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{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}} |
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<!-- This article was auto-generated by [[User:Polbot]]. --> |
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{{For|the unrelated species|pygmy salamander}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| name = Minute Salamanders (Thorius) |
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| taxon = Thorius |
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| authority = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1869 |
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| regnum = [[Animalia]] |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Amphibia]] |
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| ordo = [[Caudata]] |
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| familia = [[Plethodontidae]] |
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| subfamilia = [[Bolitoglossinae]] |
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| genus = '''''Thorius''''' |
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| genus_authority = Cope, 1869 |
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| subdivision_ranks = Species |
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See table. |
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}} |
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'''''Thorius''''' also known as '''Minute Salamanders''' is a genus of [[salamander]]s in the [[Plethodontidae]] family distributed from Western and Southern [[North America]] south to [[Brazil]]. The members of this genus are characterized by a small body - some species are less than 2 cm (0.8 in.) in length. |
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'''''Thorius''''', also known as '''minute salamanders''',<ref name="HankenWake1998"/> '''pigmy salamanders''', or '''Mexican pigmy salamanders''', is a genus of [[salamander]]s in the family [[Plethodontidae]]. They are [[endemic]] to Mexico and found in southern [[Veracruz]] and [[Puebla]] to [[Guerrero]] and [[Oaxaca]].<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Caudata/Plethodontidae/Hemidactyliinae/Thorius |title=''Thorius'' Cope, 1869 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2015 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> |
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''Thorius'' is the most species-rich tropical salamander genus relative to its distribution area (''[[Bolitoglossa]]'' and ''[[Pseudoeurycea]]'' have many more species but also much wider distribution areas). It is not uncommon for two or even three species to occur in the same place. In such cases, species have diverged in terms of body size and dentition, apparently facilitating niche differentiation.<ref name="RovitoParra-Olea2013"/> |
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The members of this genus are characterized by a small body — some species are less than {{convert|2|cm|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length (tail roughly doubles the total body length). Their extreme miniaturization is accompanied by determinate growth and skeletal reduction. Their skeleton also shows unique features, such as [[ossification]]s of many elements that remain [[cartilaginous]] in other salamanders. Consequently, they are easy to distinguish from other salamanders. In contrast, they tend to be similar in appearance, making it difficult to distinguish species.<ref name="RovitoParra-Olea2013">{{cite journal|last1=Rovito|first1=Sean M.|last2=Parra-Olea|first2=Gabriela|last3=Hanken|first3=James|last4=Bonett|first4=Ronald M.|last5=Wake|first5=David B.|title=Adaptive radiation in miniature: the minute salamanders of the Mexican highlands (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: ''Thorius'')|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=109|issue=3|year=2013|pages=622–643|doi=10.1111/bij.12083|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, molecular genetic methods have greatly facilitated identification of new species.<ref name="HankenWake1998">{{cite journal|last1=Hanken|first1=James|last2=Wake|first2=David B.|year=1998|title=Biology of tiny animals: systematics of the minute salamanders (''Thorius'': Plethodontidae) from Veracruz and Puebla, México, with descriptions of five new species|journal=Copeia|volume=1998|issue=2|pages=312|doi=10.2307/1447427|jstor=1447427}}</ref> |
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==Species== |
==Species== |
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As of November 15, 2016, this genus is composed of the following 29 species:<ref name=frost/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/Plethodontidae.shtml|title=Plethodontidae |year=2015 |work=AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application] |publisher=Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://phys.org/news/2016-11-species-miniaturized-tropical-salamanders-endangered.html Phys.org] PeerJ: Three new species of miniaturized tropical salamanders are already endangered; {{cite journal |title= Biology of tiny animals: Three new species of minute salamanders (Plethodontidae:Thorius) from Oaxaca, Mexico|year=2016 |journal= PeerJ|author= Parra-Olea G, Rovito SM, García-París M, Maisano JA, Wake DB, Hanken J |doi=10.7717/peerj.2694 |volume=4 |page=e2694|pmc=5119241 |pmid=27896029 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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This genus is composed of the following 23 species: |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius adelos]]'' <br /> {{small|(Papenfuss and Wake, 1987)}} || Sierra Juarez salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius arboreus]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1994}} || Arboreal minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius aureus]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1994}} || Golden minute salamander |
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| ''[[Thorius dubitus]]'' <br /> {{small|Taylor, 1941}} || Acultzingo minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius hankeni]]'' <br /> {{small|Campbell, Brodie, Flores-Villela, and Smith, 2014}} || Hanken's minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius infernalis]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken, Wake & Freeman, 1999}} || Atoyac minute salamander |
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| ''[[Thorius insperatus]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1994 }} || Vista Hermosa |
| ''[[Thorius insperatus]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1994 }} || Vista Hermosa minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius lunaris]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1998}} || Orizaba |
| ''[[Thorius lunaris]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1998}} || Orizaba minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |
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| ''[[Thorius macdougalli]]'' <br /> {{small|Taylor, 1949}} || MacDougall's |
| ''[[Thorius macdougalli]]'' <br /> {{small|Taylor, 1949}} || MacDougall's minute salamanders |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius magnipes]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1998}} || Big-footed |
| ''[[Thorius magnipes]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1998}} || Big-footed minute salamander |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius maxillabrochus]]'' <br /> {{small|Gehlbach, 1959}} || Zoquitlan pigmy salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius minutissimus]]'' <br /> {{small|Taylor, 1949}} || Oaxacan minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius minydemus]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1998}} || La Hoya minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius munificus]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1998}} || McDiarmid minute salamander |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius narismagnus]]'' <br /> {{small|Shannon & Werler, 1955}} || San Martin minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius narisovalis]]'' <br /> {{small|Taylor, 1940}} || Upper Cerro minute salamander |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius omiltemi]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken, Wake & Freeman, 1999}} || Omiltemi minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius papaloae]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 2001}} || Papalo minute salamander |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius pennatulus]]'' <br /> {{small|Cope, 1869}} || Veracruz minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius pulmonaris]]'' <br /> {{small|Taylor, 1940}} || Lower Cerro minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius schmidti]]'' <br /> {{small|Gehlbach, 1959}} || Schmidt's minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius smithi]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1994}} || Smith's minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |
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| ''[[Thorius |
| ''[[Thorius spilogaster]]'' <br /> {{small|Hanken & Wake, 1998}} || Spotted minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius troglodytes]]'' <br /> {{small|Taylor, 1941}} || Taylor's minute salamander |
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| ''[[Thorius pinicola]]'' <br /> {{small|Parra-Olea et al., 2016}} || Pine-dwelling minute salamander |
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|-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |
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| ''[[Thorius longicaudus]]'' <br /> {{small|Parra-Olea et al., 2016}} || Long-tailed minute salamander |
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| ''[[Thorius tlaxiacus]]'' <br /> {{small|Parra-Olea et al., 2016}} || Heroic minute salamander |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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* {{aut|Frost, Darrel R}}. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). [http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=&subfamily=&genus=Thorius&commname=&authority=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment= ''Thorius'']. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: July 31, 2008). |
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* {{aut|AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation.}} [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: [http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&table=amphib&where-genus=Thorius&where-species= ''Thorius'']. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: July 31, 2008). |
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<br /> |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q740923}} |
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[[Category:Thorius| ]] |
[[Category:Thorius| ]] |
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[[Category:Endemic amphibians of Mexico]] |
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{{Plethodontidae-stub}} |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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[[nl:Mexicaanse dwergsalamanders]] |
Latest revision as of 11:40, 29 November 2023
Thorius | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Amphibia |
Order: | Urodela |
Family: | Plethodontidae |
Subfamily: | Hemidactyliinae |
Genus: | Thorius Cope, 1869 |
Species | |
See table. |
Thorius, also known as minute salamanders,[1] pigmy salamanders, or Mexican pigmy salamanders, is a genus of salamanders in the family Plethodontidae. They are endemic to Mexico and found in southern Veracruz and Puebla to Guerrero and Oaxaca.[2]
Thorius is the most species-rich tropical salamander genus relative to its distribution area (Bolitoglossa and Pseudoeurycea have many more species but also much wider distribution areas). It is not uncommon for two or even three species to occur in the same place. In such cases, species have diverged in terms of body size and dentition, apparently facilitating niche differentiation.[3]
The members of this genus are characterized by a small body — some species are less than 2 cm (0.79 in) in snout–vent length (tail roughly doubles the total body length). Their extreme miniaturization is accompanied by determinate growth and skeletal reduction. Their skeleton also shows unique features, such as ossifications of many elements that remain cartilaginous in other salamanders. Consequently, they are easy to distinguish from other salamanders. In contrast, they tend to be similar in appearance, making it difficult to distinguish species.[3] However, molecular genetic methods have greatly facilitated identification of new species.[1]
Species[edit]
As of November 15, 2016, this genus is composed of the following 29 species:[2][4][5]
Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
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Thorius adelos (Papenfuss and Wake, 1987) |
Sierra Juarez salamander |
Thorius arboreus Hanken & Wake, 1994 |
Arboreal minute salamander |
Thorius aureus Hanken & Wake, 1994 |
Golden minute salamander |
Thorius boreas Hanken & Wake, 1994 |
Northern minute salamander |
Thorius dubitus Taylor, 1941 |
Acultzingo minute salamander |
Thorius grandis Hanken, Wake & Freeman, 1999 |
Grand minute salamander |
Thorius hankeni Campbell, Brodie, Flores-Villela, and Smith, 2014 |
Hanken's minute salamander |
Thorius infernalis Hanken, Wake & Freeman, 1999 |
Atoyac minute salamander |
Thorius insperatus Hanken & Wake, 1994 |
Vista Hermosa minute salamander |
Thorius lunaris Hanken & Wake, 1998 |
Orizaba minute salamander |
Thorius macdougalli Taylor, 1949 |
MacDougall's minute salamanders |
Thorius magnipes Hanken & Wake, 1998 |
Big-footed minute salamander |
Thorius maxillabrochus Gehlbach, 1959 |
Zoquitlan pigmy salamander |
Thorius minutissimus Taylor, 1949 |
Oaxacan minute salamander |
Thorius minydemus Hanken & Wake, 1998 |
La Hoya minute salamander |
Thorius munificus Hanken & Wake, 1998 |
McDiarmid minute salamander |
Thorius narismagnus Shannon & Werler, 1955 |
San Martin minute salamander |
Thorius narisovalis Taylor, 1940 |
Upper Cerro minute salamander |
Thorius omiltemi Hanken, Wake & Freeman, 1999 |
Omiltemi minute salamander |
Thorius papaloae Hanken & Wake, 2001 |
Papalo minute salamander |
Thorius pennatulus Cope, 1869 |
Veracruz minute salamander |
Thorius pulmonaris Taylor, 1940 |
Lower Cerro minute salamander |
Thorius schmidti Gehlbach, 1959 |
Schmidt's minute salamander |
Thorius smithi Hanken & Wake, 1994 |
Smith's minute salamander |
Thorius spilogaster Hanken & Wake, 1998 |
Spotted minute salamander |
Thorius troglodytes Taylor, 1941 |
Taylor's minute salamander |
Thorius pinicola Parra-Olea et al., 2016 |
Pine-dwelling minute salamander |
Thorius longicaudus Parra-Olea et al., 2016 |
Long-tailed minute salamander |
Thorius tlaxiacus Parra-Olea et al., 2016 |
Heroic minute salamander |
References[edit]
- ^ a b Hanken, James; Wake, David B. (1998). "Biology of tiny animals: systematics of the minute salamanders (Thorius: Plethodontidae) from Veracruz and Puebla, México, with descriptions of five new species". Copeia. 1998 (2): 312. doi:10.2307/1447427. JSTOR 1447427.
- ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Thorius Cope, 1869". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ a b Rovito, Sean M.; Parra-Olea, Gabriela; Hanken, James; Bonett, Ronald M.; Wake, David B. (2013). "Adaptive radiation in miniature: the minute salamanders of the Mexican highlands (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: Thorius)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (3): 622–643. doi:10.1111/bij.12083.
- ^ "Plethodontidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ Phys.org PeerJ: Three new species of miniaturized tropical salamanders are already endangered; Parra-Olea G, Rovito SM, García-París M, Maisano JA, Wake DB, Hanken J (2016). "Biology of tiny animals: Three new species of minute salamanders (Plethodontidae:Thorius) from Oaxaca, Mexico". PeerJ. 4: e2694. doi:10.7717/peerj.2694. PMC 5119241. PMID 27896029.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)