Chicago School (architecture)
The Chicago school (meaning school of thought ) is an architectural style expression that in Chicago was created in the late 19th century and the first high-rise buildings , then English skyscraper = skyscraper called, has spawned (today the term skyscraper is a much higher building than it was then) and used early steel frame construction in the construction of office buildings and factories. Its aesthetics are in line with classical modernism in Europe.
In the fire of Chicago in October 1871, large parts of the city, which was then mainly made of wood, were destroyed. After the prerequisites for a new high-rise architecture had been developed in the previous years (fire-protected steel frame construction , improved foundation options and the safety elevator ), the architects in Chicago were given the opportunity to use this on a broad front.
A member of the Chicago School, the architect Louis Sullivan divides an office tower into three areas. Shops and the access to the following office floors are located on the ground floor. The top floor is partially used for building services. Depending on the use, it divides the facade into three areas like a classic column: base, shaft and capital.
Large shop window areas on the ground floor were typical of the Chicago school, made possible by the load-bearing iron skeleton and a facade design in the office area with large, row-like windows interrupted by smooth, functional stone pillars without ornaments. The top floor (building services floor) was often designed as an attic .
In Chicago and New York City in particular, higher and higher buildings were erected in ever faster succession, so that the streets became increasingly dark. For this reason, the architect Ernest Flagg suggested in 1898 that only parts of the building with a limited height should be allowed directly on the street. In New York this proposal was included in the building code as a zoning resolution in 1916 and subsequently led to high-rise buildings rising like a staircase from the street.
Most important architects
- Dankmar Adler
- Solon S. Beman
- Daniel H. Burnham
- William Holabird
- William Le Baron Jenney
- Henry Hobson Richardson
- John W. Root
- Martin Roche
- Louis H. Sullivan
- Frank Lloyd Wright
Most important buildings (selection)
- Pullman Building , Solon S. Beman, Chicago, 1883
- The Montauk , Burnham & Root, Chicago, 1883
- Home Insurance Building , W. Le Baron Jenney, Chicago, 1884
- Marshall Field Wholesale Store , HH Richardson, Chicago, 1885
- Prudential Building formerly Guaranty Building until 1898, Buffalo, Adler & Sullivan 1886 Louis Sullivan's Guaranty Building
- Rookery Building , Burnham & Root, Chicago 1888
- Walker Warehouse , Adler & Sullivan, Chicago, 1888 (demolished 1953) Photo in the Art Institute of Chicago Archives
- Tacoma Building , William Holabird & Martin Roche, Chicago, 1889
- Auditorium Building , Adler & Sullivan, Chicago, 1887–1889
- Masonic Temple Building , JW Root & DH Burnham, Chicago, 1890
- Manhattan Building , W. Le Baron Jenney, Chicago, 1891
- Wainwright Building , LH Sullivan & D. Adler, St. Louis, 1890-1891
- Reliance Building , JW Root († 1891) & DH Burnham, Chicago, 1890–1895 (completed by Charles B. Atwood after John Roots death)
- Carson Pirie Scott Department Store , LH Sullivan (1899–1903 / 04)
- Chicago Stock Exchange , Louis Sullivan & Dankmar Adler, 1893–1894 (demolished 1973) The reconstructed Trading Room in The Art Institute of Chicago
literature
- Peter Gössel, Gabriele Leuthäuser: Architecture of the 20th century . Benedikt Taschen Verlag GmbH, Cologne 1994, ISBN 3-8228-8719-6
- Carl W. Condit: The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial and Public Building in the Chicago Area. 1875-1925. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago, London, 1952.
- Chicago School of Architecture: A Plan for Preserving a Significant Remnant of American's Architectural Heritage. by Hugh Miller, Publisher: The Department of Interior, National Park Service, Published 1973
- Rolf Achilles: Chicago School of Architecture: Building the Modern City, 1880-1910 (Shire General, Volume 741). Publisher: Shire (June 18, 2013) ISBN 978-0-7478-1239-5