Australide
Australide is an anthropological collective name that is no longer in use for the indigenous people of Australia and sometimes Melanesian and Negrito peoples.
Australids were difficult to classify according to antiquated racial science. They were initially counted among the Negrids , some of them were run as an independent large race and later assigned to the Mongolids . These classifications were made more or less arbitrarily on the basis of (obvious) common features that were assumed to have a common origin or a genetic relationship.
Racial systematic breakdown
The Australids were subdivided into further different " small races" according to the race system - which was in use until the middle of the 20th century - the delimitation of which is of course much more problematic than that of the three "large races". Despite the enormous amounts of data on various physical characteristics that were collected to determine race, the assessment always remained subjective, Eurocentric and so artificially constructed that the results corresponded to the previously formulated expectations.
The following classification - here as a subdivision of the Mongolids - and the “race-typological descriptions” were still to be found in the 1978 guide to the anthropological exhibition of the Natural History Museum Vienna . There, however, the uncertainties and other possible assignments (special group, Negride) are also described.
Short Asians (Negritos)
Andaman
Distribution: Andamans.
Characteristics: short (men approx. 150 cm, women approx. 142 cm), strong, stocky to graceful, slim, normal proportions; in women almost always fat throat ( steatopygia ); short, round head; medium-length, medium-wide, diamond-shaped face; steep, arched forehead; large, wide eyelid cleft; medium-high, moderately broad, straight nose with a separated, upward-pointing tip of the nose; broad lips, upper lip concave; distinctive, slightly receding chin; dark brown skin; dark brown eyes; black, coiled hair ( filfil ).
Semang
Distribution: Malacca on the southern tip of rear India.
Characteristics: short (men approx. 153 cm, women approx. 143 cm), slim, normal proportions; short, round head; medium-length, medium-wide, oval to diamond-shaped face; steep, arched forehead; large, wide eyelid cleft; medium high, broad nose with a flat nasal bridge; very broad lips; protruding upper jaw (prognathy); moderately profiled, slightly receding chin; dark brown skin; dark brown eyes; black, frizzy to tightly coiled hair.
Aeta
Distribution: Philippines.
Characteristics: short (men approx. 150 cm, women approx. 142 cm), slender, normal proportions; medium length, round head; medium-length, broad, diamond-shaped face; slightly protruding cheekbones; steep forehead narrowing towards the top; medium-sized, moderately narrow eyelids; medium high, wide nose with flared nostrils, low nasal bridge; very broad lips; rounded chin; deep dark brown skin; dark brown eyes; black, thickly frizzy hair.
Melaneside
Palamelaneside
Distribution: Melanesian islands (e.g. Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz Islands, New Hebrides), New Caledonia.
Characteristics: medium-sized, stocky; medium-long, medium-broad, low head; low, very broad, massive face; high, medium broad, steep forehead; deep, narrow cleft eyelids; medium high, broad, sometimes concave nose; thick lips; strong, receding chin; deep dark brown skin; dark brown eyes; black hair in a spiral curl.
Neomelaneside
Distribution: New Guinea.
Characteristics: larger than average, slim, strong; long, medium broad, high head; expansive occiput; tall, narrow to medium-wide face; slightly protruding cheekbones; tall, narrow; slightly receding forehead; medium-sized, narrow eyelids; high, medium-wide, often convex nose with wide nostrils; moderately wide lips; moderately profiled, often receding chin; Brown skin; brown to blackish brown eyes; black, simple to curled hair.
Australide
Distribution: Australia (excluding Tasmania).
Characteristics: medium-sized, lean, long-legged; long, narrow, lower / head; very high, broad, coarse face with strong bulges above the eyes; receding forehead; small, wide eyelid cleft; medium-high, very broad nose with flared nostrils; Bridge of nose mostly straight; wide lips; protruding upper jaw (prognathy); low, receding chin; brown skin with varying degrees of darkness; brown to dark brown eyes; blonde to brown, wavy hair.
Tasmanians
Distribution: Tasmania.
Characteristics: medium-sized, stocky; medium-long, medium-broad, low head; low, very broad, massive face with strong bulges above the eyes; medium high, broad, receding forehead; small, wide eyelid cleft; medium-high, very broad nose with distended nostrils, low nasal root; wide lips; protruding upper jaw (prognathy); low, receding chin; dark brown skin; brown to dark brown eyes; black curly hair.
Individual evidence
- ↑ H. Autrum, U. Wolf (Hrsg.): Humanbiologie: Results and tasks. Edition, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1973, ISBN 978-3-540-06150-2 . Pp. 76-82.
- ↑ Lexikon der Biologie , Volume 9, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8274-0334-0 , pp. 170–177 (article human races ), p. 319 (article Mongolide )
- ↑ Ulrich Kattmann : Why and with what effect do scientists classify people? In: Heidrun Kaupen-Haas and Christian Saller (eds.): Scientific racism: Analyzes of continuity in the human and natural sciences. Campus, Frankfurt a. M. 1999, ISBN 3-593-36228-7 , pp. 65-83.
- ↑ Oliver Trey: The development of race theories in the 19th century: Gobineau and his essai "The inequality of the human races". disserta, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-95425-684-6 . Pp. 13, 28-29, 43.
- ↑ Johann Szilvassy u. Georg Kentner: Anthropology. Development of man. Races of man. Natural History Museum, Vienna 1978, online version . 101, 112, 137, 142-146.