: The right food culture. In: aerzteblatt.de .
  35. ↑ The jolly centenarians In: Spiegel Special 4/2006.