Outcrossing
Outcrossing or outcrossing refers to the inheritance of a trait from one population or lineage to another. This occurs at the intersection of different lines, so a fertilization between the considered property-owning line and one that lacks this feature. Targeted outcrossing is in the breeding used to achieve desired properties in breeding lines introduce and inbreeding depression should be avoided.
The problem of outcrossing modified properties from genetically modified organisms , especially plants , into conventional organisms has attracted particular attention. Outcrossing has currently been demonstrated in rapeseed , cotton and white ostrich grass . Since transgenic plants were found in oilseed rape and cotton which contain transgenes from different transgenic plants at the same time, a new combination was found after outcrossing that has developed over several generations. These findings show that the measures that were intended to prevent outcrossing and that are usually required in the case of release attempts are not sufficient.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Definition of outcrossing atpflanzenforschung.de
- ↑ Carolyn M. Vella, Roy Robinson: Robinson's genetics for cat breeders and veterinarians . 4th edition. Elsevier Health Sciences, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7506-4069-5 , pp. 117 .
- ↑ Bauer-Panskus, A., Breckling, B., Hamberger, S., and Then, C. (2013). Cultivation-independent establishment of genetically engineered plants in natural populations: current evidence and implications for EU regulation. Environmental Sciences Europe 25, 34. doi: 10.1186 / 2190-4715-25-34
- ^ Gesine Schütte, Susanne Stirn, Volker Beusmann: Transgenic crops: safety research, risk assessment and post-authorization monitoring . Birkhäuser, 2001, ISBN 978-3-7643-6475-5 , p. 3-4 .
- ↑ Ryffel, GU (2014). Transgenic flow: Facts, speculations and possible countermeasures. GM Crops Food 5, 249-258. doi: 10.4161 / 21645698.2014.945883