ʿAshara Mubashshara
The ʿAshara Mubashshara ( Arabic العشرة المبشرة, DMG al-ʿAšara al-mubaššara ) are a group of ten companions of the Prophet Mohammed , to whom, according to Sunni doctrine, he promised paradise . The expression is shortened for al-ʿAšara al-mubaššarūn bi-l-ǧanna ("the ten to whom paradise was promised").
The basis for the idea of this group is a well-known hadith, which, among others, is narrated by Muhammad ibn ʿĪsā at-Tirmidhī . It reads:
«The Prophet said:
Abū Bakr (Allah may admit him) is in paradise,
ʿUmar (Allah may admit him) is in paradise,
ʿUthmān (Allah may admit him) is in paradise,
ʿAlī (Allah may admit him) is in paradise ,
Talha (Allah let him in) is in paradise,
Zubair (Allah let him in) is in paradise,
ʿAbd ar-Rahmān ibn ʿ Auf (Allah let him in) is in paradise,
Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqās (Allah let him in) is in paradise,
Saʿīd ibn Zaid (Allah may let him in) is in paradise,
Abū ūUbaida ibn al-Jarrah (Allah may let him in) is in paradise ».
In the hadith the ten Companions are listed in this order:
| Surname | arab. Spelling | Birth (bra) | Death (AH) | Birth (ad) | Death (ad) |
| Abū Bakr | Arabic أبو بكر الصدّيق | 51 | 13 | 573 | 634 |
| ʿUmar ibn al-Chattāb | Arabic عمر بن الخطّاب | 40 | 23 | 584 | 644 |
| ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān | Arabic عثمان بن عفّان | 47 | 35 | 577 | 656 |
| ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib | Arabic علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب | 23 | 40 | 600 | 661 |
| Talha ibn Ubayd Allah | Arabic طلحة بن عبيد الله | 28 | 36 | 596 | 656 |
| az-Zubair ibn al-ʿAuwām | Arabic الزبير بن العوّام | 28 | 36 | 596 | 656 |
| ʿAbd ar-Rahmān ibn ʿ Auf | Arabic عبد الرحمن بن عوف | 43 | 31 | 580 | 654 |
| Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqās | Arabic سعد بن أبي وقّاص | 23 | 55 | 600 | 675 |
| Abū ʿUbaida ibn al-Jarrāh | Arabic أبو عبيدة بن الجراح | 40 | 18th | 584 | 640 |
| Saʿīd ibn Zaid | Arabic سعيد بن زيد | ? | 51 | ? | 672 |
The first four people on the list are referred to by the Sunnis as the Rashidun , the rightly guided caliphs. The doctrine of the promise of paradise to the ten companions of the prophet has found its way into almost all Sunni creeds .
literature
- AJ Wensinck: “al-ʿAs̲h̲ara al-Mubas̲h̲s̲h̲ara” in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Vol. I, p. 693.
- Abdullah Aydınlı, İsmail Lütfi Çakan: “Aşere mübeşşere” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi Vol. III, p. 547. Digitized
- Josef van Ess : Theology and society in the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Hijra. A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam . 6 Vols. Vol. I., De Gruyter, Berlin, 1991. pp. 21f.