Beekeeping
Beekeeping is a book published in 1919 by Ludwig Armbruster about genetic inheritance in honey bees and their practical application in beekeeping . Armbruster is the first scientist to implement the findings of Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) on the laws of inheritance on inheritance in the Western honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) that is widespread in Europe .
plant
The mechanisms of inheritance and the prerequisites for breeding selection were presented in an understandable manner using numerous examples. Armbruster mentioned three breeding goals in his beekeeping study in 1919:
- a sporty one
- a scientific one
- an economic one
These breeding goals were first described, then the strange family tree of the honey bee was explained:
“Each pet has 2 parents, 4 grandparents, 8 great-grandparents, 16 great-great-grandparents. In the bee, the male, the drone, has no father, so only 'one parent', as the hereditary theorists say, only 2 grandparents, only 3 great-grandparents, only 5 great-great-grandparents. The female (worker, queen) has 2 parents, but only 3 grandparents, only 5 great-grandparents and only 8 great-great-grandparents, only half as many as the normal pet (the drone doesn't even have the third part of the great-great-grandparents). "
Special pedigrees (pedigrees) of the honeybee and the number laws are explained. Chromosome theory, reduction division and hereditary formulas led to breeder ideas in the light of the new laws. The replenishment of blood after inbreeding by importing breeding animals was discussed as well as inseparable properties.
The author wrote the beekeeping science from 1919, the practical principles of which had been researched in the noble breeding area "Platte" near St. Peter (Upper Black Forest) before the multiple pairing during the queen bee's wedding flight was known. It was detected by Hans Ruttner and Maryan Alber in 1954 on the island of Vulcano with 100 queens of different races. Ludwig Armbruster then incorporated these new findings into the breeding of honeybees and published them in his scientific newspaper Archiv für Bienenkunde . Only now was it possible to explain many phenomena in cross-breeding experiments.
application
The heading of the 55th chapter of the 150 pages of beekeeping studies reads: The breeder as artist and "creator". This was then the professional beekeeper Brother Adam , head of the beekeeping in the English monastery Buckfast . He bred by Armbruster Bee-breeding in 70 years breeding the art breed "Buckfast bee" which is distributed worldwide and is used beekeepers to large today received.
meaning
By means of crossbreeding and combination breeding, new combinations can be created which are mite-tolerant in the most dangerous of all bee diseases, varroosis, or which combine the economically valuable properties of different natural races. Today this way of breeding enjoys great popularity worldwide, especially among commercial beekeepers.
In a large-scale study by the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich , DNA studies on the biodiversity of 2440 Buckfast individual bees from different breeders were compared with Carnica and Ligustica bees. Prof. Martin Förster had used 62 DNA markers and concluded:
"Simply put, this means: bees are too good to be impoverished in pure breeding, because increased genetic diversity protects the bees and our common environment."
The beekeeping magazines Allgemeine Deutsche Imkerzeitung , Imkerfreund and Die Biene published a book review of beekeeping in 2010 . The author comes to the following conclusion:
“He (Ludwig Armbruster) has succeeded in demonstrating the mechanisms of inheritance and the possibilities and requirements for breeding selection in a clear and understandable way for the layperson using numerous examples. Even if today's knowledge is a little more advanced, Armbruster deserves great praise for this work. May it still serve many beekeepers today to expand their knowledge! "
Fonts
- Archive for apiculture. Journal for bee knowledge and bee management (AfB) 1919 to 1966, a total of 41 volumes
- Beekeeping if and how . Berlin 1932, 58 pages (2nd edition Lindau 1952)
- Beekeeping , Theodor Fischer Berlin 1919 (reprint Ertl & Ertl, Vienna 2003)
- The chromosome ratios in spermatogenesis of solitary apids . In: Archiv für Zellforschung 11 (1913), pp. 242–328 (dissertation)
- Breed Limits? , AfB 27th year 1950
- Apiculture forms of operation , Berlin 1936, 256 pages
- Beekeeping in production , 1st edition 1937, 124 pages (2nd edition 1952)
- Useful breeding issues , Lindau 1952, 36 pages
- Review , Archive for Apiculture, born in 1958
- Improved the Bee, Journal of Applied Entomology , 5/1917
- Breeding for performance , Lindau 1953, 64 pages
- Armbruster, Nachtsheim, Römer: The Hymenoptera as a study object of azygous inheritance, magazine f. inductive inheritance , 1917-253
The complete bibliography of the 419 publications by Ludwig Armbruster is included in the list in the "Archive for Apiculture" review. Memoirs , Lindau 1958
literature
- Brother Adam: In search ... C. Koch Verlag 1983, ISBN 3-9800797-0-8
- Brother Adam: Breeding the honeybee , Delta-Verlag 1982, ISBN 3-922898-02-5
- Irmgard Jung – Hoffmann: Ludwig Armbruster and the Institute for Apiculture in Dahlem , Gebr. Mann Verlag, Volume 2, 1996, ISBN 3-7861-2255-5
- Norbert Graf: Festschrift and chronicle of the St. Peter's Beekeeping Association from 1903–1978
- Steffen Rückl: Ludwig Armbruster - by the National Socialists in 1934 forcibly retired apologist from the Berlin University. A documentation. No. 78/2007 Humboldt - Universität Berlin ISBN 978-3-86004-207-6
- Erich Schwärzel: You became us - biography of the grandmasters and supporters of beekeeping in German-speaking countries , Verlag Die Biene 1985
Web links
- Literature by and about Ludwig Armbruster in the catalog of the German National Library
- Armbruster's beekeeping studies in German and French
- Beekeeper Friend 2011 on Armbruster's main work
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ludwig Armbruster Beekeeping Studies (1919), pp. 31–33
- ↑ Beekeeping, pages 82–93
- ^ Chronicle IV St. Peter
- ↑ Jung-Hoffmann, pp. 132–157
- ↑ Beekeeping, pages 148–149
- ↑ Breeding the honeybee, pages 9–139
- ↑ DNA studies on the biodiversity of Buckfast bees, Prof. Martin Förster, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Der Buckfastimker (February 2011)
- ↑ Magazines Allgemeine Deutsche Beekeeper newspaper , Beekeeper friend , Die Biene online (February 12, 2011)