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{{Short description|Language isolate spoken by the Huaorani people of the Amazon}}
{{distinguish|Guaraní language|Aushiri language|Warao language}}
{{Distinguish|Aushiri language|Warao language}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Sabela
| name = Sabela
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}}
}}


The '''Waorani''' (Huaorani) language, commonly known as '''Sabela''' (also ''Wao, Huao, Auishiri, Aushiri, Ssabela'' ; [[endonym|autonym]]: '''Wao Terero'''; pejorative: ''Auka, Auca'') is a vulnerable [[language isolate]] spoken by the [[Huaorani people|Huaorani]] people, an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] group living in the [[Amazon Rainforest]] between the [[Napo River|Napo]] and [[Curaray River]]s in [[Ecuador]]. A small number of speakers with so-called [[Uncontacted people|uncontacted]] groups may live in [[Peru]].
The '''Waorani''' (Huaorani) language, commonly known as '''Sabela''' (also ''Wao, Huao, Auishiri, Aushiri, Ssabela'' ; [[Exonym and endonym|autonym]]: '''Wao Terero'''; pejorative: ''Auka, Auca'') is a vulnerable [[language isolate]] spoken by the [[Huaorani people|Huaorani]] people, an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] group living in the [[Amazon rainforest]] between the [[Napo River|Napo]] and [[Curaray River]]s in [[Ecuador]]. A small number of speakers with so-called [[Uncontacted peoples|uncontacted]] groups may live in [[Peru]].

==Demographics==
Waorani is primarily spoken in Waorani Ethnic Reserve, which is the largest indigenous reserve in Ecuador. Other areas where it is spoken include [[Pastaza Province|Pastaza]] and [[Napo Province|Napo]] provinces (including the towns of [[Puyo, Ecuador|Puyo]] and [[Coca, Ecuador|Coca]]), [[Yasuní National Park]], and the [[Taromenani]] [[Tagaeri]] Intangible Zone.<ref name="Amazonian isolates 2">{{cite book |editor-last=Epps |editor-first=Patience |editor-last2=Michael |editor-first2=Lev |title=Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |date=2023 |isbn=978-3-11-043273-2}}</ref>{{rp|1191}} Waorani is considered endangered due to growing bilingualism in Quechua and Spanish and diminishing Huaorani usage among youth.<ref name=e18>{{E18|auc|Sabela}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Documenting Language, Culture, and Cognition: Language and Space among the Waorani|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/linguistics/2012_Fawcett.pdf|first=Alexia Zandra|last=Fawcett|publisher=Anthropology and Linguistic Department, Bryn Mawr College|date=May 2012|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

==Dialects==
Huaorani has three dialects: ''Tiguacuna'' (''Tiwakuna''), ''Tuei'' (''Tiwi Tuei'', ''Tiwi''), and ''Shiripuno.''

==Language relations==
Sabela is not known to be related to any other language. However, it forms part of [[Terrence Kaufman]]'s [[Yawan languages|Yawan]] proposal.

Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with [[Yaruro language|Yaruro]].<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}</ref>


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Huaorani distinguishes [[nasal vowel]]s from oral ones. Syllable structure is (C)V, with frequent vowel clusters.
Huaorani distinguishes [[nasal vowel]]s from oral ones. Syllable structure is (C)V, with frequent vowel clusters. The [[allophone]]s of {{IPA|/o/}} range from {{IPA|[ɵ, o, ʊ, ɤ]}} and the allophones of {{IPA|/õ/}} have a similar range, {{IPA|[ɵ̃, õ, ʊ̃, ɤ̃]}}, and allophones of {{IPA|/e, ẽ/}} can be heard as {{IPA|[ɪ, ɪ̃]}}. The [[Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/d/}} and the [[palatal glide]] {{IPA|[j]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/ɟ/}}.

{|class="wikitable IPA"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2|
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|-
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|p||t|| ||k
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|-
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Plosive]]
|b||d~ɾ||ɟ~j||ɡ
![[Voicelessness|<small>Voiceless</small>]]
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|-
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]</small>
|m||n||ɲ||ŋ
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|d}}~{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|ɟ}}~{{IPAlink|j}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|-
|-
|colspan=4|w
!colspan=2|[[Continuant]]
|
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|}
|}


{|class="wikitable IPA"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|[[Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2"| Non-front
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|[[Front vowel|Front]]!!colspan=2| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
!<small>[[Oral vowel|Oral]]</small> !! [[Nasal vowel|<small>Nasal</small>]] !! <small>[[Oral vowel|Oral]]</small> !! [[Nasal vowel|<small>Nasal</small>]]
! Plain !! Nasal !! Plain !! Nasal
|-
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| i || ĩ || ||
| {{IPAlink|i}} || {{IPA link|ĩ}} || ||
|-
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| e || ẽ || ɵ~o~ɤ || ɵ̃~õ~ɤ̃
| {{IPAlink|e}} || {{IPA link|ẽ}} || {{IPAlink|o}} || {{IPA link|õ}}
|-
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| æ || æ̃ || a || ã
| {{IPAlink|æ}} || {{IPA link|æ̃}} || {{IPAlink|a}} || {{IPA link|ã}}
|}
|}


==Dialects==
==Vocabulary==
[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Sabela and Tiwituey.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>


:{| class="wikitable sortable"
Huaorani has three dialects: ''Tiguacuna (Tiwakuna), Tuei (Tiwi Tuei, Tiwi),'' and ''Shiripuno.''
! gloss !! Sabela !! Tiwituey

|-
==Genetic relations==
! one
Sabela is not known to be related to any other language. However, it forms part of [[Terrence Kaufman]]'s [[Yawan languages|Yawan]] proposal.
| {{Lang|auc|iríng}} || {{Lang|auc|aruki}}

|-
==Status==
! two
Huaorani is considered endangered due to growing bilingualism in Quechua and Spanish and diminishing Huaorani usage among youth.<ref name=e18>{{E18|auc|Sabela}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Documenting Language, Culture, and Cognition: Language and Space among the Waorani|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/linguistics/2012_Fawcett.pdf|first=Alexia Zandra|last=Fawcett|publisher=Anthropology and Linguistic Department, Bryn Mawr College|date=May 2012|accessdate=21 September 2017}}</ref>
| || {{Lang|auc|méa}}
|-
! head
| {{Lang|auc|u-kabu}} || {{Lang|auc|u-kubo}}
|-
! eye
| {{Lang|auc|a-wínka}} || {{Lang|auc|a-winga}}
|-
! woman
| {{Lang|auc|ohíña}} || {{Lang|auc|unkia}}
|-
! fire
| {{Lang|auc|chúnga}} || {{Lang|auc|tua}}
|-
! sun
| {{Lang|auc|nánki}} || {{Lang|auc|neinghi}}
|-
! star
| || {{Lang|auc|nemu}}
|-
! maize
| {{Lang|auc|kad'ínghu}} ||
|-
! house
| {{Lang|auc|húnku}} ||
|-
! white
| {{Lang|auc|kúri}} || {{Lang|auc|mia}}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.proel.org/mundo/sabela.htm Lengua Sabela]
*[http://www.waorani.com/dictionary_WAO2.html Huaorani - Spanish Dictionary]
*[http://ids.clld.org/contributions/255 Waorani language dictionary online from IDS] (select simple or advanced browsing)


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
Line 72: Line 131:
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language History in South America: What We Know and How to Know More. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American languages'' (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language History in South America: What We Know and How to Know More. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American languages'' (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The Native Languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the World's Languages'' (pp.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The Native Languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the World's Languages'' (pp.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.
* Peeke, M. Catherine. (2003). ''A Bibliography of the Waorani of Ecuador''. SIL International. Retrieved 2007 December 26 from http://www.sil.org/silewp/2003/silewp2003-006.pdf
* Peeke, M. Catherine. (2003). ''A Bibliography of the Waorani of Ecuador''. SIL International. Retrieved 2021 April 4 from https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/7801
*Pike, Evelyn G and Rachel Saint. 1988. Workpapers Concerning Waorani discourse features. Dallas, TX: SIL.
*Pike, Evelyn G and Rachel Saint. 1988. Workpapers Concerning Waorani discourse features. Dallas, TX: SIL.
* Rival, Laura. ''Trekking through History: The Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador'', Columbia University Press, 2002.
* Rival, Laura. ''Trekking through History: The Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador'', Columbia University Press, 2002.

==External links==
*[http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/aisladas/sabela Lengua Sabela]
*[http://www.waorani.com/dictionary_WAO2.html Huaorani - The First To Spanish Dictionary]
*[http://ids.clld.org/contributions/255 Waorani language dictionary online from IDS] (select simple or advanced browsing)
*[https://ids.clld.org/contributions/255 Waorani] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]])


{{Languages of Ecuador}}
{{Languages of Ecuador}}
{{language families}}
{{language families}}
{{South American languages}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Language isolates of South America]]
[[Category:Language isolates of South America]]
Line 85: Line 152:
[[Category:Endangered language isolates]]
[[Category:Endangered language isolates]]
[[Category:Huaorani]]
[[Category:Huaorani]]


{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 20:44, 2 December 2023

Not to be confused with Aushiri language or Warao language.
Sabela
Huaorani / Waorani
Wao Terero
Native toEcuador, Peru
RegionOriente or Ecuadorian Amazon
Ethnicity1,800 Huaorani people (2012)[1]
Native speakers
2,000 (2004)[2]
Official status
Official language in
Ecuador: indigenous languages official in own territories
Language codes
ISO 639-3auc
Glottologwaor1240
ELPWaorani

The Waorani (Huaorani) language, commonly known as Sabela (also Wao, Huao, Auishiri, Aushiri, Ssabela ; autonym: Wao Terero; pejorative: Auka, Auca) is a vulnerable language isolate spoken by the Huaorani people, an indigenous group living in the Amazon rainforest between the Napo and Curaray Rivers in Ecuador. A small number of speakers with so-called uncontacted groups may live in Peru.

Demographics[edit]

Waorani is primarily spoken in Waorani Ethnic Reserve, which is the largest indigenous reserve in Ecuador. Other areas where it is spoken include Pastaza and Napo provinces (including the towns of Puyo and Coca), Yasuní National Park, and the Taromenani Tagaeri Intangible Zone.[3]: 1191  Waorani is considered endangered due to growing bilingualism in Quechua and Spanish and diminishing Huaorani usage among youth.[1][4]

Dialects[edit]

Huaorani has three dialects: Tiguacuna (Tiwakuna), Tuei (Tiwi Tuei, Tiwi), and Shiripuno.

Language relations[edit]

Sabela is not known to be related to any other language. However, it forms part of Terrence Kaufman's Yawan proposal.

Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Yaruro.[5]

Phonology[edit]

Huaorani distinguishes nasal vowels from oral ones. Syllable structure is (C)V, with frequent vowel clusters. The allophones of /o/ range from [ɵ, o, ʊ, ɤ] and the allophones of /õ/ have a similar range, [ɵ̃, õ, ʊ̃, ɤ̃], and allophones of /e, ẽ/ can be heard as [ɪ, ɪ̃]. The alveolar tap [ɾ] is an allophone of /d/ and the palatal glide [j] is an allophone of /ɟ/.

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive Voiceless p t k
Voiced b d~ɾ ɟ~j ɡ
Continuant w
Front Back
Oral Nasal Oral Nasal
Close i ĩ
Mid e ẽ o õ
Open æ æ̃ a ã

Vocabulary[edit]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Sabela and Tiwituey.[6]

gloss Sabela Tiwituey
one iríng aruki
two méa
head u-kabu u-kubo
eye a-wínka a-winga
woman ohíña unkia
fire chúnga tua
sun nánki neinghi
star nemu
maize kad'ínghu
house húnku
white kúri mia

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Sabela at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Waorani". UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger. UNESCO. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
  3. ^ Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2.
  4. ^ Fawcett, Alexia Zandra (May 2012). "Documenting Language, Culture, and Cognition: Language and Space among the Waorani" (PDF). Anthropology and Linguistic Department, Bryn Mawr College. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  5. ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  6. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language History in South America: What We Know and How to Know More. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The Native Languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the World's Languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Peeke, M. Catherine. (2003). A Bibliography of the Waorani of Ecuador. SIL International. Retrieved 2021 April 4 from https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/7801
  • Pike, Evelyn G and Rachel Saint. 1988. Workpapers Concerning Waorani discourse features. Dallas, TX: SIL.
  • Rival, Laura. Trekking through History: The Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador, Columbia University Press, 2002.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waorani_language&oldid=1188008679"