Expectation (sociology)
The term expectation plays a central role in sociology . On the one hand, it describes an agent's assumption about what another or more others would do ( anticipatory expectation), and on the other hand, what he or others should reasonably do ( normative expectation).
If an expectation is disappointed, it is usually changed, but in a few cases it is maintained ( counterfactual stability ).
Expectation as a basic concept
The sociobiological and biosocial dowry of man, through observation and learning to look ahead , leads him to his socially shaped expectations, which all - vague or solidified - shape his social action . This ranges from everyday behavior to its religions and social structures . Hence, every sociology deals with "expectations". For example, the basic concept of social role can be defined as a bundle of expectations directed at people. These include a reference group's assumptions about what a position holder should do. Then it is assessed how an actor develops his social role. See also the keyword role expectation .
Higher level expectations
The “reflexive mechanism” ( Luhmann ) of “ expecting expectations ” plays an elementary role in the everyday practice of social interaction: not only in terms of context, but also in relation to the genesis of identity and reflexive thinking. The “reflexive mechanism” is reflected in every facet of social activity, from the most banal actions to highly specific processes: for example, expectations play an important role in the area of stock exchange trading , especially derivatives speculation and hedge fund business.
Other uses
When Adaptive expectation is called an expectation in which the individual uses his previous experience, to form their expectations. As a rational expectation contrast is called an expectation in which the individual uses all available information to form their expectations.
The motivational psychology formulated an expectancy-value theory , according to which the motivation for a particular behavior of the subjective expectations and the level depends to reach value.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Albert Scherr: Socialization, Person, Individual. In Hermann Korte, Bernhard Schäfers (Ed.): Introduction to the main terms of sociology. 9th edition. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2016. pp. 49-78 (see in particular p. 59).