Cap-independent translation element

A cap-independent translation element ( CITE or 3'CITE to German cap structure -independent translation member ) is a specific RNA sequence in the 3'UTR of some plant pathogenic RNA viruses .

properties

In eukaryotes , the cap structure at the 5 'end of the mRNA is used to initiate protein biosynthesis . Alternative mechanisms exist in some RNA viruses, e.g. B. IRES or CITE. The alternative mechanisms bind either the 60S subunit of the ribosome or translation initiation factors (e.g. eIF4E ). The CITE in some viruses leads to an approximation of the 5 'and 3' UTRs.

In the RNA2 of the red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV), the CITE is also essential for the replication of the viral RNA of negative polarity .

CITE can be divided into different types according to their structure:

structure	example
TED (translation enhancer domain)	Satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV)
BTE (BYDV-like translation element)	Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)
PTE (PMV-like translation element)	Millet mosaic virus (en. Panicum mosaic virus , PMV)
TSS (T-shaped structure, 'T-shaped structure')	Turnip crinkle virus (TCV)
Y-shaped	Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV)
I-shaped	Maize necrotic streak virus (MNeSV)

literature

BL Nicholson, O. Zaslaver, LK Mayberry, KS Browning, KA White: Tombus Virus Y-Shaped Translational Enhancer Forms a Complex with eIF4F and Can Be Functionally Replaced by Heterologous Translational Enhancers. . In: Journal of Virology . 87, No. 3, February 2013, pp. 1872-83. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.02711-12 . PMID 23192876 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b W.A. Miller, Z. Wang, K. Treder: The amazing diversity of cap-independent translation elements in the 3'-untranslated regions of plant viral RNAs. . In: Biochemical Society Transactions . 35, December 2007, pp. 1629-33. doi : 10.1042 / BST0351629 . PMID 18031280 . PMC 3081161 (free full text).
↑ Z. Wang, M. Parisien, K. Scheets, WA Miller: The cap-binding translation initiation factor, eIF4E, binds a pseudoknot in a viral cap-independent translation element. In: Structure (London, England: 1993). Volume 19, number 6, June 2011, ISSN 1878-4186 , pp. 868-880, doi : 10.1016 / j.str.2011.03.013 , PMID 21645857 , PMC 3113551 (free full text).
↑ ^a ^b B. L. Nicholson, KA White: 3 'Cap-independent translation enhancers of positive-strand RNA plant viruses. . In: Current Opinion in Virology . 1, No. 5, November 2011, pp. 373-80. doi : 10.1016 / j.coviro.2011.10.002 . PMID 22440838 .
^ R. Shen, AM Rakotondrafara, WA Miller: trans regulation of cap-independent translation by a viral subgenomic RNA. In: Journal of virology. Volume 80, number 20, October 2006, ISSN 0022-538X , pp. 10045-10054, doi : 10.1128 / JVI.00991-06 , PMID 17005682 , PMC 1617300 (free full text).
↑ M. An, HO Iwakawa, A. Mine, M. Kaido, K. Mise, T. Okuno: A Y-shaped RNA structure in the 3 'untranslated region together with the trans-activator and core promoter of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA2 is required for its negative-strand RNA synthesis . In: Virology . 405, No. 1, September 15, 2010, pp. 100-109. doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2010.05.022 . PMID 20561661 .
↑ R. Shen, WA Miller: Structures required for poly (A) tail-independent translation overlap with, but are distinct from, cap-independent translation and RNA replication signals at the 3 'end of Tobacco necrosis virus RNA. In: Virology. Volume 358, Number 2, February 2007, ISSN 0042-6822 , pp. 448-458, doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2006.08.054 , PMID 17023016 , PMC 1995077 (free full text).
^ NM Salem, WA Miller, A. Rowhani, DA Golino, AL Moyne, BW Falk: Rose spring dwarf-associated virus has RNA structural and gene-expression features like those of Barley yellow dwarf virus. In: Virology. Volume 375, Number 2, June 2008, ISSN 0042-6822 , pp. 354-360, doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2008.01.035 , PMID 18329064 .
↑ X. Zuo, J. Wang, P. Yu, D. Eyler, H. Xu, MR Starich, DM Tiede, AE Simon, W. Kasprzak, CD Schwieters, BA Shapiro, YX Wang: Solution structure of the cap-independent translational enhancer and ribosome-binding element in the 3 'UTR of turnip crinkle virus. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . Volume 107, number 4, January 2010, ISSN 1091-6490 , pp. 1385-1390, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0908140107 , PMID 20080629 , PMC 2803139 (free full text).

[a1-1] W.A. Miller, Z. Wang, K. Treder: The amazing diversity of cap-independent translation elements in the 3'-untranslated regions of plant viral RNAs. . In: Biochemical Society Transactions . 35, December 2007, pp. 1629-33. doi : 10.1042 / BST0351629 . PMID 18031280 . PMC 3081161 (free full text).

[2] Z. Wang, M. Parisien, K. Scheets, WA Miller: The cap-binding translation initiation factor, eIF4E, binds a pseudoknot in a viral cap-independent translation element. In: Structure (London, England: 1993). Volume 19, number 6, June 2011, ISSN 1878-4186 , pp. 868-880, doi : 10.1016 / j.str.2011.03.013 , PMID 21645857 , PMC 3113551 (free full text).

[a2-3] B. L. Nicholson, KA White: 3 'Cap-independent translation enhancers of positive-strand RNA plant viruses. . In: Current Opinion in Virology . 1, No. 5, November 2011, pp. 373-80. doi : 10.1016 / j.coviro.2011.10.002 . PMID 22440838 .

[4] R. Shen, AM Rakotondrafara, WA Miller: trans regulation of cap-independent translation by a viral subgenomic RNA. In: Journal of virology. Volume 80, number 20, October 2006, ISSN 0022-538X , pp. 10045-10054, doi : 10.1128 / JVI.00991-06 , PMID 17005682 , PMC 1617300 (free full text).

[5] M. An, HO Iwakawa, A. Mine, M. Kaido, K. Mise, T. Okuno: A Y-shaped RNA structure in the 3 'untranslated region together with the trans-activator and core promoter of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA2 is required for its negative-strand RNA synthesis . In: Virology . 405, No. 1, September 15, 2010, pp. 100-109. doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2010.05.022 . PMID 20561661 .

[6] R. Shen, WA Miller: Structures required for poly (A) tail-independent translation overlap with, but are distinct from, cap-independent translation and RNA replication signals at the 3 'end of Tobacco necrosis virus RNA. In: Virology. Volume 358, Number 2, February 2007, ISSN 0042-6822 , pp. 448-458, doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2006.08.054 , PMID 17023016 , PMC 1995077 (free full text).

[7] NM Salem, WA Miller, A. Rowhani, DA Golino, AL Moyne, BW Falk: Rose spring dwarf-associated virus has RNA structural and gene-expression features like those of Barley yellow dwarf virus. In: Virology. Volume 375, Number 2, June 2008, ISSN 0042-6822 , pp. 354-360, doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2008.01.035 , PMID 18329064 .

[8] X. Zuo, J. Wang, P. Yu, D. Eyler, H. Xu, MR Starich, DM Tiede, AE Simon, W. Kasprzak, CD Schwieters, BA Shapiro, YX Wang: Solution structure of the cap-independent translational enhancer and ribosome-binding element in the 3 'UTR of turnip crinkle virus. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . Volume 107, number 4, January 2010, ISSN 1091-6490 , pp. 1385-1390, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0908140107 , PMID 20080629 , PMC 2803139 (free full text).