Ain Manawir

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Ain Manawir (Egypt)
Ain Manawir
Ain Manawir
Kharga
Kharga
Luxor
Luxor
Map of Egypt
Ain Manawir
Qanat in Ain Manawir.

Ain Manawir ( Arabic عين مناور ʿAin Manāwir ) is an archaeological site in the oasis el-Charga in the Libyan desert, about 5 km northwest of Qasr Dusch and about 80 km south of the city of el-Charga .

exploration

Since 1994 excavations by the Institut français d'archéologie orientale have been taking place in Ain Manawir under the direction of Michel Wuttmann. The place was already known for its underground irrigation systems ( qanats ). In the course of the excavations, an ancient settlement and a mud-brick temple, which was dedicated to the god Osiris -iu (Wsir-iw), came to light . Numerous bronze Osiris statuettes were found inside the temple , which were deposited in a chapel .

An archive of over 300 demotic ostracas , only a part of which is decipherable, was discovered in a house adjoining the south wall of the temple. The ostraca have a duration of approx. 445 to 390 BC. And include contracts for temple services and water days (to use the nearby irrigation systems), bird hunting concessions, grain loans, as well as receipts, letters, lists and accounts.

The documents show that the 20 or so irrigation systems at Ain Manawir were not built in Roman times , but under the rule of the Achaemenids . Similar irrigation systems ( qanats ) are also known from other parts of the Persian Empire . The qanats enabled cultivation of the surrounding land and were from the 5th century BC. In use until the 3rd century AD.

An ostracon (O. Manawir 5446) calls an Inaros , the great of the rebels , who is perhaps identical with a rebel king, under whom Egypt temporarily defected from the Persian Empire . In addition, some ostraka in the archive mention the Greek stater as a means of payment.

Remains of Paleolithic settlement have also been found in Ain Manawir .

literature

  • François Briois, Béatrix Midant-Reynes, Michel Wuttmann: Le gisement épipaléolithique de ML1 à Ain-Manâwir. Oasis de Kharga. In: Fouilles de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire 58 , Cairo 2008.
  • Michel Chauveau: Les archives d'un temple des oasis au temps des Perses. In: Bulletin de la Société française d'égyptologie 137, 1996 , pp. 32-47.
  • Claire Newton et al .: Un jardin d'oasis d'époque romaine à 'Ayn-Manâwir (Kharga, Egypt). In: Bulletin de l'institut français d'archéologie orientale 105, 2005 , pp. 167–195.
  • Joachim Willeitner: The Egyptian oases. Cities, temples and tombs in the Libyan desert. von Zabern, Mainz 2003, pp. 46–47.
  • Michel Wuttmann et al .: Premier rapport préliminaire des travaux sur le site de 'Ayn Manawir (oasis de Kharga). In: Bulletin de l'institut français d'archéologie orientale 96, 1996 , pp. 385–451.
  • Michel Wuttmann et al .: Ayn Manawir (oasis de Kharga). Deuxième rapport préliminaire. In: Bulletin de l'institut français d'archéologie orientale 98, 1998 , pp. 367-462.
  • Michel Wuttmann, Thierry Gonon, Christophe Thiers: The Qanats of ʿAin Manāwir (Kharga Oasis, Egypt). In Proceedings. The First International Symposium on Qanat, Yazd, Iran May 8-11, 2000. vol. 4, Yazd 2000, pp. 162-169, (PDF; 2.6 MB) .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michel Wuttmann: Premier rapport préliminaire des travaux sur le site de 'Ayn Manawir (oasis de Kharga). Pp. 408-414; Figs. 13-14; Michel Chauveau: Les archives d'un temple des oasis au temps des Perses. Pp. 32-47; Michel Chauveau: The Demotic Ostraca of Ayn Manawir. In: Egyptian Archeology. The Bulletin of The Egypt Exploration Society. 22, 2003 , pp. 38-40.
  2. ↑ Pierre Briant (Ed.): Irrigation et drainage dans l'Antiquité. Qanâts et canalisations souterraines en Iran, en Égypte et en Grèce. In: Persika 2 , Paris 2001.
  3. ↑ Michel Chauveau: Inarôs, prince des rebelles. In: Friedhelm Hoffmann , Heinz-Josef Thissen (ed.): Res Severa Verum Gaudium. Festschrift for Karl-Theodor Zauzich for his 65th birthday on June 8, 2004 (= Studia Demotica. Volume 6). Leuven 2004, pp. 39-46.
  4. ^ Michel Chauveau: La première mention du statère d'argent en Égypte. In: Transeuphratène 20, 2000 , pp. 137–143.
  5. ^ François Briois, Béatrix Midant-Reynes, Michel Wuttmann: Le gisement épipaléolithique de ML1 à Ain-Manâwir. Oasis de Kharga. In: Fouilles de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire 58 , Cairo 2008.

Web links

Commons : Ain Manawir  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: ʿAin Manāwir  - travel guide
  • Douch excavation mission of the Institut français d'archéologie orientale (French)
  • Achemenet Internet portal of the chair for Histoire et civilization du monde achéménide et de l'empire d'Alexandre , Collège de France, with a representation by Ain Manawir (French)
  • The Roman Fortress at Dush by Su Bayfield with information about Ain Manawir (English)

Coordinates: 24 ° 34 ′ 29 ″  N , 30 ° 44 ′ 33 ″  E