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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
'''''Théorie Élémentaire de la Botanique''''' is a book written by Swiss botanist [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]], which was first published in 1813 and later re-issued in 1819 with a new edition. This book contributed to the field of botany by introducing the use of the term [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] and a new classification system for grouping plants together. This book placed emphasis on the study of [[Evolution|evolutionary relationships]] in grouping plants together, rather than on the shared [[Plant morphology|morphological characteristics]].
'''''Théorie Élémentaire de la Botanique''''' is a book written by Swiss botanist [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]], which was first published in 1813 and later re-issued in 1819 with a new edition. This book contributed to the field of botany by introducing the use of the term [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] and a new classification system for grouping plants together. This book placed emphasis on the study of [[Evolution|evolutionary relationships]] in grouping plants together, rather than on the shared [[Plant morphology|morphological characteristics]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Candolle |first=Augustin Pyramus de |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.39705 |title=Théorie élémentaire de la botanique; ou, Exposition des prinicpes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'étudier les végétaux |date=1813 |publisher=Déterville |location=Paris}}</ref>


== Context ==
== Context ==
Prior to the publication of ''Théorie Élémentaire de la Botanique'', Augustin Pyramus de Candolle had an established career as a botanist. Upon the recommendation of [[René Louiche Desfontaines|Renè Loiche Desfontaines]], de Candolle began work at [[Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle|Charles Louis L’Hèritier de Brutelle]]’s herbarium in the summer of 1798.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Asa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.32779 |title=Scientific papers of Asa Gray, selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. |last2=Sargent |first2=Charles Sprague |date=1889 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin, |location=Boston,}}</ref> After establishing his first discovered genus, ''[[Senebiera]]'', in 1799, de Candolle published his first books, ''Plantarum Historia Succulentarum'' in 1799 and ''Astragalogia'' in 1802. In 1805, [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Jean-Baptiste Lamark]] put de Candolle in charge of the publication of the third edition of Lamark’s ''Flore Française'' and writing the introduction of ''Principes Élémentaire de Botanique.''<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions) |date=2007-12-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2023-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/673607362 |title=Beyond cladistics : the branching of a paradigm |date=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |others=David M. Williams, Sandra Knapp |isbn=978-0-520-94799-3 |location=Berkeley |oclc=673607362}}</ref> In this introduction, de Candolle proposed a discrete model of classifying plant taxa that was opposed to the linear model of [[Carl Linnaeus|Carl Linneaus]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carl Linnaeus |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=ucmp.berkeley.edu}}</ref>
After studying science and law at the Geneva Academy, de Candolle began his form botanical career when, upon the recommendation of [[René Louiche Desfontaines|Renè Loiche Desfontaines]], de Candolle began work at [[Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle|Charles Louis L’Hèritier de Brutelle]]’s herbarium in the summer of 1798.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Asa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.32779 |title=Scientific papers of Asa Gray, selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. |last2=Sargent |first2=Charles Sprague |date=1889 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin, |location=Boston,}}</ref> After establishing his first discovered genus, ''[[Senebiera]]'', in 1799, de Candolle published his first books, ''Plantarum Historia Succulentarum'' in 1799 and ''Astragalogia'' in 1802. In 1805, [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Jean-Baptiste Lamark]] put de Candolle in charge of the publication of the third edition of Lamark’s ''Flore Française'' and writing the introduction of ''Principes Élémentaire de Botanique.''<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions) |date=2007-12-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2023-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/673607362 |title=Beyond cladistics : the branching of a paradigm |date=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |others=David M. Williams, Sandra Knapp |isbn=978-0-520-94799-3 |location=Berkeley |oclc=673607362}}</ref> In this introduction, de Candolle proposed a discrete model of classifying plant taxa that was opposed to the linear model of [[Carl Linnaeus|Carl Linneaus]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carl Linnaeus |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=ucmp.berkeley.edu}}</ref>


After being appointed as a professor of botany at the [[University of Montpellier]] in 1807 and becoming the first chair of botany in the medical faculty of a professor, de Candolle published the book ''Théorie Élémentaire de la Botanique'' in 1813, which was later reissued in 1819.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=P. F. |date=2004-10-01 |title=Book Review : Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle,Memoires et Souvenirs (1878–1841), Jean-Daniel Candaux and Jean-Marc Drouin, eds., with the aid of Patrick Bungener and René Sigrist, Biliothèque d”Histoire des Sciences 5 (Genève: Georg, 2003), xv + 591 pp., illus., €33.00 paper. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-004-2095-2 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=603–604 |doi=10.1007/s10739-004-2095-2 |issn=1573-0387}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions) |date=2007-12-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2023-01-18}}</ref> In this book, de Candolle introduced the term taxonomy and proposed a new system of classification. In the original edition, this classification system delineated 161 natural orders of plants based on whether vascular structures were present or absent. This number was increased to 213 in the last revision completed by de Candolle’s son, [[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle|Alphonse de Candolle]], in 1844.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurcharan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55044677 |title=Plant systematics : an integrated approach |date=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=1-57808-342-7 |location=Enfield, NH |oclc=55044677}}</ref>
After being appointed as a professor of botany at the [[University of Montpellier]] in 1807 and becoming the first chair of botany in the medical faculty of a professor, de Candolle published the book ''Théorie Élémentaire de la Botanique'' in 1813, which was later reissued in 1819.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=P. F. |date=2004-10-01 |title=Book Review : Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle,Memoires et Souvenirs (1878–1841), Jean-Daniel Candaux and Jean-Marc Drouin, eds., with the aid of Patrick Bungener and René Sigrist, Biliothèque d”Histoire des Sciences 5 (Genève: Georg, 2003), xv + 591 pp., illus., €33.00 paper. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-004-2095-2 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=603–604 |doi=10.1007/s10739-004-2095-2 |issn=1573-0387}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions) |date=2007-12-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2023-01-18}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:42, 19 January 2023

Introduction

Théorie Élémentaire de la Botanique is a book written by Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, which was first published in 1813 and later re-issued in 1819 with a new edition. This book contributed to the field of botany by introducing the use of the term taxonomy and a new classification system for grouping plants together. This book placed emphasis on the study of evolutionary relationships in grouping plants together, rather than on the shared morphological characteristics.[1]

Context

After studying science and law at the Geneva Academy, de Candolle began his form botanical career when, upon the recommendation of Renè Loiche Desfontaines, de Candolle began work at Charles Louis L’Hèritier de Brutelle’s herbarium in the summer of 1798.[2] After establishing his first discovered genus, Senebiera, in 1799, de Candolle published his first books, Plantarum Historia Succulentarum in 1799 and Astragalogia in 1802. In 1805, Jean-Baptiste Lamark put de Candolle in charge of the publication of the third edition of Lamark’s Flore Française and writing the introduction of Principes Élémentaire de Botanique.[3][4] In this introduction, de Candolle proposed a discrete model of classifying plant taxa that was opposed to the linear model of Carl Linneaus.[3][5]

After being appointed as a professor of botany at the University of Montpellier in 1807 and becoming the first chair of botany in the medical faculty of a professor, de Candolle published the book Théorie Élémentaire de la Botanique in 1813, which was later reissued in 1819.[6][7]

  1. ^ Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de (1813). Théorie élémentaire de la botanique; ou, Exposition des prinicpes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'étudier les végétaux. Paris: Déterville.
  2. ^ Gray, Asa; Sargent, Charles Sprague (1889). Scientific papers of Asa Gray, selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. Boston,: Houghton, Mifflin,.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  3. ^ a b "Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2023-01-18
  4. ^ Beyond cladistics : the branching of a paradigm. David M. Williams, Sandra Knapp. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-520-94799-3. OCLC 673607362.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ "Carl Linnaeus". ucmp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  6. ^ Stevens, P. F. (2004-10-01). "Book Review : Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle,Memoires et Souvenirs (1878–1841), Jean-Daniel Candaux and Jean-Marc Drouin, eds., with the aid of Patrick Bungener and René Sigrist, Biliothèque d"Histoire des Sciences 5 (Genève: Georg, 2003), xv + 591 pp., illus., €33.00 paper". Journal of the History of Biology. 37 (3): 603–604. doi:10.1007/s10739-004-2095-2. ISSN 1573-0387. {{cite journal}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 247 (help)
  7. ^ "Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2023-01-18
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