Care ethics

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Care ethics (after English Ethics of Care ) is a conception of moral philosophy for the evaluation of human actions in relation to care work . In this, individuals are not viewed as autonomous, but as comprehensively connected to others, and this network of relationships is particularly emphasized. The American psychologist and feminist ethicist Carol Gilligan , who is closely linked to care ethics, developed a theory of two morals in 1982 in a discussion with Lawrence Kohlberg , in which she assumed different moral developments between the female and male sex. The ethics of mindfulness is a contemporary European variant of the care ethic.

Another voice

Theory of two morals

Carol Gilligan described in her book Another Voice ( In a Different Voice , 1982) failures and mistakes of psychological research in relation to moral development. She presented her research, according to which most women do not engage in male justice math when faced with moral conflicts. Instead of weighing legal claims against each other, the female subjects wanted to avoid hurting others and destroying ties. To her, caring for other people seemed to be at the core of her moral considerations. Gilligan called the care ethics "typically female ethics". Gilligan's conception differs from consequentialist and deontological ethics, which emphasize universal standards and impartiality.

criticism

The thesis that women have a different moral perception than men has been criticized many times, including by Gertrud Nunner-Winkler . According to Nunner-Winkler's argument, the caring morality discovered by Gilligan is merely a role morality that is based on group- and culture-specific norms rather than being linked to a universal development mechanism.

Frequent criticism of Gilligan's model relates to the methodological side of its investigation. Criticisms include the unclear structure and design of their investigation, the small number of cases, the combination of data from the various studies and the interpretation of the interviews. Furthermore, there is a widespread doubt that there are only two moral perspectives and to what extent people can only have and apply one of these.

Ethics of mindfulness

The ethics of mindfulness is a contemporary European variant of the care ethics, in which interaction and practice are in the foreground. It refers to the US discourse on Ethics of Care and develops it further. Just like the Dutch Zorgethiek , the Swedish Omsorgsetik , the French éthique du care and the Italian etica della cura , the German-speaking ethics of mindfulness is characterized by its transdisciplinary character: The ethics of mindfulness is particularly important in and between nursing science , didactics, political science, medical ethics , Social sciences, social work and philosophy are discussed and further developed.

European research on the ethics of mindfulness focuses less on the individual than on interaction : the practice of mindfulness is about communication and caring.

literature

  • Carol Gilligan: The other voice. Life conflicts and morals of women . Munich 1988 [first 1982].
  • Elisabeth Conradi: Take Care. Basics of an ethic of mindfulness. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2001 ISBN 978-3593367606
  • Mary Jeanne Larrabee (Ed.): An Ethic of Care. Feminist and Interdisciplinary Perspectives . New York / London 1993.
  • Carola M. Brucker: Moral Structures. Basics of care ethics . Deutscher Studien-Verlag, Weinheim 1990, ISBN 3-89271-201-8 (also dissertation, University of Munich 1989).
  • Gertrud Nunner-Winkler: The thesis of the two morals . In: Gertrud Nunner-Winkler (ed.): Female morality. The controversy over gender ethics . Campus, Frankfurt am Main / New York 1991, ISBN 3-593-34338-X , pp. 9-27.
  • Gertrud Nunner-Winkler: Is there a female morality? In: Gertrud Nunner-Winkler (ed.): Female morality. The controversy over gender ethics . Campus, Frankfurt am Main / New York 1991, ISBN 3-593-34338-X , pp. 147-161.
  • Marian Barnes, Tula Brannelly, Lizzie Ward, Nicki Ward (Eds.): Ethics of Care. Critical Advances in International Perspective. Bristol 2015.
  • Elisabeth Conradi , Frans Vosman (ed.): Practice of mindfulness. Key Terms in Care Ethics , Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, New York 2016, ISBN 978-3593506333

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helen Kohlen, Christel Kumbruck: Care (ethics) and the ethos of welfare practice (literature study)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Sustainability Research Center, Bremen 2008 ( artec-paper No. 151, PDF), p. 5.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.artec.uni-bremen.de  
  2. ^ Margrit Brückner : Developments in the care debate. Roots and terminology, in: Apitzsch, Ursula / Schmidbaur, Marianne (ed.): Care and Migration. The disposal of human reproductive work along gender and poverty lines, Opladen / Farmington Hills MI 2010, pp. 43–58
  3. ↑ Elisabeth Conradi: The ethics of mindfulness between philosophy and social theory in: Elisabeth Conradi, Frans Vosman (ed.): Praxis der Achtsamkeit. Key terms in care ethics, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, New York 2016, pp. 53–86