az-Zubair ibn al-ʿAuwām
Az-Zubair ibn al-ʿAuwām ( Arabic الزبير بن العوام* at 597 in Mecca ; † December 656 near Basra ) was one of the most famous companions of the Prophet Mohammed . He was one of the first men to convert to Islam . Az-Zubair was one of the ten to whom Muhammad had promised paradise ( al-'aschara al-mubashara ). His full name was az-Zubair b. al-'Awwam b. Chuwailid b. Asad b. 'Abd al-'Uzza b. Qusai. His Kunya was Abu Abd Allah. He is also known by his nickname "the Apostle" ( al-Hawari ).
family
Az-Zubair belonged to the Banu Asad clan of Korea . Az-Zubair's mother was Saffiyya, a daughter of Abd al-Muttalib and an aunt of the Prophet Mohammed. His father died early and az-Zubair grew up in the care of his uncle Naufal b. Chuwailid up. Az-Zubair was a cousin of the Prophet on his mother's side and a nephew of his first wife Khadijah on his father's side . One of az-Zubair's wives, Asma, was the daughter of Abu Bakr and the half-sister of the Prophet's favorite wife, Aisha . Az-Zubair had at least ten sons and several daughters. His most famous sons were Mus'ab , Urwa , Abd Allah and Hamza. His son Abd Allah ruled from 682 to 692 as the anti- Umayyad counter-caliph in Mecca. Urwa became an "important narrator and narrator" of Islamic traditions due to the diverse kinship lines to the prophet .
Life
Az-Zubair converted to Islam at the age of 12 or - according to the tradition of his son Urwa - at the age of 16 and, according to tradition, was one of the first five men who were won over to Islam by Abu Bakr. Az-Zubair took part in the hijra to Abyssinia and Medina . He took part in almost all of the major battles and campaigns of early Islam and earned a reputation as a brave fighter. He received his nickname “the apostle” for his services to spying on the Banu Quraiza when he sneaked near their apartment towers and is said to have observed preparations for war there. Mohammed said in this context: "Every prophet has his apostle and my apostle is az-Zubair." After the victory over the Banu Quraiza, az-Zubair led the group-wise beheading of the men of the Banu Quraiza together with Ali ibn Abi Talib . It was also Az-Zubair who, during the clashes with the displaced Jewish Nadir clan, received the order from Mohammed to torture a certain Kinana in order to extract information from him about the whereabouts of the Nadir treasure. Az-Zubair lit a fire on Kinana's chest for this purpose, but could not find out anything useful. Whereupon the Prophet ordered the beheading of Kinana.
Az-Zubair made great fortune in the Prophet's allegiance and owned extensive estates in the vicinity of Medina, Kufa , Basra, and Fustat . He owned innumerable slaves and left 40 million dirhams . After the death of Muhammad he took part in various battles and influenced the choice of caliphs on various occasions. After the assassination of the caliph Umar , he was one of the candidates for the office of the caliphate. According to Na'ila, the wife of the Caliph Uthman ibn 'Affan , az-Zubair was involved in a plot to murder Uthman. Because of his later opposition to Ali, Shiite tradition paints a negative picture of him. He fell between the ages of 54 and 64 immediately after the camel slaughter when, despite his oath of allegiance to Caliph Ali, he fought against him on the side of Aisha . Presumably he was killed on the way back to the Hejaz and buried in Wadi al-Siba near Basra.
literature
- Alfred Guillaume (Ed.): The life of Muhammad . Translation of Ishâq's "Sîrat rasûl Alâh". 17th edition. OUP, London 2005, ISBN 0-19-636033-1 .
- Isaac Hasson: AL-ZUBAYR B. Al-'AWWAM . In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Brill, Leiden 1991.
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Ibn Ishāq : De historical Mohammed . De Arbeiterspers cop, Amsterdam 2005, ISBN 90-295-6282-X .
- German translation: The life of the prophet . translated by Gernot Rotter . Edition Erdmann, Lenningen 2004, ISBN 3-86503-013-0 .
- Hans Jansen : Mohammed. A biography . Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-56858-9 .
- Miklos Muranyi: The comrades of the prophets in early Islamic history. (Bonn Oriental Studies, Vol. 28). University of Bonn, 1973.
- Tilman Nagel : Mohammed. Life and legend . Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-58534-6 .
- at-Tabarī : The history of al-Tabarī. (Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors, vol. 39). translated by Ella Landau-Tasseron. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY 1998, ISBN 0-7914-2820-6 .
- Arent Jan Wensinck : AL-ZUBAIR B. AL-'AWWAM . In: Arent Jan Wensinck, Johannes Hendrik Kramers (Hrsg.): Concise dictionary of Islam . EJ Brill, Leiden 1976.
Individual evidence
- ^ Arent Jan Wensinck: AL-ZUBAIR B. AL-'AWWAM . In: Arent Jan Wensinck, Johannes Hendrik Kramers (Hrsg.): Concise dictionary of Islam . Leiden 1976.
- ^ A b Isaac Hasson: AL-ZUBAYR B. Al-'AWWAM . In: Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Brill, Leiden 1991.
- ↑ Ibn Ishāq: The Life of the Prophet. P. 290.
- ↑ Hans Jansen: Mohammed. A biography. P. 329.
- ↑ Hans Jansen: Mohammed. A biography. P. 110.
- ^ Tilman Nagel: Mohammed. Life and legend. P. 368.
- ^ Tilman Nagel: Mohammed. Life and legend. P. 370.
- ^ Alfred Guillaume (Ed.): The life of Muhammad. P. 515.
- ^ Tilman Nagel: Mohammed. Life and legend. P. 575.
- ↑ at-Tabarī: The history of al-Ṭabarī. P. 27.
- ↑ Miklos Muranyi: The comrades of the prophets in early Islamic history. P. 73ff.
- ↑ at-Tabari: The history of al-Ṭabarī. P. 28.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Zubair ibn al-ʿAuwām, az- |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Zubair ibn al-ʿAuwām, az-; 'aschara al-mubashara, al-; Hawari, al-; الزبير بن العوام (Arabic) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Contemporary of Muhammad |
| DATE OF BIRTH | at 597 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Mecca |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 656 |
| Place of death | at Basra |